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{{Short description|1857–1923 series of chess tournaments}}
The '''American Chess Congress''' was a series of [[chess tournaments]] held in the [[United States]], a predecessor to the current [[U.S. Chess Championship]]. It had nine editions, the first played in October 1857 and the last in August 1923.

{| class="wikitable" style="float:right"
|+ American Chess Congresses
! # !! Year !! City !! Winner
|-
|  1 || 1857 || [[New York City|New York]] || {{flagathlete|[[Paul Morphy]]|United States|1851}}
|-
|  2 || 1871 || [[Cleveland]] || {{flagathlete|[[George Henry Mackenzie]]|United States|1867}}
|-
|  3 || 1874 || [[Chicago]] || {{flagathlete|[[George Henry Mackenzie]]|United States|1867}}
|-
|  4 || 1876 || [[Philadelphia]] || {{flagathlete|[[James Mason (chess player)|James Mason]]|Ireland|green}}
|-
|  5 || 1880 || [[New York City|New York]] || {{flagathlete|[[George Henry Mackenzie]]|United States|1877}}
|-
|  6 || 1889 || [[New York City|New York]] || {{flagathlete|[[Mikhail Chigorin]]|Russia|1858}}<br>{{flagathlete|[[Max Weiss]]|Austria|empire}}
|-
|  7 || 1904 || [[St. Louis]] || {{flagathlete|[[Frank James Marshall]]|United States|1896}}
|-
|  8 || 1921 || [[Atlantic City]] || {{flagathlete|[[Dawid Janowski]]|France}}
|-
| 9 || 1923 || [[Lake Hopatcong]] ||   {{flagathlete|[[Frank James Marshall]]|United States|1912}} <br> {{flagathlete|[[Abraham Kupchik]]|United States|1912}}
|}

==First American Chess Congress (1857)==
[[File:Chesscongress1857.jpg|thumb|right|350px]]

The first American Chess Congress, organized by [[Daniel Willard Fiske]] and held in New York, October 6 to November 10, 1857, was won by [[Paul Morphy]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.chess.com/chessopedia/view/american-chess-congress |title=American Chess Congress - Chess.com<!-- Bot generated title --> |access-date=2008-04-13 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120229224801/http://www.chess.com/chessopedia/view/american-chess-congress |archive-date=2012-02-29 |url-status=dead }}</ref> It was a knockout tournament in which [[draw (chess)|draws]] did not count. The top sixteen American players were invited (William Allison, Samuel Robert Calthrop, Daniel Willard Fiske, William James Fuller, Hiram Kennicott, Hubert Knott, [[Theodor Lichtenhein]], [[Napoleon Marache]], Hardman Philips Montgomery, [[Alexander Beaufort Meek]], Paul Morphy, [[Louis Paulsen]], [[Frederick Perrin]], [[Benjamin Raphael]], [[Charles Stanley (chess player)|Charles Henry Stanley]], and [[James Thompson (chess player)|James Thompson]]).<ref>[http://www.rookhouse.com/events/docs/ny1857results.pdf newyork1857.doc<!-- Bot generated title -->] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110715201815/http://www.rookhouse.com/events/docs/ny1857results.pdf |date=2011-07-15 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://batgirl.atspace.com/congressplayers.html |title=First American Chess Congress Opponents<!-- Bot generated title --> |access-date=2008-04-17 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081006071608/http://batgirl.atspace.com/congressplayers.html |archive-date=2008-10-06 |url-status=dead }}</ref> First prize was $300.  Morphy refused any money, but accepted a silver service consisting of a pitcher, four goblets, and a tray. Morphy's prize was given to him by [[Oliver Wendell Holmes Sr.]]

Shown on the right is lithograph of the First American Chess Congress 1857. All members of the Congress are shown, including those who did not play in the main tournament. Top row: Colonel Charles Mead (chairman), George Hammond, Frederic Perrin, Daniel Willard Fiske, Hiram Kennicott, and Hardman Philips Montgomery. Left column: Hubert Knott, Louis Paulsen, and William Allison. Bottom row: Theodore Lichtenhein, James Thompson, Charles Henry Stanley, Alexander Beaufort Meek, Samuel Robert Calthrop, and Napoleon Marache. Right column: William James Fuller, Paul Morphy, and Benjamin Raphael.
{{Clear}}
{{16TeamBracket-Compact-NoSeeds
| RD1='''First round'''
| RD2='''Quarterfinals'''
| RD3='''Semifinals'''
| RD4='''Final'''
| RD4b='''Third place'''
| team-width=
| RD1-team01={{flagathlete|'''[[Paul Morphy]]'''|USA|1851}}
| RD1-score01=+3=0
| RD1-team02={{flagathlete|[[James Thompson (chess player)|James Thompson]]|USA|1851}}
| RD1-score02=+0=0
| RD1-team03={{flagathlete|[[William James Appleton Fuller]]|USA|1851}}
| RD1-score03=+2=0
| RD1-team04={{flagathlete|'''[[Alexander Beaufort Meek]]'''|USA|1851}}
| RD1-score04=+3=0
| RD1-team05={{flagathlete|[[Hubert Knott]]|USA|1851|}}
| RD1-score05=+2=2
| RD1-team06={{flagathlete|'''[[Frederick Perrin]]'''|USA|1851}}
| RD1-score06=+3=2
| RD1-team07={{flagathlete|'''[[Theodor Lichtenhein]]'''|USA|1851}}
| RD1-score07=+3=0
| RD1-team08={{flagathlete|[[Charles Stanley (chess player)|Charles Henry Stanley]]|ENG}}
| RD1-score08=+2=0
| RD1-team09={{flagathlete|'''[[Benjamin Raphael]]'''|USA|1851}}
| RD1-score09=+3=1
| RD1-team10={{flagathlete|[[Hiram Kennicott]]|USA|1851}}
| RD1-score10=+2=1
| RD1-team11={{flagathlete|[[Daniel Fiske]]|USA|1851}}
| RD1-score11=+2=0
| RD1-team12={{flagathlete|'''[[Napoleon Marache]]'''|USA|1851}}
| RD1-score12=+3=0
| RD1-team13={{flagathlete|[[Samuel Robert Calthrop]]|ENG}}
| RD1-score13=+0=0
| RD1-team14=[[File:Wappen_Deutscher_Bund.svg|16px|link=]] '''[[Louis Paulsen]]''' <span style="font-size:90%;">(<abbr title="German Confederation">GER</abbr>)</span>
| RD1-score14=+3=0
| RD1-team15={{flagathlete|[[William Allison (chess player)|William Allison]]|USA|1851}}
| RD1-score15=+1=0
| RD1-team16={{flagathlete|'''[[Hardman Philips Montgomery]]'''|USA|1851}}
| RD1-score16=+3=0
| RD2-team01={{flagathlete|'''[[Paul Morphy]]'''|USA|1851}}
| RD2-score01=+3=0
| RD2-team02={{flagathlete|[[Alexander Beaufort Meek]]|USA|1851}}
| RD2-score02=+0=0
| RD2-team03={{flagathlete|[[Frederick Perrin]]|USA|1851}}
| RD2-score03=+0=0
| RD2-team04={{flagathlete|'''[[Theodor Lichtenhein]]'''|USA|1851}}
| RD2-score04=+3=0
| RD2-team05={{flagathlete|'''[[Benjamin Raphael]]'''|USA|1851}}
| RD2-score05=+3=2
| RD2-team06={{flagathlete|[[Napoleon Marache]]|USA|1851}}
| RD2-score06=+2=2
| RD2-team07=[[File:Wappen_Deutscher_Bund.svg|16px|link=]] '''[[Louis Paulsen]]''' <span style="font-size:90%;">(<abbr title="German Confederation">GER</abbr>)</span>
| RD2-score07=+2=0
| RD2-team08={{flagathlete|[[Hardman Philips Montgomery]]|USA|1851}}
| RD2-score08=+0=0
| RD3-team01={{flagathlete|'''[[Paul Morphy]]'''|USA|1851}}
| RD3-score01=+3=1
| RD3-team02={{flagathlete|[[Theodor Lichtenhein]]|USA|1851}}
| RD3-score02=+0=1
| RD3-team03={{flagathlete|[[Benjamin Raphael]]|USA|1851}}
| RD3-score03=+0=1
| RD3-team04=[[File:Wappen_Deutscher_Bund.svg|16px|link=]] '''[[Louis Paulsen]]''' <span style="font-size:90%;">(<abbr title="German Confederation">GER</abbr>)</span>
| RD3-score04=+3=1
| RD4-team01={{flagathlete|'''[[Paul Morphy]]'''|USA|1851}}
| RD4-score01=+5=2
| RD4-team02=[[File:Wappen_Deutscher_Bund.svg|16px|link=]] [[Louis Paulsen]] <span style="font-size:90%;">(<abbr title="German Confederation">GER</abbr>)</span>
| RD4-score02=+1=2
| RD4-team03={{flagathlete|'''[[Theodor Lichtenhein]]'''|USA|1851}}
| RD4-score03=+3=0
| RD4-team04={{flagathlete|[[Benjamin Raphael]]|USA|1851}}
| RD4-score04=+0=0
}}

==Second American Chess Congress (1871)==
The second American Chess Congress was held in Cleveland on December 4–15, 1871 and won by [[George Henry Mackenzie]]. The first prize was $100 (~$1,500 today) and the total prize fund was $290 (~$5,000 today). The entry fee was $10 ($150 today). It was a double [[round robin tournament]] with a time limit of 12 moves an hour.  Draw games were replayed. There were nine players (George Henry Mackenzie, Henry Hosmer, Frederick Elder, [[Max Judd]], [[Preston Ware]], Harsen Darwin Smith, Henry Harding, A. Johnston, and William Houghton). With the retirement of Morphy, this tournament was generally intended to recognize the best player in the United States.

:{|class="wikitable" style="margin: 1em auto 1em auto; "
|  style="background:#f0f0f0;"|''' '''
|  style="background:#f0f0f0;"|'''Player'''
|  style="background:#f0f0f0;"|'''1'''
|  style="background:#f0f0f0;"|'''2'''
| style="background:#f0f0f0;"|'''3'''
| style="background:#f0f0f0;"|'''4'''
|  style="background:#f0f0f0;"|'''5'''
|  style="background:#f0f0f0;"|'''6'''
|  style="background:#f0f0f0;"|'''7'''
|  style="background:#f0f0f0;"|'''8'''
|  style="background:#f0f0f0;"|'''9'''
|  style="background:#f0f0f0;"|'''Total wins'''
|-
| 1||{{flagathlete|[[George Henry Mackenzie]]|USA|1867}}||{{CNone}} ||1½0||½10||11||11||11||1½1||11||11||'''14'''
|-
| 2||{{flagathlete|[[Henry Hosmer]]|USA|1867}}||0½1||{{CNone}}||11||1½1||00||01||11||11||11||'''12'''
|-
| 3||{{flagathlete|[[Frederick Elder]]|USA|1867}}||½01||00||{{CNone}}||01||½½01||11||11||11||11||'''11'''
|-
| 4||{{flagathlete|[[Max Judd]]|USA|1867}}||00||0½0||10||{{CNone}}||11||10||½11||½11||11||'''10'''
|-
| 5||{{flagathlete|[[Preston Ware]]|USA|1867}}||00||11||½½10||00||{{CNone}}||01||10||11||11||'''9'''
|-
| 6||{{flagathlete|[[Harsen Darwin Smith]]|USA|1867}}||00||10||00||01||10||{{CNone}}||11||11||11||'''9'''
|-
| 7||{{flagathlete|[[Henry Harding (chess player)|Henry Harding]]|USA|1867}}||0½0||00||00||½00||01||00||{{CNone}}||01||11||'''4'''
|-
| 8||{{flagathlete|[[A. Johnston]]|USA|1867}}||00||00||00||½00||00||00||10||{{CNone}}||11||'''3'''
|-
| 9||{{flagathlete|[[William Houghton (chess player)|William Houghton]]|USA|1867}}||00||00||00||00||00||00||00||00||{{CNone}}||'''0'''
|-
|}

==Third American Chess Congress (1874)==
The third American Chess Congress was held in Chicago on July 7–16, 1874 and won by Mackenzie. There were eight players (Mackenzie, Hosmer, Judd, Bock, Elder, Perrin, Congdon, and Kennicott) and they had to pay a $20 entry fee. first place prize was $225. The tournament was again round robin, but for the first time draws were not replayed. The time control was 15 moves per hour. Elder and Kennicott withdrew before completing half their games, but their scores still counted.

:{|class="wikitable" style="margin: 1em auto 1em auto; "
|  style="background:#f0f0f0;"|'''#'''
|  style="background:#f0f0f0;"|'''Player'''
|  style="background:#f0f0f0;"|'''1'''
|  style="background:#f0f0f0;"|'''2'''
|  style="background:#f0f0f0;"|'''3'''
|  style="background:#f0f0f0;"|'''4'''
|  style="background:#f0f0f0;"|'''5'''
|  style="background:#f0f0f0;"|'''6'''
|  style="background:#f0f0f0;"|'''7'''
|  style="background:#f0f0f0;"|'''8'''
|  style="background:#f0f0f0;"|'''Total wins'''
|-
| 1||{{flagathlete|[[George Henry Mackenzie]]|USA|1867}}||{{CNone}}||10||1½||11||--||11||11||11||'''10½'''
|-
| 2||{{flagathlete|[[Henry Hosmer]]|USA|1867}}||01||{{CNone}}||10||11||--||11||11||11||'''10'''
|-
| 3||{{flagathlete|[[Max Judd]]|USA|1867}}||0½||01||{{CNone}}||1½||--||11||11||--||'''7'''
|-
| 4||{{flagathlete|[[Frederick Bock (chess player)|Frederick Bock]]|USA|1867}} ||00||00||0½||{{CNone}}||1½||11||1½||--||'''5½'''
|-
| 5||{{flagathlete|[[Frederick Elder]]|USA|1867}}||--||--||--||0½||{{CNone}}||01||11||--||'''3½'''
|-
| 6||{{flagathlete|[[Frederick Perrin]]|USA|1867}}||00||00||00||00||10||{{CNone}}||10||--||'''2'''
|-
| 7||{{flagathlete|[[James Adams Congdon]]|USA|1867}}||00||00||00||0½||00||01||{{CNone}}||--||'''1½'''
|-
| 8||{{flagathlete|[[Hiram Kennicott]]|USA|1867}}||00||00||--||--||--||--||--||{{CNone}}||'''0'''
|}

==Fourth American Chess Congress (1876)==
The fourth American Chess Congress (called the American Centennial Championship) was held in Philadelphia on August 17–31, 1876 and won by [[James Mason (chess player)|James Mason]]. There were nine players (Mason, Judd, Davidson, [[Henry Bird (chess player)|Henry Bird]], Elson, Roberts, Ware, Barbour, and Martinez). The entry fee was $20. First place was $300. Never intended to recognize the best player in America, this tournament was geared towards attracting foreign masters, and to awarding the Governor Garland Silver Cup, as well as celebrating the American Centennial.

:{|class="wikitable" style="margin: 1em auto 1em auto; "
|  style="background:#f0f0f0;"|''' '''
|  style="background:#f0f0f0;"|'''Player'''
|  style="background:#f0f0f0;"|'''1'''
|  style="background:#f0f0f0;"|'''2'''
| style="background:#f0f0f0;"|'''3'''
| style="background:#f0f0f0;"|'''4'''
|  style="background:#f0f0f0;"|'''5'''
|  style="background:#f0f0f0;"|'''6'''
|  style="background:#f0f0f0;"|'''7'''
|  style="background:#f0f0f0;"|'''8'''
|  style="background:#f0f0f0;"|'''9'''
|  style="background:#f0f0f0;"|'''Total'''
|-
| 1||{{flagathlete|[[James Mason (chess player)|James Mason]]|IRE|green}}||{{CNone}}||1½||10||1½||½1||1½||11||½1||--||'''10½'''
|-
| 2||{{flagathlete|[[Max Judd]]|USA|1867}}||0½||{{CNone}}||00||10||1½||11||11||11||--||'''9'''
|-
| 3||{{flagathlete|[[Harry Davidson]]|USA|1867}}||01||11||{{CNone}}||½0||0½||½1||01||11||--||'''8½'''
|-
| 4||{{flagathlete|[[Henry Bird (chess player)|Henry Edward Bird]]|ENG}}||0½||01||½1||{{CNone}}||0½||11||½1||½1||--||'''8½'''
|-
| 5||{{flagathlete|[[Jacob Elson]]|USA|1867}}||½0||0½||1½||1½||{{CNone}}||½½||10||11||--||'''8'''
|-
| 6||{{flagathlete|[[Albert Roberts (chess player)|Albert Roberts]]|USA|1867}}||0½||00||½0||00||½½||{{CNone}}||1½||11||--||'''5½'''
|-
| 7||{{flagathlete|[[Preston Ware]]|USA|1867}}||00||00||10||½0||01||0½||{{CNone}}||½½||--||'''4'''
|-
| 8||{{flagathlete|[[L.D. Barbour]]|USA|1867}}||½0||00||00||½0||00||00||½½||{{CNone}}||--||'''2'''
|-
| 9||{{flagathlete|[[Dion Martinez|Dión Martinez]]|Spanish Empire|1874|code=CUB}}||00||--||½½||--||--||--||--||--||{{CNone}}||'''1'''
|-
|}

==Fifth American Chess Congress (1880)==
The fifth American Chess Congress was held in New York on January 6–26, 1880 and won by Mackenzie (he beat James Grundy on tiebreak, 2–0). There were 10 players: Cohnfeld, Congdon, [[Eugene Delmar]], Grundy, Judd, Mackenzie, Mohle, Ryan, Sellman, and Ware.

:{|class="wikitable" style="margin: 1em auto 1em auto; "
|  style="background:#f0f0f0;"|''' '''
|  style="background:#f0f0f0;"|'''Player'''
|  style="background:#f0f0f0;"|'''1'''
|  style="background:#f0f0f0;"|'''2'''
| style="background:#f0f0f0;"|'''3'''
| style="background:#f0f0f0;"|'''4'''
|  style="background:#f0f0f0;"|'''5'''
|  style="background:#f0f0f0;"|'''6'''
|  style="background:#f0f0f0;"|'''7'''
|  style="background:#f0f0f0;"|'''8'''
|  style="background:#f0f0f0;"|'''9'''
|  style="background:#f0f0f0;"|'''10'''
|  style="background:#f0f0f0;"|'''Total'''
|-
| 1||{{flagathlete|[[George Henry Mackenzie]]|USA|1877}}||{{CNone}}||0½||10||½½||½1||11||11||11||1½||11||'''13½'''
|-
| 2||{{flagathlete|[[James Grundy (chess player)|James Grundy]]|USA|1877}}||1½||{{CNone}}||½½||10||1½||11||1½||01||11||11||'''13½'''
|-
| 3||{{flagathlete|[[Charles Moehle]]|USA|1877}}||01||½½||{{CNone}}||0½||1½||10||11||11||11||11||'''13'''
|-
| 4||{{flagathlete|[[Alexander Sellman]]|USA|1877}}||½½||01||1½||{{CNone}}||10||1½||11||0½||11||11||'''12½'''
|-
| 5||{{flagathlete|[[Max Judd]]|USA|1877}}||½0||0½||0½||01||{{CNone}}||½1||11||11||01||11||'''11'''
|-
| 6||{{flagathlete|[[Eugene Delmar]]|USA|1877}}||00||00||01||0½||½0||{{CNone}}||11||11||½1||11||'''9½'''
|-
| 7||{{flagathlete|[[John S Ryan (chess player)|John Ryan]]|USA|1877}}||00||0½||00||00||00||00||{{CNone}}||11||01||11||'''5½'''
|-
| 8||{{flagathlete|[[Preston Ware]]|USA|1877}}||00||10||00||1½||00||00||00||{{CNone}}||½1||1½||'''5½'''
|-
| 9||{{flagathlete|[[James Adams Congdon]]|USA|1877}}||½0||00||00||00||10||½0||01||0½||{{CNone}}||00 ||'''3½'''
|-
| 10||{{flagathlete|[[Albert Cohnfeld]]|USA|1877}}||00||00||00||00||00||00||00||0½||11||{{CNone}}||'''2½'''
|-
|}

==Sixth American Chess Congress (1889)== <!-- [[World Chess Championship]] links to this heading -->
The sixth American Chess Congress was held in New York in 1889 (a 20-man double [[round-robin tournament]]; one of the longest tournaments in history). The event was won by [[Mikhail Chigorin]] and [[Max Weiss]]. Both finished with a score of 29 but Chigorin defeated Weiss in their individual game. The top American finisher was [[S. Lipschütz]], who took sixth place (his supporters in the Eastern US tried to push his claim to being US Champion as a result of this tournament; however, Lipschütz's claim was not accepted by all).  Under rules that reigning World Champion [[Wilhelm Steinitz]] helped to develop, the winner was to be regarded as World Champion for the time being, but must be prepared to face a challenge from the second- or third-placed competitor within a month.<ref name="Thulin1899WorldChampionshipMatchOrNot">{{cite web|url=http://www.anders.thulin.name/SUBJECTS/CHESS/SteinitzChigorin1889.pdf |title=Steinitz—Chigorin, Havana 1899 - A World Championship Match or Not? |author=Thulin, A. |date=August 2007 |access-date=2008-05-30 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080530021654/http://www.anders.thulin.name/SUBJECTS/CHESS/SteinitzChigorin1889.pdf |archive-date=30 May 2008 |url-status=dead }} Based on {{Citation|title=The Steinitz Papers: Letters and Documents of the First World Chess Champion |author=Landsberger, K. |publisher=McFarland |year=2002 |isbn=0-7864-1193-7 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NltT4BinugsC&dq=steinitz+%22the+field%22+hoffer&pg=PA28 |access-date=2008-11-19 }}</ref> Mikhail Chigorin and Max Weiss tied for first, and remained tied after [[draw (chess)|drawing]] all four games of a playoff. Weiss was not interested in playing a championship match, but [[Isidor Gunsberg]], the third-place finisher, exercised his right and challenged Chigorin to a World Championship match. In 1890, he drew a first-to-10-wins match against Chigorin (9-9 with five draws). These were the same terms (9-9 draw clause) as the first World Championship match between Steinitz and Zukertort in 1886. They were also the same match terms that Bobby Fischer would insist on for his title defense in 1975.

:{|class="wikitable" style="margin: 1em auto 1em auto; "
|  style="background:#f0f0f0;"|''' '''
|  style="background:#f0f0f0;"|'''Player'''
|  style="background:#f0f0f0;"|'''1'''
|  style="background:#f0f0f0;"|'''2'''
| style="background:#f0f0f0;"|'''3'''
| style="background:#f0f0f0;"|'''4'''
|  style="background:#f0f0f0;"|'''5'''
|  style="background:#f0f0f0;"|'''6'''
|  style="background:#f0f0f0;"|'''7'''
|  style="background:#f0f0f0;"|'''8'''
|  style="background:#f0f0f0;"|'''9'''
|  style="background:#f0f0f0;"|'''10'''
|  style="background:#f0f0f0;"|'''11'''
|  style="background:#f0f0f0;"|'''12'''
| style="background:#f0f0f0;"|'''13'''
| style="background:#f0f0f0;"|'''14'''
|  style="background:#f0f0f0;"|'''15'''
|  style="background:#f0f0f0;"|'''16'''
|  style="background:#f0f0f0;"|'''17'''
|  style="background:#f0f0f0;"|'''18'''
|  style="background:#f0f0f0;"|'''19'''
|  style="background:#f0f0f0;"|'''20'''
|  style="background:#f0f0f0;"|'''Total'''
|-
| 1||{{flagathlete|[[Mikhail Chigorin]]|RUS|1858}}||{{CNone}}||½1||00||½1||11||10||00||11||01||½1||11||11||½1||11||10||11||11||11||11||11||'''29'''
|-
| 2||{{flagathlete|[[Max Weiss]]|AUT|empire}}||½0||{{CNone}}||½1||10||½½||½1||1½||11||11||11||10||½½||½1||10||11||11||½1||11||11||11||'''29'''
|-
| 3||{{flagathlete|[[Isidor Gunsberg]]|ENG}}||11||½0||{{CNone}}||01||½0||½0||1½||10||11||11||½1||11||01||11||01||11||11||11||11||11||'''28½'''
|-
| 4||{{flagathlete|[[Joseph Henry Blackburne]]|ENG}}||½0||01||10||{{CNone}}||01||10||10||01||11||10||11||11||11||11||11||10||11||½1||11||10||'''27'''
|-
| 5||{{flagathlete|[[Amos Burn]]|ENG}}||00||½½||½1||10||{{CNone}}||1½||00||11||11||10||11||11||01||00||11||01||11||11||11||11||'''26'''
|-
| 6||{{flagathlete|[[S. Lipschütz]]|USA|1877}}||01||½0||½1||01||0½||{{CNone}}||½1||00||11||½1||10||½0||½1||11||11||11||10||11||11||11||'''25½'''
|-
| 7||{{flagathlete|[[James Mason (chess player)|James Mason]]|IRE|green}}||11||0½||0½||01||11||½0||{{CNone}}||½0||00||11||½0||10||01||01||½1||1½||½1||½½||11||11||'''22'''
|-
| 8||{{flagathlete|[[Max Judd]]|USA|1877}}||00||00||01||10||00||11||½1||{{CNone}}||10||11||01||00||11||00||½1||½0||10||½1||11||11||'''20'''
|-
| 9||{{flagathlete|[[Eugene Delmar]]|USA|1877}}||10||00||00||00||00||00||11||01||{{CNone}}||½0||10||11||0½||10||01||11||10||11||11||01||'''18'''
|-
| 10||{{flagathlete|[[Jackson Showalter]]|USA|1877}}||½0||00||00||01||01||½0||00||00||½1||{{CNone}}||½1||10||10||10||11||½0||01||½1||11||11||'''18'''
|-
| 11||{{flagathlete|[[William Pollock (chess player)|William Pollock]]|ENG}}||00||01||½0||00||00||01||½1||10||01||½0||{{CNone}}||01||½1||½1||01||11||00||00||11||11||'''17½'''
|-
| 12||{{flagathlete|[[Henry Bird (chess player)|Henry Bird]]|ENG}}||00||½½||00||00||00||½1||01||11||00||01||10||{{CNone}}||½0||11||½1||11||00||10||½0||11||'''17'''
|-
| 13||{{flagathlete|[[Jean Taubenhaus]]|FRA}}||½0||½0||10||00||10||½0||10||00||1½||01||½0||½1||{{CNone}}||01||00||0½||½1||10||11||11||'''17'''
|-
| 14||{{flagathlete|[[David Graham Baird]]|USA|1877}}||00||01||00||00||11||00||10||11||01||01||½0||00||10||{{CNone}}||10||00||01||11||10||½1||'''16'''
|-
| 15||{{flagathlete|[[Constant Ferdinand Burille]]|USA|1877}}||01||00||10||00||00||00||½0||½0||10||00||10||½0||11||01||{{CNone}}||½1||1½||00||½1||11||'''15'''
|-
| 16||{{flagathlete|[[James Moore Hanham]]|USA|1877}}||00||00||00||01||10||00||0½||½1||00||½1||00||00||1½||11||½0||{{CNone}}||10||01||0½||11||'''14'''
|-
| 17||{{flagathlete|[[George H. D. Gossip]]|ENG}}||00||½0||00||00||00||01||½0||01||01||10||11||11||½0||10||0½||01||{{CNone}}||00||1½||00||'''13½'''
|-
| 18||{{flagathlete|[[Dion Martinez|Dión Martinez]]|Spanish Empire|1874|code=CUB}}||00||00||00||½0||00||00||½½||½0||00||½0||11||01||01||00||11||10||11||{{CNone}}||01||01||'''13½'''
|-
| 19||{{flagathlete|[[John Washington Baird]]|USA|1877}}||00||00||00||00||00||00||00||00||00||00||00||½1||00||01||½0||1½||0½||10||{{CNone}}||10||'''7'''
|-
| 20||{{flagathlete|[[Nicholas MacLeod]]|CAN|1868}}||00||00||00||01||00||00||00||00||10||00||00||00||00||½0||00||00||11||10||01||{{CNone}}||'''6½'''
|}

==Seventh American Chess Congress (1904)==
[[File:STL Republic 19041023.jpg|thumb|Group photo from the 1904 tournament]]
The seventh American Chess Congress was held in St. Louis in 1904. With US Champion [[Harry Nelson Pillsbury]] ill and dying, Max Judd tried to arrange the seventh ACC, with the stipulation that the US title be awarded to the winner. Judd disputed Pillsbury's ownership of the title by challenging the legitimacy of the whole succession since the time of Mackenzie, disputing Lipschutz's claim to have acquired the title at New York 1889, and everything that had happened since then. Pillsbury, from bed objected to Judd's plans, and prevailed on his friend, the lawyer Walter Penn Shipley, to intercede. Judd's tournament was held anyway, and said to be for "The United States Tourney Championship", a title explicitly said to have no relation to the United States Championship title held by Pillsbury. The tournament was won by [[Frank James Marshall]], ahead of Judd. There were 10 players: [[Louis Eisenberg]], [[Charles Jaffe]], Judd, Kemeny, Marshall, [[Stasch Mlotkowski]], Edward F. Schrader, Eugene Wesley Schrader, Schwietzer, and [[Louis Uedemann]]. The winner was actually named U.S. Champion at the conclusion of this tournament.

:{|class="wikitable" style="margin: 1em auto 1em auto; "
|  style="background:#f0f0f0;"|''' '''
|  style="background:#f0f0f0;"|'''Player'''
|  style="background:#f0f0f0;"|'''1'''
|  style="background:#f0f0f0;"|'''2'''
| style="background:#f0f0f0;"|'''3'''
| style="background:#f0f0f0;"|'''4'''
|  style="background:#f0f0f0;"|'''5'''
|  style="background:#f0f0f0;"|'''6'''
|  style="background:#f0f0f0;"|'''7'''
|  style="background:#f0f0f0;"|'''8'''
|  style="background:#f0f0f0;"|'''9'''
|  style="background:#f0f0f0;"|'''0'''
|  style="background:#f0f0f0;"|'''Total'''
|-
| 1||{{flagathlete|[[Frank James Marshall]]|USA|1896}} || {{CNone}} || 1 || 1 || 1 || 1 || 1 || 1 || 1 || ½ || 1 || '''8½'''
|-
| 2||{{flagathlete|[[Max Judd]]|USA|1896}} || 0 || {{CNone}} || 0 || 1 || 1 || 1 || 1 || 1 || 1 || 1 || '''7'''
|-
| 3||{{flagathlete|[[Louis Uedemann]]|USA|1896}} || 0 || 1 || {{CNone}} || 1 || 1 || 1 || 0 || 0 || 1 || 1 || '''6'''
|-
| 4||{{flagathlete|[[Emil Kemény]]|USA|1896}} || 0 || 0 || 0 || {{CNone}} || 1 || 1 || 1 || 0 || 1 || 1 || '''5'''
|-
| 5||{{flagathlete|[[Edward F. Schrader]]|USA|1896}} || 0 || 0 || 0 || 0 || {{CNone}} || ½ || 1 || 1 || 1 || 1 || '''4½'''
|-
| 6||{{flagathlete|[[Louis Eisenberg]]|USA|1896}} || 0 || 0 || 0 || 0 || ½ || {{CNone}} || 1 || 1 || 1 || 1 || '''4½'''
|-
| 7||{{flagathlete|[[Charles Jaffe]]|USA|1896}} || 0 || 0 || 1 || 0 || 0 || 0 || {{CNone}} || 1 || 1 || 1 || '''4'''
|-
| 8||{{flagathlete|[[George Schwietzer]]|USA|1896}} || 0 || 0 || 1 || 1 || 0 || 0 || 0 || {{CNone}} || 0 || 1 || '''3'''
|-
| 9||{{flagathlete|[[Stasch Mlotkowski]]|USA|1896}} || ½ || 0 || 0 || 0 || 0 || 0 || 0 || 1 || {{CNone}} || 1 || '''2½'''
|-
| 10||{{flagathlete|[[Eugene W. Schrader]]|USA|1896}} || 0 || 0 || 0 || 0 || 0 || 0 || 0 || 0 || 0 || {{CNone}} || '''0'''
|-
|}

==Eighth American Chess Congress (1921)==
The eighth American Chess Congress was held in Atlantic City in 1921. The event was won by [[Dawid Janowski]], followed by [[Norman Tweed Whitaker|Norman Whitaker]], Jaffe, etc. There were 12 players: [[Samuel Factor]], Hago, Harvey, Jackson, Jaffe, Janowski, Marshall, Mlotkowski, Sharp, [[Vladimir Sournin]], [[Isador Turover]], and Whitaker.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.rci.rutgers.edu/~goeller/marshall/tournaments/index.html |title=The Frank James Marshall Electronic Archive and Museum: Tournament and Match Record<!-- Bot generated title --> |access-date=2008-04-13 |archive-date=2008-07-04 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080704144338/http://www.rci.rutgers.edu/~goeller/marshall/tournaments/index.html |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.rogerpaige.webspace.virginmedia.com/tables1921.htm |title=New Page 1 |access-date=2012-06-07 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120521160723/http://www.rogerpaige.webspace.virginmedia.com/tables1921.htm |archive-date=2012-05-21 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

:{|class="wikitable" style="margin: 1em auto 1em auto; "
|  style="background:#f0f0f0;"|''' '''
|  style="background:#f0f0f0;"|'''Player'''
|  style="background:#f0f0f0;"|'''1'''
|  style="background:#f0f0f0;"|'''2'''
| style="background:#f0f0f0;"|'''3'''
| style="background:#f0f0f0;"|'''4'''
|  style="background:#f0f0f0;"|'''5'''
|  style="background:#f0f0f0;"|'''6'''
|  style="background:#f0f0f0;"|'''7'''
|  style="background:#f0f0f0;"|'''8'''
|  style="background:#f0f0f0;"|'''9'''
|  style="background:#f0f0f0;"|'''0'''
|  style="background:#f0f0f0;"|'''1'''
|  style="background:#f0f0f0;"|'''2'''
|  style="background:#f0f0f0;"|'''Total'''
|-
| 1||{{flagathlete|[[Dawid Janowski]]|FRA}}||{{CNone}}||0||1||½||½||1||½||1 ||1 || 1||1 ||1 ||'''8½'''
|-
| 2||{{flagathlete|[[Norman Tweed Whitaker]]|USA|1912}}||1||{{CNone}}||0||1||1||1||0||1|| 0||1|| 1||1||'''8'''
|-
| 3||{{flagathlete|[[Charles Jaffe]]|USA|1912}}||0||1||{{CNone}}||1||1||0||0||1  ||1 ||0 ||1 ||1 ||'''7'''
|-
| 4||{{flagathlete|[[Martin D. Hago]]|USA|1912}}||½ ||0 ||0 ||{{CNone}}||½ ||½ ||1 ||½ ||1 ||½ ||1 ||1 ||'''6½'''
|-
| 5||{{flagathlete|[[Samuel Factor]]|USA|1912}} || ½  || 0 ||0 ||½  ||{{CNone}}||½  ||0||1 ||½  ||1 ||1|| ||'''6'''
|-
| 6||{{flagathlete|[[Frank James Marshall]]|USA|1912}}||0 ||0||1 ||½ ||½ ||{{CNone}}||1 ||0 ||½ ||½ ||1 ||1 ||'''6'''
|-
| 7||{{flagathlete|[[Vladimir Sournin]]|USA|1912}}||½ ||1||1 ||0 ||1 ||0 ||{{CNone}}||0 ||½ ||½ ||1 ||½ ||'''6'''
|-
| 8||{{flagathlete|[[Sydney T. Sharp]]|USA|1912}}||0||0 ||0||½ ||0 ||1 ||1 ||{{CNone}}||½||½ ||1 || 1||'''5½'''
|-
| 9||{{flagathlete|[[Isador Samuel Turover]]|USA|1912}}||0 || 1||0 ||0 ||½ ||½ ||½ ||½||{{CNone}}||1||1 ||½ ||'''5½'''
|-
| 10||{{flagathlete|[[Stasch Mlotkowski]]|USA|1912}}|| 0||0||1||½ || 0||½ ||½ ||½ ||0 ||{{CNone}}||1 ||1 ||'''5'''
|-
| 11||{{flagathlete|[[J. B. Harvey]]|USA|1912}}||0 ||0 || 0||0 ||0||0 ||0 ||0 ||0 ||0 ||{{CNone}}||1||'''1'''
|-
| 12||{{flagathlete|[[Edward Schuyler Jackson]]|USA|1912}}||0 ||0 ||0 || 0||0 ||0||½ ||0 ||½ ||0 || 0|| {{CNone}}||'''1'''
|-
|}

==Ninth American Chess Congress (1923)==
The ninth and last American Chess Congress was held in Hotel Alamac in [[Lake Hopatcong]], New Jersey on August 6–21, 1923. The tournament was played between 14 players: [[Horace Bigelow]], [[Roy Turnbull Black]], [[Oscar Chajes]], [[Albert Hodges]], Dawid Janowski, [[Abraham Kupchik]], [[Edward Lasker]], Frank James Marshall, [[John Morrison (chess player)|John Stuart Morrison]], Marvin Palmer, [[Anthony Santasiere]], [[Morris Schapiro]], Vladimir Sournin, and [[Oscar Tenner]]. It ended with a tie between Marshall and Kupchik scoring 10½ out of 13.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20061031182452/http://www.correspondencechess.com/campbell/articles/a060901.htm "Captain Vladimir Sournin: A Russian Chess Player's Exploits in America" by Olimpiu G. Urcan<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref><ref>{{cite magazine| url=http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,716569,00.html | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081222152828/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,716569,00.html | url-status=dead | archive-date=December 22, 2008 | magazine=Time | title=Sport: Chess Champs | date=September 3, 1923 | access-date=April 23, 2010}}</ref><ref>[http://www.chessgames.com/perl/chesscollection?cid=1009020 Lake Hopatcong, 1923<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref>

:{|class="wikitable" style="margin: 1em auto 1em auto; "
|  style="background:#f0f0f0;"|''' '''
|  style="background:#f0f0f0;"|'''Player'''
|  style="background:#f0f0f0;"|'''1'''
|  style="background:#f0f0f0;"|'''2'''
| style="background:#f0f0f0;"|'''3'''
| style="background:#f0f0f0;"|'''4'''
|  style="background:#f0f0f0;"|'''5'''
|  style="background:#f0f0f0;"|'''6'''
|  style="background:#f0f0f0;"|'''7'''
|  style="background:#f0f0f0;"|'''8'''
|  style="background:#f0f0f0;"|'''9'''
|  style="background:#f0f0f0;"|'''0'''
|  style="background:#f0f0f0;"|'''1'''
|  style="background:#f0f0f0;"|'''2'''
|  style="background:#f0f0f0;"|'''3'''
|  style="background:#f0f0f0;"|'''4'''
|  style="background:#f0f0f0;"|'''Total'''
|-
| 1||{{flagathlete|[[Frank James Marshall]]|USA|1912}}||{{CNone}}||1||½ ||1 ||½ ||1 ||1 ||1 ||1 ||½ ||½ ||1 ||½ ||1 ||'''10½'''
|-
| 2||{{flagathlete|[[Abraham Kupchik]]|USA|1912}}||0||{{CNone}}||1 ||0 ||1 ||½||1||1 || 1||1 || 1||1 ||1 ||1 ||'''10½'''
|-
| 3||{{flagathlete|[[Dawid Janowski]]|FRA}}||½ ||0 ||{{CNone}}||1 ||½ ||½ ||1 ||1  ||1 ||1 ||1 ||1 ||½ ||1 ||'''10'''
|-
| 4||{{flagathlete|[[Edward Lasker]]|USA|1912}}||0 ||1 ||0 ||{{CNone}}||½ ||1 ||1 ||1 ||0 ||1 ||1 ||1 ||½ ||1 ||'''9'''
|-
| 5||{{flagathlete|[[Morris Schapiro]]|USA|1912}}||½ ||0 ||½ ||½ ||{{CNone}}||1 ||0||½ ||1 ||½ ||1||1 ||1 ||1 ||'''8½'''
|-
| 6||{{flagathlete|[[Roy Turnbull Black]]|USA|1912}}||0 ||½ ||½ ||0 ||0 ||{{CNone}}||1 ||0 ||1 ||0 ||1 ||1 ||1 ||1 ||'''7'''
|-
| 7||{{flagathlete|[[Oscar Tenner]]|USA|1912}}||0 ||0 ||0 ||0 ||1 ||0 ||{{CNone}}||1 ||½ ||1 ||1 ||0 ||1 ||1 ||'''6½'''
|-
| 8||{{flagathlete|[[Oscar Chajes]]|USA|1912}}||0 ||0 ||0 ||0 ||½ ||1 ||0 ||{{CNone}}||1 ||1 ||0 ||1 ||1 ||1 ||'''6½'''
|-
| 9||{{flagathlete|[[Vladimir Sournin]]|USA|1912}}||0 ||0 ||0 ||1 ||0 ||0 ||½ ||0 ||{{CNone}}||1 ||1 ||1 ||½ ||½ ||'''5½'''
|-
| 10||{{flagathlete|[[John Morrison (chess player)|John Stuart Morrison]]|CAN|1868}}||½ ||0 ||0 ||0 ||½ ||1 ||0 ||0 ||0 ||{{CNone}}||½ ||½ ||1 ||1 ||'''5'''
|-
| 11||{{flagathlete|[[Albert Hodges]]|USA|1912}}||½ ||0 ||0 ||0 ||0 ||0 ||0 ||1 ||0 ||½ ||{{CNone}}||½ ||1 ||½ ||'''4'''
|-
| 12||{{flagathlete|[[Marvin Palmer]]|USA|1912}}||0 ||0 ||0 ||0 ||0 ||0 ||1 ||0 ||0 ||½ ||½ || {{CNone}}||1 ||0 ||'''3'''
|-
| 13||{{flagathlete|[[Anthony Santasiere]]|USA|1912}}||½ ||0 ||½ ||½ ||0||0 ||0 ||0 ||½ ||0 ||0 ||0 ||{{CNone}} ||½ ||'''2½'''
|-
| 14||{{flagathlete|[[Horace Bigelow]]|USA|1912}}||0 ||0 ||0 ||0 ||0 ||0 ||0 ||0 ||½ ||0 ||½ ||1 ||½ ||{{CNone}} ||'''2½'''
|-
|}

==See also==
*[[U.S. Chess Championship]]
*[[U.S. Women's Chess Championship]]
*[[U.S. Open Chess Championship]]
*[[U.S. Women's Open Chess Championship]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==Further reading==
*[[Daniel Fiske|Fiske, Daniel Willard]] (1859), ''[{{Google books|U9oWAAAAYAAJ|plainurl=yes}} The Book of the First American Chess Congress]'', Rudd & Carleton, New York
:This book was reprinted as {{citation|year=1985|title=1st American Chess Congress New York 1857|publisher=Edition Olms| isbn=3-283-00085-9|author=Daniel W. Fiske.}}
*Brownson, O. A. Jr (1872), ''[{{Google books|dAAXAAAAYAAJ|plainurl=yes}} The Book of the Second American Chess Congress Held at Cleveland, Ohio]'', Dubuque, Iowa
*Office of the American Chess Journal (1876) ''The Third American Chess Congress Held at Chicago, Ill., 1874'', Hannibal, Missouri.
*Sayen, Henry W. (1876), ''The Grand International Centennial Chess Congress, held in Philadelphia in August, 1876'', Philadelphia
:These three books were reprinted in one volume as {{citation  | year=1985 | title= The second, third and fourth American Chess Congress, Cleveland 1871, Chicago 1874, Philadelphia 1876. | publisher=Edition Olms | isbn=3-283-00089-1}}
* Gilberg, Charles A (1881), ''[{{Google books|BDMgjwEACAAJ|plainurl=yes}} The Fifth American Chess Congress]'', New York
:This book was reprinted as {{citation|year=1986|title=The Fifth American Chess Congress New York 1880|publisher=Edition Olms| isbn=3-283-00090-5|author=Charles A. Gilberg.}}
*[[William Steinitz|Steinitz, William]] (1891), ''[{{Google books|0nYCAAAAYAAJ|plainurl=yes}} The Book of the Sixth American Chess Congress]'', New York
:This book was reprinted as: {{citation|year=1982|title=The book of the Sixth American Chess Congress|publisher=Edition Olms| isbn=3-283-00152-9|author=Wilhelm Steinitz ; with a foreword by Christiaan M. Bijl.}}
:It was recently reprinted as: {{citation|year=1982|title=Sixth American Chess Congress, New York 1889|publisher=Ishi Press| isbn=978-4-87187-847-0|author=Wilhelm Steinitz ; Introduction by Sam Sloan}}

{{Chess tournaments}}

[[Category:Invitational chess tournaments]]
[[Category:Chess in the United States]]
[[Category:1857 in chess]]
[[Category:1923 in chess]]
[[Category:1857 establishments in New York (state)]]
[[Category:1923 disestablishments in the United States]]
[[Category:Recurring sporting events established in 1857]]
[[Category:Recurring sporting events disestablished in 1923]]