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{{Short description|Philosophical texts attributed to Hermes Trismegistus}}
{{About|the ancient texts|the philosophical and religious system|Hermeticism|the Argentine heavy metal band|Hermética|other uses|Hermetic (disambiguation)}}
{{Italic title}}
{{Hermeticism|expand=Hermetic writings}}
The '''''Hermetica''''' are texts attributed to the legendary [[Hellenistic]] figure [[Hermes Trismegistus]], a [[Syncretism|syncretic combination]] of the Greek god [[Hermes]] and the Egyptian god [[Thoth]].<ref>A survey of the literary and archaeological evidence for the background of Hermes Trismegistus in the Greek Hermes and the Egyptian Thoth is found in {{harvnb|Bull|2018|pp=33–96}}.</ref> These texts may vary widely in content and purpose, but by modern convention are usually subdivided into two main categories, the "technical" and "religio-philosophical" ''Hermetica''.

The category of "technical" ''Hermetica'' encompasses a broad variety of treatises dealing with [[History of astrology|astrology]], [[History of pharmacy|medicine and pharmacology]], [[alchemy]], and [[magic (supernatural)|magic]], the oldest of which were written in [[Ancient Greek|Greek]] and may go back as far as the second or third century BCE.<ref>{{harvnb|Copenhaver|1992|p=xxxiii}}; {{harvnb|Bull|2018|pp=2–3}}. Garth Fowden is somewhat more cautious, noting that our earliest testimonies date to the first century BCE (see {{harvnb|Fowden|1986|p=3, note 11}}).</ref> Many of the texts belonging in this category were later translated into [[Arabic]] and [[Latin]], often being extensively revised and expanded throughout the centuries. Some of them were also originally written in Arabic, though in many cases their status as an original work or translation remains unclear.<ref>{{harvnb|Van Bladel|2009|p=17}}.</ref> These Arabic and Latin Hermetic texts were widely copied throughout the [[Middle Ages]] (the most famous example being the ''[[Emerald Tablet]]'').

The "religio-philosophical" ''Hermetica'' are a relatively coherent set of [[Religious philosophy|religio-philosophical]] treatises that were written mostly in the second and third centuries, though the very earliest one of them, the ''[[Definitions of Hermes Trismegistus to Asclepius]]'', may go back to the first century CE.<ref>{{harvnb|Copenhaver|1992|p=xliv}}; {{harvnb|Bull|2018|p=32}}. The sole exception to the general dating of c. 100–300 CE is ''[[Definitions of Hermes Trismegistus to Asclepius|The Definitions of Hermes Trismegistus to Asclepius]]'', which may date to the first century CE (see {{harvnb|Bull|2018|p=9}}, referring to {{harvnb|Mahé|1978–1982|loc=vol. II, p. 278}}; cf. {{harvnb|Mahé|1999|p=101}}). Earlier dates have been suggested, most notably by [[Flinders Petrie]] (500–200 BCE) and Bruno H. Stricker (c. 300 BCE), but these suggestions have been rejected by most other scholars (see {{harvnb|Bull|2018|p=6, note 23}}).</ref> They are chiefly focused on the relationship between human beings, the cosmos, and God (thus combining philosophical [[philosophical anthropology|anthropology]], [[Cosmology (philosophy)|cosmology]], and [[philosophical theology|theology]]). Many of them are also [[Protrepsis and paraenesis|moral exhortations]] calling for a way of life (the "way of Hermes") leading to spiritual rebirth, and eventually to [[apotheosis|divinization]] in the form of a heavenly ascent.<ref>{{harvnb|Bull|2018|p=3}}.</ref> The treatises in this category were probably all originally written in Greek, although some of them survive only in [[Coptic language|Coptic]], [[Armenian language|Armenian]], or [[Latin]] translations.<ref>E.g., [[The Discourse on the Eighth and Ninth]] (Coptic; preserved in the [[Nag Hammadi library]], which consists entirely of works translated from Greek into Coptic; see {{harvnb|Robinson|1990|pp=12–13}}), the ''[[Definitions of Hermes Trismegistus to Asclepius]]'' (Armenian; see {{harvnb|Bull|2018|p=9}}), and the ''[[Asclepius (treatise)|Asclepius]]'' (also known as the ''Perfect Discourse'', Latin; see {{harvnb|Copenhaver|1992|pp=xliii-xliv}}).</ref> During the Middle Ages, most of them were only accessible to [[Byzantine]] scholars (an important exception being the ''[[Asclepius (treatise)|Asclepius]]'', which mainly survives in an early Latin translation), until a compilation of Greek Hermetic treatises known as the ''[[Corpus Hermeticum]]'' was translated into Latin by the [[Renaissance]] scholars [[Marsilio Ficino]] (1433–1499) and [[Lodovico Lazzarelli]] (1447–1500).<ref>{{harvnb|Copenhaver|1992|pp=xl-xliii}}; {{harvnb|Hanegraaff|2006|p=680}}.</ref>

Though strongly influenced by Greek and [[Hellenistic philosophy]] (especially [[Middle Platonism|Platonism]] and [[Stoicism]]),<ref>{{harvnb|Bull|2018|p=2}}.</ref> and to a lesser extent also by [[Hellenistic Judaism|Jewish]] ideas,<ref>See, e.g., {{harvnb|Pearson|1981}}, and the copious references in {{harvnb|Bull|2018|p=29, note 118}}.</ref> many of the early Greek Hermetic treatises also contain distinctly Egyptian elements, most notably in their affinity with traditional Egyptian [[wisdom literature]].<ref>{{harvnb|Mahé|1978–1982}}. Mahé also demonstrated numerous other Egyptian influences on the ''Hermetica'' (cf. {{harvnb|Bull|2018|pp=9–10}}).</ref> This used to be the subject of much doubt, but it is now generally admitted that the ''Hermetica'' as such did in fact originate in [[Ptolemaic Kingdom|Hellenistic]] and [[Roman Egypt|Roman]] Egypt, even if most of the later Hermetic writings (which continued to be composed at least until the twelfth century CE) did not. It may even be the case that the great bulk of the early Greek ''Hermetica'' were written by Hellenizing members of the Egyptian priestly class, whose intellectual activity was centred in the environment of [[Egyptian temples]].

==Technical ''Hermetica''==

=== Greek ===

==== Greek astrological ''Hermetica'' <!-- This section is linked from [[Liber Hermetis (astrological)]] -->====

The oldest known texts associated with [[Hermes Trismegistus]] are a number of [[History of astrology|astrological]] works which may go back as far as the second or third century BCE:

* The '''''Salmeschoiniaka''''' (the "Wandering of the Influences"), perhaps composed in Alexandria in the second or third century BCE, deals with the configurations of the stars.<ref>{{harvnb|Copenhaver|1992|p=xxxiii}}; {{harvnb|Bull|2018|pp=387–388}}.</ref>
* The '''[[Petosiris to Nechepso|Nechepsos-Petosiris texts]]''' are a number of anonymous works dating to the second century BCE which were falsely attributed to the Egyptian king [[Necho II]] (610–595 BCE, referred to in the texts as Nechepsos) and his legendary priest Petese (referred to in the texts as Petosiris). These texts, only fragments of which survive, ascribe the astrological knowledge they convey to the authority of Hermes.<ref>{{harvnb|Bull|2018|pp=163–174}}; cf. {{harvnb|Copenhaver|1992|p=xxxiii}}. On the identification of Nechepsos with Necho II and of Petosiris with Petese, see the references in {{harvnb|Bull|2018|loc=p. 163, note 295}}.</ref>
* The '''''Art of Eudoxus''''' is a treatise on [[astronomy]] which was preserved in a second-century BCE [[papyrus]] and which mentions Hermes as an authority.<ref>{{harvnb|Bull|2018|pp=167–168}}.</ref>
* The '''''Liber Hermetis''''' ("The Book of Hermes") is an important work on astrology laying out the names of the [[decan]]s (a distinctly Egyptian system that divided the [[zodiac]] into 36 parts). It survives only in an early (fourth- or fifth-century CE) Latin translation,<ref>{{harvnb|Copenhaver|1992|p=xlv}}.</ref> but contains elements that may be traced to the second or third century BCE.<ref>{{harvnb|Copenhaver|1992|p=xxxiii}}; {{harvnb|Bull|2018|pp=385–386}}.</ref>

Other early Greek Hermetic works on astrology include:

* The '''''Brontologion''''': a treatise on the various effects of thunder in different months.<ref>{{harvnb|Copenhaver|1992|p=xxxiii}}; {{harvnb|Bull|2018|p=168}}.</ref>
* The '''''Peri seismōn''''' ("On earthquakes"): a treatise on the relation between earthquakes and astrological signs.<ref>{{harvnb|Copenhaver|1992|p=xxxiii}}.</ref>
* The '''''Book of Asclepius Called Myriogenesis''''': a treatise on astrological medicine.<ref>{{harvnb|Copenhaver|1992|p=xxxiii}}.</ref>
* The '''''Holy Book of Hermes to Asclepius''''': a treatise on astrological botany describing the relationships between various plants and the [[decans]].<ref>{{harvnb|Copenhaver|1992|p=xxxiv}}. On this work, see {{harvnb|Piperakis|2017}}, {{harvnb|Piperakis|2022a}}, and {{harvnb|Piperakis|2022b}}.</ref>
* The '''''Fifteen Stars, Stones, Plants and Images''''': a treatise on astrological [[History of mineralogy|mineralogy]] and [[History of botany|botany]] dealing with the effect of the stars on the [[History of pharmacy|pharmaceutical]] powers of minerals and plants.<ref>{{harvnb|Copenhaver|1992|p=xxxiv}}.</ref>

==== Greek alchemical ''Hermetica'' <!-- This section is linked from [[Isis the Prophetess to Her Son Horus]] -->====

Starting in the first century BCE, a number of Greek works on [[alchemy]] were attributed to Hermes Trismegistus. These are now all lost, except for a number of fragments (one of the larger of which is called '''''Isis the Prophetess to Her Son Horus''''') preserved in later alchemical works dating to the second and third centuries CE. Especially important is the use made of them by the Egyptian alchemist [[Zosimos of Panopolis|Zosimus of Panopolis]] (fl. c. 300 CE), who also seems to have been familiar with the religio-philosophical ''Hermetica''.<ref>{{harvnb|Copenhaver|1992|p=xxxiv}}.</ref> Hermes' name would become more firmly associated with alchemy in the medieval Arabic sources (see [[#Arabic alchemical Hermetica|below]]), of which it is not yet clear to what extent they drew on the earlier Greek literature.<ref>{{harvnb|Van Bladel|2009|p=17}}.</ref>

==== Greek magical ''Hermetica'' ====

* The '''''[[Cyranides]]''''' is a work on healing magic which treats of the magical powers and healing properties of [[History of mineralogy|minerals]], [[History of botany|plants]] and [[History of zoology through 1859|animals]], for which it regularly cites Hermes as a source.<ref>{{harvnb|Copenhaver|1992|pp=xxxiv-xxxv}}. The Greek text was edited by {{harvnb|Kaimakis|1976}}. English translation of the first book in {{harvnb|Waegeman|1987}}.</ref> It was independently translated both into Arabic and Latin.<ref>The Arabic translation of the first book was edited by {{harvnb|Toral-Niehoff|2004}}. The Arabic fragments of the other books were edited by {{harvnb|Ullmann|2020}}. The Latin translation was edited by {{harvnb|Delatte|1942}}.</ref>
* The '''''[[Greek Magical Papyri]]''''' are a modern collection of [[papyrus|papyri]] dating from various periods between the second century BCE and the fifth century CE. They mainly contain practical instructions for spells and incantations, some of which cite Hermes as a source.<ref>{{harvnb|Copenhaver|1992|pp=xxxv-xxxvi}}. Edition in {{harvnb|Preisendanz|Henrichs|1974}}.</ref>

=== Arabic ===

Many [[Arabic]] works attributed to Hermes Trismegistus still exist today, although the great majority of them have not yet been published or studied by modern scholars.<ref>According to {{harvnb|Van Bladel|2009|loc=p. 17, note 42}}, there are least twenty Arabic ''Hermetica'' extant.</ref> For this reason too, it is often not clear to what extent they drew on earlier Greek sources. The following is a very incomplete list of known works:

==== Arabic astrological ''Hermetica'' <!-- This section is linked from [[Liber de stellis beibeniis]] -->====
{{Further|Astrology in medieval Islam}}
Some of the earliest attested Arabic Hermetic texts deal with astrology:

* The '''''Qaḍīb al-dhahab''''' ("The Rod of Gold"), or the '''''Kitāb Hirmis fī taḥwīl sinī l-mawālīd''''' ("The Book of Hermes on the Revolutions of the Years of the Nativities") is an Arabic astrological work translated from [[Middle Persian]] by [[Omar Tiberiades|ʿUmar ibn al-Farrukhān al-Ṭabarī]] ({{Abbr|d|died}}. 816 CE), who was the court astrologer of the [[Abbasid]] caliph [[al-Mansur]] ({{Reign|754|775}}).<ref>{{harvnb|Van Bladel|2009|p=28}}.</ref>
* The '''''Carmen Astrologicum''''' is an astrological work originally written by the first-century CE astrologer [[Dorotheus of Sidon]]. It is lost in Greek, but survives in an Arabic translation, which was in turn based upon a Middle Persian intermediary. It was also translated by ʿUmar ibn al-Farrukhān al-Ṭabarī. The extant Arabic text refers to two Hermeses, and cites a book of Hermes on the positions of the planets.<ref>{{harvnb|Van Bladel|2009|pp=28–29}}. Edition of the Arabic text by {{harvnb|Pingree|1976}}.</ref>
* The '''''Kitāb Asrār an-nujūm''''' ("The Book of the Secrets of the Stars", later translated into Latin as the '''''Liber de stellis beibeniis''''') is a treatise describing the influences of the brightest [[fixed stars]] on personal characteristics. The Arabic work was translated from a Middle Persian version which can be shown to date from before c. 500 CE, and which shared a source with the [[Byzantine]] astrologer [[Rhetorius]] (fl. c. 600 CE).<ref>{{harvnb|Van Bladel|2009|pp=27–28}}. The Arabic text and its Latin translation were edited by {{harvnb|Kunitzsch|2001}}. See also {{harvnb|Kunitzsch|2004}}.</ref>
* The '''''Kitāb ʿArḍ Miftāḥ al-Nujūm''''' ("The Book of the Exposition of the Key to the Stars") is an Arabic astrological treatise attributed to Hermes which claims to have been translated in 743 CE, but which in reality was probably translated in the circles of [[Abu Ma'shar al-Balkhi]] (787–886 CE).<ref>{{harvnb|Bausani|1983}}; {{harvnb|Bausani|1986}}. On the dating, see {{harvnb|Ullmann|1994|pp=7–8}}.</ref>

==== Arabic alchemical ''Hermetica''<!-- This section is linked from [[Sirr al-khaliqa]] and from [[Liber Hermetis de alchemia]] -->====
{{Further|Alchemy and chemistry in the medieval Islamic world}}
* The '''''Sirr al-khalīqa wa-ṣanʿat al-ṭabīʿa''''' ("The Secret of Creation and the Art of Nature"), also known as the '''''Kitāb al-ʿilal''''' ("The Book of Causes") is an encyclopedic work on [[natural philosophy]] falsely attributed to [[Apollonius of Tyana]] (c. 15–100, Arabic: Balīnūs or Balīnās).<ref>Edited by {{harvnb|Weisser|1979}}.</ref> It was compiled in Arabic in the late eighth or early ninth century,<ref>{{harvnb|Kraus|1942–1943|loc=vol. II, pp. 274-275}} (c. 813–833); {{harvnb|Weisser|1980|p=54}} (c. 750–800).</ref> but was most likely based on (much) older Greek and/or [[Syriac language|Syriac]] sources.<ref>{{harvnb|Kraus|1942–1943|loc=vol. II, pp. 270-303}}; {{harvnb|Weisser|1980|pp=52–53}}.</ref> It contains the earliest known version of the [[sulfur-mercury theory of metals]] (according to which metals are composed of various proportions of [[sulfur]] and [[Mercury (element)|mercury]]),<ref>{{harvnb|Kraus|1942–1943|loc=vol. II, p. 1, note 1}}; {{harvnb|Weisser|1980|p=199}}.</ref> which lay at the foundation of all theories of metallic composition until the eighteenth century.<ref>{{harvnb|Norris|2006}}.</ref> In the frame story of the ''Sirr al-khalīqa'', Balīnūs tells his readers that he discovered the text in a vault below a statue of Hermes in [[Tyana]], and that, inside the vault, an old corpse on a golden throne held the ''Emerald Tablet''.<ref>{{harvnb|Ebeling|2007|pp=46–47}}.</ref> It was translated into Latin by [[Hugo of Santalla]] in the twelfth century.<ref>Edited by {{harvnb|Hudry|1997–1999}}. On its later influence, see {{harvnb|Asl|2016}}.</ref>
* The '''''[[Emerald Tablet]]''''': a compact and cryptic text first attested in the ''Sirr al-khalīqa wa-ṣanʿat al-ṭabīʿa'' (late eighth or early ninth century).<ref>Edited by {{harvnb|Weisser|1979}}.</ref> There are several other, slightly different Arabic versions (among them one quoted in a text attributed to [[Jabir ibn Hayyan]], and one found in the longer version of the pseudo-Aristotelian ''[[Secretum secretorum|Sirr al-asrār]]'' or "Secret of Secrets"), but these are all likely to date from a later period.<ref>{{harvnb|Weisser|1980|p=46}}.</ref> It was translated several times into Latin in the twelfth and thirteenth centuries,<ref>See {{harvnb|Hudry|1997–1999|p=152}} (as part of the Latin translation of the ''Sirr al-khalīqa''; English translation in {{harvnb|Litwa|2018|p=316}}); {{harvnb|Steele|1920|pp=115–117}} (as part of the Latin translation of the ''Sirr al-asrār''); {{harvnb|Steele|Singer|1928}} (as part of the Latin translation of the ''Liber dabessi'', a collection of commentaries on the ''Tablet''). On the Latin translations, see further {{harvnb|Colinet|1995}}, {{harvnb|Mandosio|2004}}, {{harvnb|Caiazzo|2004}}, and {{harvnb|Mandosio|2005}}.</ref> and was widely regarded by medieval and early modern [[alchemy|alchemists]] as the foundation of their art.<ref>{{harvnb|Principe|2013|p=31}}.</ref> [[Isaac Newton]] (1642–1726) still used it as a source of inspiration.<ref>{{harvnb|Dobbs|1988}}; {{harvnb|Newman|2019|pp=145, 166, 183}}.</ref>
* The '''''Risālat al-Sirr''''' ("The Epistle of the Secret") is an Arabic alchemical treatise probably composed in tenth-century [[Fatimid]] Egypt.<ref>Edited by {{harvnb|Vereno|1992|pp=136–159}}.</ref>
* The '''''Risālat al-Falakiyya al-kubrā''''' ("The Great Treatise of the Spheres") is an Arabic alchemical treatise composed in the tenth or eleventh century. Perhaps inspired by the ''Emerald Tablet'', it describes the author's (Hermes') attainment of secret knowledge through his ascension of the [[Seven Heavens|seven]] heavenly [[Celestial spheres|spheres]].<ref>{{harvnb|Van Bladel|2009|loc=pp. 181-183 (cf. p. 171, note 25)}}. Edited by {{harvnb|Vereno|1992|pp=160–181}}.</ref>
* The '''''Kitāb dhakhīrat al-Iskandar''''' ("The Treasure of Alexander"): a work dealing with alchemy, [[talisman]]s, and specific properties, which cites Hermes as its ultimate source.<ref>{{harvnb|Ruska|1926|pp=68–107}}; {{harvnb|Raggetti|2021|p=287}}. See further {{harvnb|Alfonso-Goldfarb|Abou-Chahla Jubran|1999}} and {{harvnb|Alfonso-Goldfarb|Abou-Chahla Jubran|2008}}.</ref>
* The '''''Liber Hermetis de alchemia''''' ("The Book of Hermes on Alchemy"), also known as the '''''Liber dabessi''''' or the '''''Liber rebis''''', is a collection of commentaries on the ''Emerald Tablet''. Translated from the Arabic, it is only extant in Latin. It is this Latin translation of the ''Emerald Tablet'' on which all later versions are based.<ref>Edited by {{harvnb|Steele|Singer|1928}}. On this text, see further {{harvnb|Colinet|1995}}; {{harvnb|Mandosio|2004|pp=683–684}}; {{harvnb|Caiazzo|2004|pp=700–703}}; {{harvnb|Mandosio|2005}}.</ref>

==== Arabic magical ''Hermetica'' <!-- This section is linked from [[Kitab al-Istamakhis]] and [[Pseudo-Aristotelian Hermetica]]-->====
[[File:Bodl Arab.d.221 roll332 frame11.jpg|thumbnail|upright=1.5|14th-century Arabic manuscript of the ''[[Cyranides]]'']]
* The '''''Kitāb al-Isṭamākhīs''''', '''''Kitāb al-Isṭamāṭīs''''', '''''Kitāb al-Usṭuwwaṭās''''', '''''Kitāb al-Madīṭīs''''', and '''''Kitāb al-Hādīṭūs''''', also known as the '''''Pseudo-Aristotelian Hermetica''''', are a number of closely related and partially overlapping texts. Purporting to be written by [[Aristotle]] in order to teach his pupil [[Alexander the Great]] the secrets of Hermes, they deal with the names and powers of the [[Planetary intelligence|planetary spirits]], the making of [[talisman]]s, and the concept of a personal "perfect nature".<ref>{{harvnb|Van Bladel|2009|loc=pp. 101-102, 114, 224}}. A small fragment from the ''Kitāb al-Isṭamākhīs'' was published by {{harvnb|Badawi|1947|pp=179–183}}. See also {{harvnb|Saif|2021}}.</ref> Perhaps composed in the ninth century,<ref>A dating proposed by {{harvnb|Saif|2021|pp=36–44}}.</ref> extracts from them appear in pseudo-Apollonius of Tyana's ''Sirr al-khalīqa wa-ṣanʿat al-ṭabīʿa'' ("The Secret of Creation and the Art of Nature", c. 750–850, see [[#Arabic alchemical Hermetica|above]]),<ref>{{harvnb|Weisser|1980|pp=68–69}}.</ref> in the ''[[Encyclopedia of the Brethren of Purity|Epistles of the Ikhwān al-Ṣafāʾ]]'' ("The Epistles of the Brethren of Purity", c. 900–1000),<ref>{{harvnb|Plessner|1954|p=58}}.</ref> in Maslama al-Qurṭubī's ''[[Picatrix|Ghāyat al-Ḥakīm]]'' ("The Aim of the [[Sage (philosophy)|Sage]]", 960, better known under its Latin title as ''Picatrix''),<ref>{{harvnb|Van Bladel|2009|pp=101–102}}.</ref> and in the works of the Persian philosopher [[Shahab al-Din Yahya ibn Habash Suhrawardi|Suhrawardī]] (1154–1191).<ref>{{harvnb|Van Bladel|2009|p=224}}.</ref> One of them was translated into Latin in the twelfth or thirteenth century under the title ''Liber Antimaquis''.<ref>Edited by {{harvnb|Burnett|2001}}.</ref>
* The '''''[[Cyranides]]''''' is a Greek work on healing magic which treats of the magical powers and healing properties of [[History of mineralogy|minerals]], [[History of botany|plants]] and [[History of zoology through 1859|animals]], for which it regularly cites Hermes as a source. It was translated into Arabic in the ninth century, but in this translation all references to Hermes seem to have disappeared.<ref>{{harvnb|Van Bladel|2009|loc=p. 17, note 45, p. 21, note 60}}. The Arabic version of the first book was edited by {{harvnb|Toral-Niehoff|2004}}. The Arabic fragments of the other books were edited by {{harvnb|Ullmann|2020}}.</ref>
* The '''''Sharḥ Kitāb Hirmis al-Ḥakīm fī Maʿrifat Ṣifat al-Ḥayyāt wa-l-ʿAqārib''''' ("The Commentary on the Book of the Wise Hermes on the Properties of Snakes and Scorpions"): a treatise on the [[Toxicology#History|venom]] of snakes an other poisonous animals.<ref>{{harvnb|Ullmann|1994}}; cf. {{harvnb|Van Bladel|2009|p=17}}.</ref>
* The '''''Dāʾirat al-aḥruf al-abjadiyya''''' (The Circle of Letters of the Alphabet"): a practical treatise on letter magic attributed to Hermes.<ref>{{harvnb|Bonmariage|Moureau|2016}}.</ref>

==Religio-philosophical ''Hermetica''==

Contrary to the "technical" ''Hermetica'', whose writing began in the early [[Hellenistic period]] and continued deep into the [[Middle Ages]], the extant religio-philosophical ''Hermetica'' were for the most part produced in a relatively short period of time, i.e., between c. 100 and c. 300 CE.<ref>{{harvnb|Copenhaver|1992|p=xliv}}; {{harvnb|Bull|2018|p=32}}. The sole exception is ''[[Definitions of Hermes Trismegistus to Asclepius|The Definitions of Hermes Trismegistus to Asclepius]]'', which may date to the first century CE (see {{harvnb|Bull|2018|p=9}}, referring to {{harvnb|Mahé|1978–1982|loc=vol. II, p. 278}}; cf. {{harvnb|Mahé|1999|p=101}}). Earlier dates have been suggested, most notably by [[Flinders Petrie]] (500–200 BCE) and Bruno H. Stricker (c. 300 BCE), but these suggestions have been rejected by most other scholars (see {{harvnb|Bull|2018|p=6, note 23}}). Some Hermetic treatises of a generally religio-philosophical nature were written in later periods (e.g., the ''Kitāb fi zajr al-nafs'' or "The Book of the Rebuke of the Soul", dating from the twelfth century; edited by {{harvnb|Bardenhewer|1873}} and by {{harvnb|Badawi|1955|pp=53–116}}; English translation of Bardenhewer's Latin translation in {{harvnb|Scott|1924–1936|loc=vol. IV, pp. 277-352}}), but these appear to be rather rare, and it is not clear whether they bear any relation to the early Greek treatises; see {{harvnb|Van Bladel|2009|p=226}}.</ref> They regularly take the form of dialogues between Hermes Trismegistus and his disciples Tat, Asclepius, and Ammon, and mostly deal with philosophical [[philosophical anthropology|anthropology]], [[Cosmology (philosophy)|cosmology]], and [[philosophical theology|theology]].<ref>{{harvnb|Bull|2018|p=3}}.</ref> The following is a list of all known works in this category:

===''Corpus Hermeticum''===
{{main|Corpus Hermeticum}}
[[File:Corpus Hermeticum.jpg|thumb|upright=1.3|left|First Latin edition of the ''Corpus Hermeticum'', translated by Marsilio Ficino, 1471 CE]]
Undoubtedly the most famous among the religio-philosophical ''Hermetica'' is the ''Corpus Hermeticum'', a selection of seventeen [[Ancient Greek|Greek]] treatises that was first compiled by [[Byzantine]] editors, and translated into Latin in the fifteenth century by [[Marsilio Ficino]] (1433–1499) and [[Lodovico Lazzarelli]] (1447–1500).<ref>{{harvnb|Copenhaver|1992|pp=xl-xliii}}.</ref> Ficino translated the first fourteen treatises (I–XIV), while Lazzarelli translated the remaining three (XVI–XVIII).<ref>See {{harvnb|Hanegraaff|2006|p=680}}. The Chapter no. XV of early modern editions was once filled with an entry from the [[Suda]] (a tenth-century Byzantine encyclopedia) and three excerpts from Hermetic works preserved by [[Stobaeus|Joannes Stobaeus]] (fl. fifth century, see [[#Stobaean excerpts|below]]), but this chapter was left out in later editions, which therefore contain no chapter XV (see {{harvnb|Copenhaver|1992|p=xlix}}).</ref> The name of this collection is somewhat misleading, since it contains only a very small selection of extant Hermetic texts, whereas the word [[Wiktionary:corpus#English|corpus]] is usually reserved for the entire body of extant writings related to some author or subject. Its individual treatises were quoted by many early authors from the second and third centuries on, but the compilation as such is first attested only in the writings of the [[Byzantine philosophy|Byzantine philosopher]] [[Michael Psellos|Michael Psellus]] (c. 1017–1078).<ref>{{harvnb|Copenhaver|1992|p=xlii}}.</ref>

The most well known among the treatises contained in this compilation is its opening treatise, which is called the ''[[Poimandres]]''. However, at least until the nineteenth century, this name (under various forms, such as ''Pimander'' or ''Pymander'') was also commonly used to designate the compilation as a whole.<ref>See, e.g., the English translation by [[John Everard (preacher)|Everard, John]] 1650. ''The Divine Pymander of Hermes Mercurius Trismegistus''. London.</ref>

In 1462 Ficino was working on a Latin translation of the collected works of [[Plato]] for his patron [[Cosimo de' Medici]], but when a manuscript of the ''Corpus Hermeticum'' became available, he immediately interrupted his work on Plato in order to start translating the works of Hermes, which were thought to be much more ancient, and therefore much more authoritative, than those of Plato.<ref>{{harvnb|Copenhaver|1992|pp=xlvii-xlviii}}.</ref> This translation provided a seminal impetus in the development of [[Renaissance humanism|Renaissance thought and culture]], having a profound impact on the flourishing of [[alchemy]] and [[Renaissance magic|magic]] in early modern Europe, as well as influencing philosophers such as Ficino's student [[Pico della Mirandola]] (1463–1494), [[Giordano Bruno]] (1548–1600), [[Francesco Patrizi]] (1529–1597), [[Robert Fludd]] (1574–1637), and many others.<ref>{{harvnb|Ebeling|2007|pp=68–70}}.</ref>
{{clear}}

===''Asclepius''===
{{main|Asclepius (treatise)}}
The ''Asclepius'' (also known as the ''Perfect Discourse'', from Greek ''Logos teleios'') mainly survives in a Latin translation, though some Greek and [[Coptic language|Coptic]] fragments are also extant.<ref>{{harvnb|Copenhaver|1992|pp=xliii-xliv}}.</ref> It is the only Hermetic treatise belonging to the religio-philosophical category that remained available to Latin readers throughout the Middle Ages.<ref>{{harvnb|Copenhaver|1992|p=xlvii}}. On this work, see also {{harvnb|Parri|2011}}.</ref>

===''Definitions of Hermes Trismegistus to Asclepius''===
{{Main|Definitions of Hermes Trismegistus to Asclepius}}
The ''Definitions of Hermes Trismegistus to Asclepius'' is a collection of [[aphorism]]s that has mainly been preserved in a sixth-century CE [[Armenian language|Armenian]] translation, but which likely goes back to the first century CE.<ref>Armenian text edited by {{harvnb|Mahé|1978–1982}} and {{harvnb|Mahé|2019}}. English translation in {{harvnb|Mahé|1999}}, French translation in {{harvnb|Mahé|2019}}.</ref> The main argument for this early dating is the fact that some of its aphorisms are cited in multiple independent Greek Hermetic works. According to [[Jean-Pierre Mahé]], these aphorisms contain the core of the teachings which are found in the later Greek religio-philosophical ''Hermetica''.<ref>{{harvnb|Mahé|1999|pp=101–108}}; cf. {{harvnb|Bull|2018|p=9}}.</ref>

===Stobaean excerpts<!-- This section is linked from [[Kore Kosmou]] and from [[Kore kosmou]] -->===

In fifth-century [[Macedonia Salutaris|Macedonia]], [[Stobaeus|Joannes Stobaeus]] or "John of [[Stobi]]" compiled a huge ''Anthology'' of Greek poetical, rhetorical, historical, and philosophical literature in order to educate his son Septimius. Though [[Epitome|epitomized]] by later [[Byzantine]] copyists, it still remains a treasure trove of information about ancient philosophy and literature which would otherwise be entirely lost.<ref>{{harvnb|Litwa|2018|p=19}}.</ref> Among the excerpts of ancient philosophical literature preserved by Stobaeus are also a significant number of discourses and dialogues attributed to Hermes.<ref>English translation in {{harvnb|Litwa|2018|pp=27–159}}.</ref> While mostly related to the religio-philosophical treatises as found in the ''Corpus Hermeticum'', they also contain some material that is of a rather more "technical" nature. Perhaps the most famous of the Stobaean excerpts, and also the longest, is the '''''Korē kosmou''''' ("The Daughter of the Cosmos" or "The Pupil [of the eye] of the Cosmos").<ref>{{harvnb|Copenhaver|1992|p=xxxviii}}; cf. {{harvnb|Bull|2018|pp=101–111}}.</ref>

The Hermetic excerpts appear in the following chapters of Stobaeus's ''Anthology'' (which is organized by subject matter, and contains in the same chapters many excerpts and doctrines attributed to others):<ref>As listed by {{harvnb|Litwa|2018}}.</ref>

* In the chapter "God is Craftsman of Existing Things and Pervades the Universe with his Design of Providence": 1.1.29a
* In the chapter "On Justice, Punisher of Errors, Arrayed alongside God to Oversee Human Deeds on Earth": 1.3.52
* In the chapter "On (Divine) Necessity, by which things Planned by God Inevitably Occur": 1.4.7b, 1.4.8
* In the chapter "On Fate and the Good Ordering of Events": 1.5.14, 1.5.16, 1.5.20
* In the chapter "On the Nature and Divisions of Time, and the Extent of its Causation": 1.8.41
* In the chapter "On Matter": 1.11.2
* In the chapter "On the Cosmos: Whether it Has a Soul, is Administered by Providence, the Location of its Ruling Faculty, and its Source of Nourishment": 1.21.9
* In the chapter "On Nature and its Derived Causes": 1.41.1, 1.41.4, 1.41.6, 1.41.7, 1.41.8, 1.41.11
* In the chapter "How Resemblances from Parents and Ancestors Are Transmitted": 1.42.7
* In the chapter "On the Soul": 1.49.3, 1.49.4, 1.49.5, 1.49.6, 1.49.44 (= the {{transl|grc|Korē Kosmou}} excerpt), 1.49.45, 1.49.46, 1.49.47
* In the chapter "On the Interpreters of Divine Matters and How the Truth concerning the Essence of Intelligible Realities is Incomprehensible to Human Beings": 2.1.26
* In the chapter "On What is in Our Power" ("Free Will"): 2.8.31
* In the chapter "On Truth": 3.11.31
* In the chapter "On Bold Speech": 3.13.65

===Hermes among the Nag Hammadi findings===
{{Further|Nag Hammadi library}}
Among the [[Coptic language|Coptic]] treatises which were found in 1945 in the [[Upper Egypt]]ian town of [[Nag Hammadi]], there are also three treatises attributed to Hermes Trismegistus. Like all documents found in Nag Hammadi, these were translated from the Greek.<ref>{{harvnb|Robinson|1990|pp=12–13}}.</ref> They consist of some fragments from the ''Asclepius'' (VI,8; mainly preserved in Latin, see [[#Asclepius|above]]), '''''[[Prayer of Thanksgiving|The Prayer of Thanksgiving]]''''' (VI,7) with an accompanying scribal note (VI,7a), and an important new text called '''''[[The Discourse on the Eighth and Ninth]]''''' (VI,6).<ref>{{harvnb|Copenhaver|1992|p=xliv}}. These were all translated by James Brashler, Peter A. Dirkse and Douglas M. Parrott in: {{harvnb|Robinson|1990|pp=321–338}}. Edition and French translation in {{harvnb|Mahé|2019}}, German translation in {{harvnb|Gall|2021}}.</ref> They all share a [[Bipartite (theology)|bipartite]] rather than a [[Tripartite (theology)|tripartite]] anthropology.<ref>{{harvnb|Roig Lanzillotta|2021}}.</ref>

===Oxford and Vienna fragments===

The '''''Oxford Hermetica''''' consists of a number of short fragments from some otherwise unknown Hermetic works. The fragments are preserved in pages 79–82 of ''Codex Clarkianus gr. II'', a 13th- or 14th-century [[manuscript]] held at the [[Bodleian Library]] in [[Oxford]]. The texts, anthologized from much earlier materials, deal with the soul, the senses, law, psychology, and embryology.<ref>{{harvnb|Paramelle|Mahé|1991}} (reprint with French translation in {{harvnb|Mahé|2019}}). English translation in {{harvnb|Litwa|2018|pp=161–169}}.</ref>

The '''''Vienna Hermetica''''' consists of four short fragments from what once was a collection of ten Hermetic treatises, one of which was called ''On Energies''. The fragments are preserved on the back sides of two papyri, ''P. Graec. Vindob.'' 29456 recto and 29828 recto, now housed in [[Vienna]]. The front sides of the papyri contain fragments of ''[[Apocryphon of Jannes and Jambres|Jannes and Jambres]]'', a Jewish romance.<ref>{{harvnb|Mahé|1984}}. English translation in {{harvnb|Litwa|2018|pp=171–174}}.</ref>

===''Book of the Rebuke of the Soul''===

Written in Arabic and probably dating from the twelfth century, the '''''Kitāb fi zajr al-nafs''''' ("The Book of the Rebuke of the Soul") is one of the few later Hermetic treatises belonging to the category of religio-philosophical writings.<ref>{{harvnb|Van Bladel|2009|p=226}}. Edited by {{harvnb|Bardenhewer|1873}} and by {{harvnb|Badawi|1955|pp=53–116}}; English translation of Bardenhewer's Latin translation in {{harvnb|Scott|1924–1936|loc=vol. IV, pp. 277-352}}.</ref>

==Fragments and testimonies==

Fragments of otherwise lost Hermetic works have survived through their quotation by various historical authors. The following is a list of authors in whose works such literal fragments have been preserved:<ref>These are listed and translated by {{harvnb|Litwa|2018|pp=175–256}} (Greek originals of the majority of Litwa's fragments in {{harvnb|Nock|Festugière|1945–1954|loc=vol. IV, pp. 101–150}}), except [[Ibn Umayl]], whose Hermetic fragments have been collected and translated by {{harvnb|Stapleton|Lewis|Taylor|1949}} (Arabic originals in {{harvnb|Turāb ʿAlī|Stapleton|Hidāyat Ḥusain|1933}}).</ref>

*[[Tertullian]], in ''On the Soul'' and ''[[Against the Valentinians]]''
*[[Cyprian]] (or [[pseudo-Cyprian]]), in ''Quod idola dii non sint'' (''Idols are Not Gods'')
*[[Lactantius]], in ''[[Divine Institutes]]'' and ''Epitome of the Divine Institutes''
*[[Iamblichus]], in ''On the Mysteries'' and ''Commentary on Plato’s [[Timaeus (dialogue)|Timaeus]]''
*[[Zosimus of Panopolis]], in ''On the Letter Omega''
*[[Ephrem the Syrian]], in ''Prose Refutations''
*[[Cyril of Alexandria]], in ''Against Julian''
*[[Marcellus of Ancyra]], in ''On the Holy Church''
*[[John Lydus]], in ''On Months''
*[[Gregory of Nazianzus]], in ''Oration''
*[[Didymus of Alexandria]], in ''Commentary on Ecclesiastes'' and ''Psalms Commentary''
*[[Gaius Iulius Romanus]], quoted by [[Charisius]] in ''The Art of Grammar''
*[[Augustine of Hippo]], in ''[[The City of God]]'' 8.23–26
*[[Quodvultdeus]], in ''Against Five Heresies''
*[[Ibn Umayl]], in ''The Silvery Water and the Starry Earth''<ref>Collected and translated by {{harvnb|Stapleton|Lewis|Taylor|1949}}. Arabic originals in {{harvnb|Turāb ʿAlī|Stapleton|Hidāyat Ḥusain|1933}}.</ref>
*[[Michael Psellus]], in ''Opusculum''
*[[Albert the Great]], in ''Book of Minerals'', ''On Intellect and the Intelligible'', and ''Commentary on John''
*[[Nicholas of Cusa]], in ''[[On Learned Ignorance]]''

Apart from literal fragments from Hermetic works, testimonies concerning the ideas of Hermes (likely deriving from Hermetic works but not quoted literally) have also been preserved in the works of various historical authors:<ref>These are listed and translated by {{harvnb|Litwa|2018|pp=257–339}}.</ref>

{{Columns-list|colwidth=25em|
*[[Artapanus of Alexandria]]
*[[Cicero]]
*[[Marcus Manilius]]
*[[Thrasyllus]]
*[[Dorotheus of Sidon]]
*[[Philo of Byblos]]
*[[Athenagoras of Athens]]
*[[Hippolytus of Rome]], in ''[[Refutation of All Heresies]]''
*pseudo-[[Manetho]]
*[[Arnobius]]
*[[Iamblichus]]
*[[Marius Victorinus]]
*the [[Emperor Julian]]
*[[Ammianus Marcellinus]]
*[[Filastrius]]
*[[Augustine]]
*[[Hermias (philosopher)|Hermias]]
*[[Cyril of Alexandria]]
*[[John of Antioch (historian)|John of Antioch]]
*[[Isidore of Seville]]
*[[John of Damascus]] (?), in ''Passion of Artemius''
*[[al-Kindī]]
*[[Abu Ma'shar al-Balkhi|Abū Maʿshar]]
*[[Ibn al-Nadīm]]
*[[al-Mubashshir ibn Fātik]]
*[[Michael Psellus]]
*[[Albert the Great]]
*[[Nicholas of Cusa]]
}}

==History of scholarship on the ''Hermetica''==

During the [[Renaissance]], all texts attributed to Hermes Trismegistus were still generally believed to be of [[ancient Egypt]]ian origin and to date from before the time of [[Moses]], or even from before the [[Genesis flood narrative|biblical flood]]. In the early seventeenth century, the classical scholar [[Isaac Casaubon]] (1559–1614) demonstrated that some of the Greek texts betrayed too recent a vocabulary and must rather date from the early Christian period.<ref>{{harvnb|Copenhaver|1992|p=l}}; {{harvnb|Ebeling|2007|p=92}}.</ref> Other authors made similar criticisms of the ''Hermetica'', largely as a means of undermining various religious and esoteric movements of the time that drew inspiration from them. By the end of the century most scholars had ceased to regard them as sources of primeval wisdom.<ref>{{harvnb|Ebeling|2007|pp=113–114}}.</ref>

Studies in the early twentieth century sought to discern who had written the ''Hermetica''. [[Richard Reitzenstein]] first argued that the ''Hermetica'' were a product of a coherent religious community whose ideas derived from Egyptian religion, although in later years he thought Hermetic beliefs were largely [[Iranian religions|Iranian]] in origin, a position that received little support.<ref>{{harvnb|Bull|2018|pp=4–6}}</ref> Scholars in the middle of the century, such as [[Arthur Darby Nock]], [[C. H. Dodd]], and most influentially [[André-Jean Festugière]], argued that the intellectual background of the ''Hermetica'' was overwhelmingly Greek, with possible influences from Iranian religions and Judaism, but little connection with authentic Egyptian beliefs.<ref>{{harvnb|Copenhaver|1992|pp=liii–lv}}</ref> Festugière believed the philosophical ''Hermetica'' had only slight connections to the technical ''Hermetica'', and that the former originated with a small philosophical school rather than a religious community.<ref>{{harvnb|Bull|2018|pp=7–8}}</ref> [[Birger A. Pearson]] has argued for the presence of Jewish elements in the {{lang|la|Hermetica}},<ref>{{harvnb|Pearson|1981}}. See also the copious references in {{harvnb|Bull|2018|p=29, note 118}}.</ref> while [[Peter Kingsley]] discounts Christian influence in favor of Greek and Jewish elements.<ref>{{harvnb|Kingsley|1993|p=14}} (reprinted, with additions and updates, in {{harvnb|Kingsley|2000}}).</ref>

More recent research suggests a greater continuity with the culture of ancient Egypt than had previously been believed.<ref>{{harvnb|Kingsley|1993|p=1}} (reprinted, with additions and updates, in {{harvnb|Kingsley|2000}}).</ref> In the 1970s and 1980s, [[Jean-Pierre Mahé]] analyzed the ''Definitions of Hermes Trismegistus to Asclepius'' together with the recently published ''Hermetica'' from [[Nag Hammadi library|Nag Hammadi]].<ref>{{harvnb|Bull|2018|pp=9–10}}</ref> Mahé pointed out that the earliest Greek Hermetic treatises contain many parallels with Egyptian prophecies and hymns to the gods, and that close comparisons can be found with Egyptian [[sebayt|wisdom literature]], which (like many of the early Greek ''Hermetica'') was characteristically couched in words of advice from a "father" to a "son".<ref>{{harvnb|Mahé|1996|loc=358f.}}</ref> Soon afterward, [[Garth Fowden]] argued that the philosophical and technical ''Hermetica'' were distinct but interdependent, and that both were products of complex interactions between Greek and Egyptian culture.<ref>{{harvnb|Fowden|1986|pp=74, 153}}</ref> Richard Jasnow and Karl-Theodor Zauzich have identified fragments of a [[Demotic (Egyptian)|Demotic]] (late Egyptian) text that contains substantial sections of a dialogue between [[Thoth]] and a disciple, written in a format similar to the ''Hermetica''. This text probably originated among the scribes of a "House of Life", an institution closely connected with major [[Egyptian temple]]s.<ref>{{harvnb|Jasnow|Zauzich|1998}}</ref><ref>{{harvnb|Jasnow|Zauzich|2014|pp=1, 47, 49}}</ref> Christian Bull argued in 2018 that the ''Hermetica'' were in fact written by Egyptian priests in late Ptolemaic and Roman times who presented their traditions to Greek-speaking audiences in Greek philosophical terms.<ref>{{harvnb|Bull|2018|pp=456, 459}}</ref>

In contradistinction to the early Greek religio-philosophical ''Hermetica'', which have long been studied from a scholarly perspective, the "technical" ''Hermetica'' (both the early Greek treatises and the later Arabic and Latin works) remain largely unexplored by modern scholarship.<ref>{{harvnb|Van Bladel|2009|pp=9–10, 17}}.</ref>

==See also==
{{Columns-list|colwidth=25em|
*[[Hellenistic religion]]
*[[Magic (supernatural)|Magic]] ([[Magic in the Greco-Roman world|Hellenistic]], [[Medieval European magic|medieval European]], [[Renaissance magic|Renaissance]])
*[[Sage (philosophy)]]
*[[Stoic physics|Stoic cosmology and theology]]
*[[Theurgy]]
}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==Bibliography==

===English translations of Hermetic texts===

Some pieces of ''Hermetica'' have been translated into English multiple times by modern [[Hermeticism|Hermeticists]]. However, the following list is strictly limited to scholarly translations:

* {{Cite book|last1=Brashler|first1=James|title=The Nag Hammadi Library in English|last2=Dirkse|first2=Peter A.|last3=Parrott|first3=Douglas M.|publisher=[[HarperCollins]]|year=1990|isbn=978-0060669355|editor-last=Robinson|editor-first=James M.|editor-link=James M. Robinson|edition=3rd|location=New York|pages=321–327|chapter=''The Discourse on the Eighth and Ninth'' VI,''6''}}
* {{Cite book|last1=Brashler|first1=James|title=The Nag Hammadi Library in English|last2=Dirkse|first2=Peter A.|last3=Parrott|first3=Douglas M.|publisher=[[HarperCollins]]|year=1990|isbn=978-0060669355|editor-last=Robinson|editor-first=James M.|editor-link=James M. Robinson|edition=3rd|location=New York|pages=328–329|chapter=''Prayer of Thanksgiving'' (VI,''7'') and Scribal Note (VI,''7a'')}}
* {{Cite book|last1=Brashler|first1=James|title=The Nag Hammadi Library in English|last2=Dirkse|first2=Peter A.|last3=Parrott|first3=Douglas M.|publisher=[[HarperCollins]]|year=1990|isbn=978-0060669355|editor-last=Robinson|editor-first=James M.|editor-link=James M. Robinson|edition=3rd|location=New York|pages=330–338|chapter=''Asclepius'' 21–29 VI,''8''}}
* {{Cite book|last=Copenhaver|first=Brian P.|author-link=Brian Copenhaver|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=OVZP6b9cqLkC|title=Hermetica: The Greek ''Corpus Hermeticum'' and the Latin ''Asclepius'' in a New English Translation, with Notes and Introduction|publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]]|year=1992|isbn=0-521-42543-3|location=Cambridge|ref=no}}
* {{Cite book|url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/hermetica-ii/F5187119F7B83D0E2B61A0DEBC56B59F|title=Hermetica II: The Excerpts of Stobaeus, Papyrus Fragments, and Ancient Testimonies in an English Translation with Notes and Introductions|publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]]|year=2018|editor-last=Litwa|editor-first=M. David|location=Cambridge|pages=|doi=10.1017/9781316856567|isbn=<!--9781316856567-->978-1-107-18253-0|s2cid=217372464}}
* {{Cite book|last=Mahé|first=Jean-Pierre|author-link=Jean-Pierre Mahé|title=The Way of Hermes|publisher=[[Duckworth Books]]|year=1999|isbn=9780892811861|editor-last=Salaman|editor-first=Clement|location=London|pages=99–122|chapter=''The Definitions of Hermes Trismegistus to Asclepius''|editor2-last=van Oyen|editor2-first=Dorine|editor3-last=Wharton|editor3-first=William D.|editor4-last=Mahé|editor4-first=Jean-Pierre}}
* {{Cite book|last=Scott|first=Walter|author-link=Walter Scott (scholar)|year=1924–1936|title=Hermetica: The Ancient Greek and Latin Writings Which Contain Religious or Philosophic Teachings Ascribed to Hermes Trismegistus|volume=I–IV|location=Oxford|publisher=[[Clarendon Press]]|oclc=601704008}} (older edition and translation of the ''Corpus Hermeticum'', the ''Asclepius'', the Stobaean excerpts, and various testimonia; vol. IV [pp.&nbsp;277–352] also contains an English translation of Bardenhewer's Latin translation of the Arabic ''Kitāb fi zajr al-nafs'' or "Book of the Rebuke of the Soul")
* {{Cite journal|last1=Stapleton|first1=H. E.|author1-link=Henry Ernest Stapleton|last2=Lewis|first2=G. L.|last3=Taylor|first3=F. Sherwood|author3-link=F. Sherwood Taylor|year=1949|title=The sayings of Hermes quoted in the Māʾ al-waraqī of Ibn Umail|journal=Ambix|volume=3|issue=3–4|pages=69–90|doi=10.1179/amb.1949.3.3-4.69}} (contains Hermetic fragments with, a.o., a commentary on the ''Emerald Tablet'')
* {{Cite book|last=Waegeman|first=Maryse|url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/17009220|title=Amulet and Alphabet: Magical Amulets in the First Book of ''Cyranides''|publisher=J. C. Gieben|year=1987|isbn=90-70265-80-X|location=Amsterdam|pages=|oclc=17009220}}

===Secondary literature===

* {{Cite book|last1=Alfonso-Goldfarb|last2=Abou-Chahla Jubran|first1=Ana Maria|first2=Safa|title=Livro do Tesouro de Alexandre: Um estudo de hermética árabe na oficina da história de ciência|date=1999|publisher=Editora Vozes|location=Petrópolis|isbn=9788532614988}}
* {{Cite journal|last1=Alfonso-Goldfarb|last2=Abou-Chahla Jubran|first1=Ana Maria|first2=Safa|year=2008|title=Listening to the Whispers of Matter Through Arabic Hermeticism: New Studies on the Book of the Treasure of Alexander|journal=Ambix|volume=55|issue=2|pages=99–121|doi=10.1179/174582308X255426|pmid=19048971 |s2cid=20127962 }}
* {{Cite journal|last=Asl|first=Mohammad Karimi Zenjani|year=2016|title=Sirr al-Khalīqa and its influence in the Arabic and Persianate world: 'Awn b. al-Mundhir's Commentary and its unknown Persian Translation|journal=Al-Qantara|volume=XXXVII|issue=2|pages=435–473|doi=10.3989/alqantara.2016.015|doi-access=free}}
* {{Cite journal|last=Bausani|first=Alessandro|year=1983|title=Il Kitāb ʿArḍ Miftāḥ al-Nujūm attribuito a Hermes: Prima traduzione araba di un testo astrologico?|journal=Atti della Accademia Nazionale dei Lincei. Memorie. Classe di Scienze Morali, Storiche e Filologiche|volume=8/27|issue=2|pages=84–140|oclc=718412090}}
* {{Cite journal|last=Bausani|first=Alessandro|year=1986|title=Il Kitāb ʿArḍ Miftāḥ al-Nujūm attribuito a Hermes|journal=Actas do XI Congresso da UEAI (Evora 1982)|pages=371ff}}
* {{Cite book|last=Bull|first=Christian H.|url=https://brill.com/view/title/32034|title=The Tradition of Hermes Trismegistus: The Egyptian Priestly Figure as a Teacher of Hellenized Wisdom|date=2018|publisher=[[Brill Publishers|Brill]]|isbn=978-90-04-37084-5|series=Religions in the Graeco-Roman World: 186|location=Leiden|doi=10.1163/9789004370845|s2cid=165266222}}
* {{cite book|last1=Caiazzo|first1=Irene|date=2004|chapter=La Tabula smaragdina nel Medioevo latino, II. Note sulla fortuna della Tabula smaragdina nel Medioevo latino|url=https://www.brepolsonline.net/doi/book/10.1484/M.IPM-EB.5.112150|chapter-url=https://doi.org/10.1484/M.IPM-EB.4.00122|title=La tradizione ermetica dal mondo tardo-antico all'umanesimo. Atti del Convegno internazionale di studi, Napoli, 20–24 novembre 2001|publisher=Brepols|isbn=978-2-503-51616-5|editor-last=Lucentini|editor-first=P.|series=Instrumenta Patristica et Mediaevalia|volume=40|location=Turnhout|pages=697–711|trans-title=Hermetism from Late Antiquity to Humanism|doi=10.1484/M.IPM-EB.4.00122|editor2-last=Parri|editor2-first=I.|editor3-last=Perrone Compagni|editor3-first=V.}}
* {{cite journal|last1=Colinet|first1=Andrée|date=1995|title=Le livre d'Hermès intitulé Liber dabessi ou Liber rebis|journal=Studi medievali|volume=36|issue=2|pages=1011–1052}}
* {{Cite book|last=Copenhaver|first=Brian P.|author-link=Brian Copenhaver|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=OVZP6b9cqLkC|title=Hermetica: The Greek ''Corpus Hermeticum'' and the Latin ''Asclepius'' in a New English Translation, with Notes and Introduction|publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]]|year=1992|isbn=0-521-42543-3|location=Cambridge}}
* {{cite book|last1=Dobbs|first1=Betty J. T.|author1-link=Betty Jo Teeter Dobbs|date=1988|chapter=Newton's Commentary on The Emerald Tablet of Hermes Trismegistus: Its Scientific and Theological Significance|editor1-last=Merkel|editor1-first=Ingrid|editor2-last=Debus|editor2-first=Allen G.|editor2-link=Allen G. Debus|title=Hermeticism and the Renaissance: Intellectual History and the Occult in Early Modern Europe|location=Washington, D.C.|publisher=The Folger Shakespeare Library|pages=182–191|isbn=9780918016850}}
* {{Cite book|last=Dodd|first=Charles H.|author-link=C. H. Dodd|year=1935|title=The Bible and the Greeks|location=London|publisher=Hodder & Stoughton|oclc=362655}}
* {{Cite book|last=Ebeling|first=Florian|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.7591/j.ctt1ffjptt|title=The Secret History of Hermes Trismegistus: Hermeticism from Ancient to Modern Times|publisher=[[Cornell University Press]]|year=2007|isbn=978-0-8014-4546-0|location=Ithaca|pages=|jstor=10.7591/j.ctt1ffjptt|translator-last=Lorton|translator-first=David}}
* {{cite book |last=Festugière |first=André-Jean |author-link=André-Jean Festugière |year=1944–1954 |title=La Révélation d'Hermès Trismégiste |volume=I-IV |location=Paris |publisher=Gabalda |isbn=9782251326740}}
* {{cite book |last=Festugière |first=André-Jean |author-link=André-Jean Festugière |year=1967 |title=Hermétisme et mystique païenne |location=Paris |publisher=Aubier Montaigne |isbn=978-2700735529}}
* {{Cite book|last=Fowden|first=Garth|author-link=Garth Fowden|url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/13333446|title=The Egyptian Hermes: a Historical Approach to the Late Pagan Mind|publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]]|year=1986|isbn=0-521-32583-8|pages=|oclc=13333446}}
* {{Cite book|editor1-last=Gall|editor1-first=Dorothee|date=2021|title=Die göttliche Weisheit des Hermes Trismegistos: Pseudo-Apuleius, Asclepius|location=Tübingen|publisher=Mohr Siebeck|isbn=978-3-16-160108-8|doi=10.1628/978-3-16-160108-8|doi-access=free}} (German translation of the ''Asclepius'', with essays by Sydney H. Aufrère, Dorothee Gall, Claudio Moreschini, Zlatko Pleše, Joachim F. Quack, Heike Sternberg el-Hotabi, and Christian Tornau)
* {{Cite book|last=Hanegraaff|first=Wouter J.|author-link=Wouter Hanegraaff|year=2006|chapter=Lazzarelli, Lodovico|editor-last=Hanegraaff|editor-first=Wouter J.|title=Dictionary of Gnosis and Western Esotericism|location=Leiden|publisher=[[Brill Publishers|Brill]]|pages=679–683|isbn=9789004152311}}
* {{Cite book |last=Hanegraaff |first=Wouter J. |author-link=Wouter Hanegraaff |title=Hermetic Spirituality and the Historical Imagination: Altered states of Knowledge in Late Antiquity |year=2022 |location=Cambridge|publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]]|isbn=9781009123068|doi=10.1017/9781009127936}}
* {{Cite book|last1=Jasnow|first1=Richard|last2=Zauzich|first2=Karl-Theodor|year=1998|chapter=A ''Book of Thoth''?|editor-last=Eyre|editor-first=Christopher|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QBhjAAAAMAAJ|title=Proceedings of the Seventh International Congress of Egyptologists, Cambridge, 3-9 September 1995|publisher=[[Peeters (publishing company)|Peeters]]|location=Leuven|isbn=978-90-429-0014-1}}
*{{cite book |author1-last=Jasnow |author1-first=Richard |author2-last=Zauzich |author2-first=Karl-Theodor |title=Conversations in the House of Life: A New Translation of the Ancient Egyptian Book of Thoth |year=2014 |publisher=Harrassowitz Verlag |isbn=978-3-447-10116-5 }}
* {{cite journal|last1=Kingsley|first1=Peter|author1-link=Peter Kingsley|date=1993|title=Poimandres: The Etymology of the Name and the Origins of the Hermetica|journal=Journal of the Warburg and Courtauld Institutes|volume=56|issue=1|pages=1–24|doi=10.2307/751362|jstor=751362 |s2cid=190303663}} (reprinted, with additions and updates, in {{harvnb|Kingsley|2000}})
* {{cite book|last1=Kingsley|first1=Peter|author1-link=Peter Kingsley|date=2000|chapter=Poimandres: The Etymology of the Name and the Origins of the Hermetica|editor1-last=Van den Broek|editor1-first=Roelof|editor1-link=Roel van den Broek|editor2-last=Van Heertum|editor2-first=Cis|title=From Poimandres to Jacob Böhme: Gnosis, Hermetism and the Christian Tradition|location=Leiden|publisher=Brill|pages=41–76|doi=10.1163/9789004501973_005|isbn=978-90-71-60810-0}}
* {{Cite book|last=Kraus|first=Paul|author-link=Paul Kraus (Arabist)|year=1942–1943|title=Jâbir ibn Hayyân: Contribution à l'histoire des idées scientifiques dans l'Islam. I. Le corpus des écrits jâbiriens. II. Jâbir et la science grecque|publisher=[[Institut Français d'Archéologie Orientale]]|location=Cairo|oclc=468740510|isbn=9783487091150}} (vol. II, pp.&nbsp;270–303 about pseudo-Apollonius of Tyana's ''Sirr al-khalīqa'' or "The Secret of Creation")
* {{Cite book|last=Kunitzsch|first=Paul|year=2004|chapter=Origin and History of Liber de stellis beibeniis|url=https://www.brepolsonline.net/doi/book/10.1484/M.IPM-EB.5.112150|chapter-url=https://doi.org/10.1484/M.IPM-EB.4.00108|title=La tradizione ermetica dal mondo tardo-antico all'umanesimo. Atti del Convegno internazionale di studi, Napoli, 20–24 novembre 2001|publisher=[[Brepols]]|isbn=978-2-503-51616-5|editor-last=Lucentini|editor-first=P.|series=Instrumenta Patristica et Mediaevalia, 40|volume=40|location=Turnhout|pages=449–460|trans-title=Hermetism from Late Antiquity to Humanism|doi=10.1484/M.IPM-EB.4.00108|editor2-last=Parri|editor2-first=I.|editor3-last=Perrone Compagni|editor3-first=V.}}
* {{Cite book|url=https://www.brepolsonline.net/doi/book/10.1484/M.IPM-EB.5.112150|title=La tradizione ermetica dal mondo tardo-antico all'umanesimo. Atti del Convegno internazionale di studi, Napoli, 20–24 novembre 2001|publisher=[[Brepols]]|year=2004|isbn=978-2-503-51616-5|editor-last=Lucentini|editor-first=P.|series=Instrumenta Patristica et Mediaevalia, 40|volume=40|location=Turnhout|pages=|language=it|trans-title=Hermetism from Late Antiquity to Humanism|doi=10.1484/m.ipm-eb.5.112150|editor2-last=Parri|editor2-first=I.|editor3-last=Perrone Compagni|editor3-first=V.}}
* {{cite book |last=Mahé |first=Jean-Pierre |author-link=Jean-Pierre Mahé |title=Hermès en Haute-Egypte |volume=I–II |year=1978–1982 |publisher=[[Université Laval|Presses de l'Université Laval]] |location=Quebec |isbn=9780774668170}}
* {{Cite journal|last=Mahé|first=Jean-Pierre|author-link=Jean-Pierre Mahé|date=1996|title=Preliminary Remarks on the Demotic "Book of Thoth" and the Greek Hermetica|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/1584313|journal=Vigiliae Christianae|volume=50|issue=4|pages=353–363|doi=10.2307/1584313|jstor=1584313}}
* {{cite book|last1=Mandosio|first1=Jean-Marc|date=2004|chapter=La Tabula smaragdina nel Medioevo latino, I. La Tabula smaragdina e i suoi commentari medievali|url=https://www.brepolsonline.net/doi/book/10.1484/M.IPM-EB.5.112150|chapter-url=https://doi.org/10.1484/M.IPM-EB.4.00121|title=La tradizione ermetica dal mondo tardo-antico all'umanesimo. Atti del Convegno internazionale di studi, Napoli, 20–24 novembre 2001|publisher=Brepols|isbn=978-2-503-51616-5|editor-last=Lucentini|editor-first=P.|series=Instrumenta Patristica et Mediaevalia|volume=40|location=Turnhout|pages=681–696|trans-title=Hermetism from Late Antiquity to Humanism|doi=10.1484/M.IPM-EB.4.00121|editor2-last=Parri|editor2-first=I.|editor3-last=Perrone Compagni|editor3-first=V.}}
* {{cite journal|last1=Mandosio|first1=Jean-Marc|date=2005|title=La création verbale dans l'alchimie latine du Moyen Âge|journal=Archivum Latinitatis Medii Aevi|volume=63|pages=137–147|doi=10.3406/alma.2005.894|s2cid=166127275 |url=https://doi.org/10.3406/alma.2005.894}}
* {{cite book |last=Newman |first=William R. |author-link=William R. Newman |title=Newton the Alchemist: Science, Enigma, and the Quest for Nature's Secret Fire |year=2019 |publisher=Princeton University Press |location=Princeton |isbn=9780691174877}}
* {{Cite journal|last=Norris|first=John|year=2006|title=The Mineral Exhalation Theory of Metallogenesis in Pre-Modern Mineral Science|journal=Ambix|volume=53|issue=1|pages=43–65|doi=10.1179/174582306X93183|s2cid=97109455}}
* {{Cite book|last1=Parri|first1=Ilaria|date=2011|chapter=Tra ermetismo antico ed ermetismo medievale: l’Asclepius|editor1-last=Arfé|editor1-first=Pasquale|editor2-last=Caiazzo|editor2-first=Irene|editor3-last=Sannino|editor3-first=Antonella|title=Adorare caelestia, gubernare terrena: Atti del Colloquio Internazionale in onore di Paolo Lucentini (Napoli, 6-7 Novembre 2007)|series=Instrumenta Patristica et Mediaevalia|volume=58|location=Turnhout|publisher=Brepols|pages=43–58|isbn=978-2-503-53490-9}}
* {{Citation|last=Pearson|first=Birger A.|author-link=Birger A. Pearson|title=Studies in Gnosticism and Hellenistic Religions Presented to Gilles Quispel on the Occasion of his 65th Birthday|chapter-url=https://brill.com/view/book/edcoll/9789004295698/B9789004295698-s020.xml|volume=|pages=336–348|year=1981|editor-last=Vermaseren|editor-first=M. J.|chapter=Jewish elements in ''Corpus Hermeticum'' I|publisher=[[Brill Publishers|Brill]]|doi=10.1163/9789004295698_020|isbn=978-90-04-06376-1|editor2-last=van den Broek|editor2-first=Roel B.}}
* {{Cite journal|last1=Piperakis|first1=Spyros|date=2017|title=Decanal Iconography and Natural Materials in the Sacred Book of Hermes to Asclepius|journal=Greek, Roman, and Byzantine Studies|volume=57|issue=1|pages=136–161|url=https://grbs.library.duke.edu/article/view/15727}}
* {{Cite journal|last1=Piperakis|first1=Spyros|date=2022a|title=Plants Full of Signs: Herbal Lore in the ''Sacred Book of Hermes to Asclepius'' I|journal=Classical Philology|volume=117|issue=1|pages=163–178|doi=10.1086/717566}}
* {{Cite journal|last1=Piperakis|first1=Spyros|date=2022b|title=Plants Full of Signs: Herbal Lore in the ''Sacred Book of Hermes to Asclepius'' II|journal=Classical Philology|volume=117|issue=3|pages=480–494|doi=10.1086/720286}}
* {{Cite journal|last=Plessner|first=Martin|date=1954|title=Hermes Trismegistus and Arab Science|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/1595141|journal=Studia Islamica|volume=2|issue=2|pages=45–59|doi=10.2307/1595141|jstor=1595141}}
* {{cite book|last=Principe|first=Lawrence M.|author-link=Lawrence M. Principe|year=2013|title=The Secrets of Alchemy|location=Chicago|publisher=The University of Chicago Press|isbn=978-0226103792}}
* {{cite book|last1=Raggetti|first1=Lucia|date=2021|chapter=The Treasure of Alexander – Stories of Discovery and Authorship|editor1-last=Brinkmann|editor1-first=Stefanie|editor2-last=Ciotti|editor2-first=Giovanni|editor3-last=Valente|editor3-first=Stefano|editor4-last=Wilden|editor4-first=Eva Maria|title=Education Materialised: Reconstructing Teaching and Learning Contexts through Manuscripts|series=Studies in Manuscript Cultures|volume=23|location=Berlin|publisher=De Gruyter|pages=279–314|doi=10.1515/9783110741124-015|isbn=9783110741124 |doi-access=free}}
* {{Cite book|last=Robinson|first=James M.|author-link=James M. Robinson|year=1990|title=The Nag Hammadi Library in English. 3th, revised edition|location=New York|publisher=[[HarperCollins]]|isbn=978-0060669355}}
* {{Cite journal|last1=Roig Lanzillotta|first1=Lautaro|date=2021|title=The Discourse on the Eighth and the Ninth (NHC VI,6), the Prayer of Thanksgiving (NHC VI,7), and the Asclepius (NHC VI,8): Hermetic Texts in Nag Hammadi and Their Bipartite View of Man|journal=Gnosis: Journal of Gnostic Studies|volume=6|issue=1|pages=49–78|doi=10.1163/2451859X-12340102|doi-access=free}}
* {{Cite book|last=Ruska|first=Julius|author-link=Julius Ruska|year=1926|title=Tabula Smaragdina. Ein Beitrag zur Geschichte der hermetischen Literatur|location=Heidelberg|publisher=Winter|oclc=6751465}}
* {{cite journal|last1=Saif|first1=Liana|date=2021|title=A Preliminary Study of the Pseudo-Aristotelian Hermetica: Texts, Context, and Doctrines|journal=Al-ʿUṣūr al-Wusṭā|volume=29|issue=1|pages=20–80|doi=10.52214/uw.v29i1.8895|s2cid=244916418|url=https://journals.library.columbia.edu/index.php/alusur/article/view/8895/4595|doi-access=free}}
* {{Cite book|last=Van Bladel|first=Kevin|url=https://oxford.universitypressscholarship.com/view/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195376135.001.0001/acprof-9780195376135|title=The Arabic Hermes: From Pagan Sage to Prophet of Science|location=Oxford|publisher=[[Oxford University Press]]|year=2009|isbn=978-0-19-537613-5|doi=10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195376135.001.0001}}
*{{cite book|last1=Van den Kerchove|first1=Anna|date=2012|title=La Voie d'Hermès. Pratiques rituelles et traités hermétiques|location=Leyde|publisher=Brill|series=Nag Hammadi and Manichaean Studies 77|doi=10.1163/9789004223653|isbn=978-90-04-22345-5}}
*{{cite book|last1=Van den Kerchove|first1=Anna|date=2017|title=Hermès Trismégiste. Le messager divin|location=Paris|publisher=Éditions Entrelacs|isbn=979-1-09-017447-4}}
* {{Cite book|last=Weisser|first=Ursula|editor1-first=<!-- Deny Citebot -->|editor1-last=<!-- Deny Citebot -->|title=Das "Buch über das Geheimnis der Schöpfung" von Pseudo-Apollonios von Tyana|publisher=[[De Gruyter]]|year=1980|isbn=978-3-11-086693-3|location=Berlin|doi=10.1515/9783110866933|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DZFZzxgiUqAC}}

===Editions of Hermetic texts===

====Greek====

* {{Cite book|last=Kaimakis|first=Dimitris|year=1976|title=Die Kyraniden|location=Meisenheim am Glan|publisher=Hain|isbn=9783445013347}} (Greek text of the ''Cyranides'')
* {{Cite book|last=Mahé|first=Jean-Pierre|author-link=Jean-Pierre Mahé|year=1984|chapter=Fragments hermétiques dans les papyri Vindobonenses graecae 29456r et 29828r|editor1-last=Lucchesi|editor1-first=Enzo|editor2-last=Saffrey|editor2-first=Henri Dominique|title=Mémorial André-Jean Festugière: Antiquité païenne et chrétienne|location=Geneva|publisher=Cramer|pages=51–64|oclc=610335292}} (Vienna fragments)
* {{Cite book|last=Mahé|first=Jean-Pierre|author-link=Jean-Pierre Mahé|year=2019|title=Hermès Trismégiste. Paralipomènes: Grec, copte, arménien. Codex VI de Nag Hammadi - Codex Clarkianus 11 Oxoniensis - Définitions hermétiques - Divers|volume=V|location=Paris |publisher=[[Les Belles Lettres]]|isbn=9782251006321}}
* {{cite book|last1=Nock|first1=Arthur Darby|author1-link=Arthur Nock|last2=Festugière|first2=André-Jean |author2-link=André-Jean Festugière |year=1945–1954|title=Corpus Hermeticum|volume=I–IV|location=Paris |publisher=[[Les Belles Lettres]]|isbn=9782251001371}} (Greek text of the ''Corpus Hermeticum'' and of the Stobaean excerpts, various fragments and testimonies)
* {{Cite journal|last1=Paramelle|first1=Joseph|last2=Mahé|first2=Jean-Pierre|author2-link=Jean-Pierre Mahé|year=1991|title=Extraits hermétiques inédits dans un manuscrit d'Oxford|journal=Revue des Études Grecques|volume=104|issue=495/496|pages=109–139|doi=10.3406/reg.1991.2504|jstor=44264627|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/44264627}} (Oxford fragments)
* {{Cite book|last1=Preisendanz|first1=Karl|last2=Henrichs|first2=Albert|date=1974|title=Papyri Graecae Magicae. Die Griechischen Zauberpapyri (2 vols.)|edition=2nd|location=Stuttgart|publisher=Teubner|isbn=9783519042778}} (Greek text of the ''Greek Magical Papyri'')<!-- first edition 1928–1931 has more eds. (should they be named here?): last1=Preisendanz|first1=Karl|last2=Abt|first2=Adam|last3=Eitrem|first3=Samson|last4=Fahz|first4=Ludovicus|last5=Jacoby|first5=Adolf|last6=Möller|first6=Georg|last7=Diehl|first7=Erich|last8=Wünsch|first8=Richard -->

====Armenian====

* {{cite book |last=Mahé |first=Jean-Pierre |author-link=Jean-Pierre Mahé |title=Hermès en Haute-Egypte |volume=I–II |year=1978–1982 |publisher=[[Université Laval|Presses de l'Université Laval]] |location=Quebec |isbn=9780774668170|ref=none}} (contains Armenian text of the ''Definitions of Hermes Trismegistus to Asclepius'')
* {{Cite book|last=Mahé|first=Jean-Pierre|author-link=Jean-Pierre Mahé|year=2019|title=Hermès Trismégiste. Paralipomènes: Grec, copte, arménien. Codex VI de Nag Hammadi - Codex Clarkianus 11 Oxoniensis - Définitions hermétiques - Divers|volume=V|location=Paris |publisher=[[Les Belles Lettres]]|isbn=9782251006321|ref=no}} (Armenian text of the ''Definitions of Hermes Trismegistus to Asclepius'' and French translation)

====Arabic====

* {{Cite book|last=Badawi|first=Abdurrahman|author-link=Abdel Rahman Badawi|year=1947|title=al-Insāniyya wa-l-wujūdiyya fī l-fikr al-'Arabī|location=Beirut|publisher=Dār al-Qalam|oclc=163528808}} (pp.&nbsp;179–183 contain a small fragment from the ''Kitāb al-Isṭamākhīs'')
* {{Cite book|last=Badawi|first=Abdurrahman|author-link=Abdel Rahman Badawi|year=1955|title=al-Aflāṭūniyyah al-muḥdatha ʿinda al-ʿarab|series=Dirāsāt islāmiyya, 19|location=Cairo|publisher=Maktabat al-nahḍa al-miṣriyya|oclc=976547332}} (pp.&nbsp;53–116 contain an edition of the ''Kitāb fi zajr al-nafs'')
* {{Cite book|last=Bardenhewer|first=Otto|author-link=Otto Bardenhewer|year=1873|url=https://archive.org/details/inhermetistrisme00herm|title=Hermetis Trismegisti qui apud Arabes fertur De castigatione animae libellum|location=Bonn|publisher=Marcus}} (Arabic text of the ''Kitāb fi zajr al-nafs'' with a Latin translation by Bardenhewer)
* {{Cite book|last1=Bonmariage|first1=Cécile|url=https://brill.com/view/title/33044|title=Le Cercle des lettres de l'alphabet (Dā'irat al-aḥruf al-abjadiyya): Un traité pratique de magie des lettres attribué à Hermès|last2=Moureau|first2=Sébastien|publisher=[[Brill Publishers|Brill]]|year=2016|isbn=978-90-04-31584-6|location=Leiden|doi=10.1163/9789004321540_001}} (Arabic text and French translation)
* {{Cite book|last=Kunitzsch|first=Paul|year=2001|chapter=Liber de stellis beibeniis|editor1-last=Bos|editor1-first=Gerrit|editor2-last=Burnett|editor2-first=Charles|editor3-last=Lucentini|editor3-first=Paolo|title=Hermetis Trismegisti Astrologica et Divinatoria|series=Corpus Christianorum, CXLIV. Hermes Latinus, IV.IV|location=Turnhout|publisher=[[Brepols]]|pages=7–81|isbn=978-2-503-04447-7}} (Arabic and Latin text of the ''Liber de stellis beibeniis'')
* {{Cite book|last=Pingree|first=David|author-link=David Pingree|year=1976|title=Dorothei Sidonii Carmen Astrologicum|location=Leipzig|publisher=Teubner}} (Arabic text of ''Carmen Astrologicum'')
* {{Cite book|last=Toral-Niehoff|first=Isabel|year=2004|title=Kitab Giranis. Die arabische Übersetzung der ersten Kyranis des Hermes Trismegistos und die griechischen Parallelen|location=München|publisher=Herbert Utz|isbn=3-8316-0413-4}} (Arabic translation of the first book of the ''Cyranides'')
* {{Cite journal|last1=Turāb ʿAlī|first1=M.|last2=Stapleton|first2=H. E.|author2-link=Henry Ernest Stapleton|last3=Hidāyat Ḥusain|first3=M.|year=1933|title=Three Arabic Treatises on Alchemy by Muḥammad bin Umail (10th century A.D.)|journal=Memoirs of the Asiatic Society of Bengal|volume=12|issue=1|pages=1–213|oclc=29062383|url=https://southasiacommons.net/artifacts/2340984/memoirs-of-the-asiatic-society-of-bengal/3125825}} (contains Hermetic fragments with, a.o., a commentary on the ''Emerald Tablet''; translated in {{harvnb|Stapleton|Lewis|Taylor|1949}})
* {{Cite book|last=Ullmann|first=Manfred|year=1994|title=Das Schlangenbuch des Hermes Trismegistos|location=Wiesbaden|publisher=Harrassowitz|isbn=978-3447035231}} (Arabic text of the ''Book of the Wise Hermes on the Properties of Snakes and Scorpions'')
* {{Cite journal|last=Ullmann|first=Manfred|year=2020|title=Die arabischen Fragmente der Bücher II bis IV der Kyraniden|journal=Studia graeco-arabica|volume=10|pages=49–58|url=http://learningroads.cfs.unipi.it/sga-10-2020/}} (Arabic translation of fragments from books 2–4 of the ''Cyranides'')
* {{Cite book|last=Vereno|first= Ingolf|year=1992|title=Studien zum ältesten alchemistischen Schrifttum. Auf der Grundlage zweier erstmals edierter arabischer Hermetica|volume=Islamkundliche Untersuchungen, band 155|location=Berlin|publisher=Klaus Schwarz Verlag|isbn=978-3879972067}} (Arabic texts of the {{lang|ar|Risālat al-Sirr}} and the {{lang|ar|Risālat al-Falakiyya al-kubrā}})
* {{Cite book|last=Weisser|first=Ursula|year=1979|title=Buch über das Geheimnis der Schöpfung und die Darstellung der Natur (Buch der Ursachen) von Pseudo-Apollonios von Tyana|series=Sources and Studies in the History of Arabic-Islamic Science|location=Aleppo|publisher=Institute for the History of Arabic Science|oclc=13597803}} (Arabic text of the ''Sirr al-khalīqa'', including a version of the ''Emerald Tablet'')

====Coptic====
* {{Cite book|last=Mahé|first=Jean-Pierre|author-link=Jean-Pierre Mahé|year=2019|title=Hermès Trismégiste. Paralipomènes: Grec, copte, arménien. Codex VI de Nag Hammadi - Codex Clarkianus 11 Oxoniensis - Définitions hermétiques - Divers|volume=V|location=Paris |publisher=[[Les Belles Lettres]]|isbn=9782251006321|ref=no}} (text of Nag Hammadi, VI, with French translation)

====Latin====

* {{Cite book|last=Burnett|first=Charles|year=2001|chapter=Aristoteles/Hermes: Liber Antimaquis|editor1-last=Bos|editor1-first=Gerrit|editor2-last=Burnett|editor2-first=Charles|editor3-last=Lucentini|editor3-first=Paolo|title=Hermetis Trismegisti Astrologica et Divinatoria|series=Corpus Christianorum, CXLIV. Hermes Latinus, IV.IV|location=Turnhout|publisher=[[Brepols]]|pages=177–221|isbn=978-2-503-04447-7}} (Latin text of the ''Liber Antimaquis'', a translation from the Arabic ''Kitāb al-Isṭamākhīs'')
* {{Cite book|last=Delatte|first=Louis|year=1942|title=Textes latins et vieux français relatifs aux Cyranides|location=Paris|publisher=Droz|oclc=901714095}} (Latin translation of the ''Cyranides'')
* {{Cite journal|last=Hudry|first=Françoise|year=1997–1999|title=Le De secretis nature du Ps. Apollonius de Tyane, traduction latine par Hugues de Santalla du Kitæb sirr al-halîqa|journal=Chrysopoeia|volume=6|pages=1–154}} (Latin translation of the ''Sirr al-khalīqa'', including a version of the ''Emerald Tablet'')
* {{Cite book|last=Kunitzsch|first=Paul|year=2001|chapter=Liber de stellis beibeniis|editor1-last=Bos|editor1-first=Gerrit|editor2-last=Burnett|editor2-first=Charles|editor3-last=Lucentini|editor3-first=Paolo|title=Hermetis Trismegisti Astrologica et Divinatoria|series=Corpus Christianorum, CXLIV. Hermes Latinus, IV.IV|location=Turnhout|publisher=[[Brepols]]|pages=7–81|isbn=978-2-503-04447-7|ref=none}} (Arabic and Latin text of the ''Liber de stellis beibeniis'')
* {{cite book|last1=Nock|first1=Arthur Darby|author1-link=Arthur Nock|last2=Festugière|first2=André-Jean |author2-link=André-Jean Festugière |year=1945–1954|title=Corpus Hermeticum|volume=I–IV|location=Paris |publisher=[[Les Belles Lettres]]|isbn=9782251001371|ref=none}} (Latin text of the ''Asclepius'')
* {{Cite book|last=Steele|first=Robert|author-link=Robert Steele (medievalist)|year=1920|title=Secretum secretorum cum glossis et notulis|series=Opera hactenus inedita Rogeri Baconi, vol. V|location=Oxford|publisher=[[Clarendon Press]]|oclc=493365693}} (Latin translation of the ''Sirr al-asrār''; pp.&nbsp;115–117 contain a version of the ''Emerald Tablet'')
* {{Cite journal|last1=Steele|first1=Robert|author1-link=Robert Steele (medievalist)|last2=Singer|first2=Dorothea Waley|author2-link=Dorothea Waley Singer|year=1928|title=The Emerald Table|journal=Proceedings of the Royal Society of Medicine|volume=21|issue=3|pages=41–57/485–501|doi=10.1177/003591572802100361|pmid=19986273|pmc=2101974}} (contains Latin translation of the ''Emerald Tablet'' as it occurs in the ''Liber dabessi'')

==External links==
* The Gnostic Society Library hosts translations of the [http://www.gnosis.org/library/hermet.htm#CH ''Corpus Hermeticum''], the [http://www.gnosis.org/library/grs-mead/TGH-v2/th237.html ''Asclepius''], [http://www.gnosis.org/library/grs-mead/TGH-v3/index.html the Stobaean excerpts], and [http://www.gnosis.org/library/grs-mead/TGH-v3/index.html some ancient testimonies on Hermes] (all taken from [[G.R.S. Mead|Mead, George R. S.]] 1906. ''Thrice Greatest Hermes: Studies in Hellenistic Theosophy and Gnosis''. Vols. 2–3. London: Theosophical Publishing Society; note that these translations are outdated and were written by a member of the [[Theosophical Society]]; modern scholarly translations are found [[#English translations of Hermetic texts|above]]), as well as translations of the [http://www.gnosis.org/library/hermet.htm#NHL three Hermetic treatises in the Nag Hammadi findings] (reproduced with permission from the translations prepared by James Brashler, Peter A. Dirkse and Douglas M. Parrott as originally published in: [[James M. Robinson|Robinson, James M.]] 1978. ''The Nag Hammadi Library in English''. Leiden: Brill).

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[[Category:Hermetica| ]]
[[Category:Alchemical documents]]
[[Category:Alchemy]]
[[Category:Astrological texts]]
[[Category:Grimoires]]
[[Category:Hellenistic philosophical literature]]
[[Category:Hellenistic philosophy and religion]]
[[Category:Hermeticism]]
[[Category:Magic (supernatural)]]
[[Category:Medieval philosophy]]
[[Category:Medieval philosophical literature]]
[[Category:Nag Hammadi library]]
[[Category:Wisdom literature]]