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{{Short description|Species of bat}}
{{Speciesbox
{{Speciesbox
| name = Northern bat
| name = Northern bat
| image = Eptesicus nilssoni.jpg
| image = Eptesicus nilssoni.jpg
| image_caption = A northern bat, crawling on a wooden surface
| image_alt = The image depicts a northern bat, crawling on a wooden surface
| status = LC
| status = LC
| status_system = IUCN3.1
| status_system = IUCN3.1
| status_ref = <ref name=IUCN>{{cite journal |author=Coroiu, I. |title=''Eptesicus nilssonii'' |journal=[[The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species]] |volume=2016 |page=e.T7910A22116204 |publisher=[[IUCN]] |year=2016 |url=http://www.iucnredlist.org/details/7910/0 |doi=10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-2.RLTS.T7910A22116204.en |access-date=8 November 2017}}</ref>
| status_ref = <ref name=iucn>{{cite iucn |title=''Eptesicus nilssonii'' |author=Coroiu, I. |date=2016 |page=e.T7910A22116204 |doi=10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-2.RLTS.T7910A22116204.en |access-date=19 November 2021}}</ref>
| genus = Eptesicus
| genus = Eptesicus
| species = nilssonii
| species = nilssonii
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}}
}}


The '''northern bat''' (''Eptesicus nilssonii'') is the most abundant species of [[bat]] in northern Eurasia. It is found from England to [[Hokkaidō]] and down to northern India.<ref name="rydell">Rydell, J. (1993). Eptesicus nilssonii. Mammalian species, (430), 1-7.</ref> It is closely related to [[Serotine bat]] (''Eptesicus serotinus'').<ref name="mayer">Mayer, F., & von Helversen, O. (2001). Cryptic diversity in European bats. Proceedings of the Royal Society of London. Series B: Biological Sciences,268(1478), 1825-1832.</ref>
The '''northern bat''' ('''''Eptesicus nilssonii''''') is the most abundant species of [[bat]] in northern Eurasia occurring from France to [[Hokkaidō]] and south to Kazakhstan.<ref name="rydell">{{cite journal |author=Rydell, J. |year=1993 |title=''Eptesicus nilssonii'' |journal=Mammalian Species |issue=430 |pages=1–7 |doi=10.2307/3504128 |jstor=3504128 |s2cid=253944821 |url=|doi-access=free }}</ref>


==Description==
==Description==
The northern bat is a medium-sized animal with short and rounded ears. The species range from 8-16g in weight that depends on season, 54–64&nbsp;mm<ref name="species fact sheet">{{cite web|url=http://www.minambiente.it/sites/default/files/archivio/allegati/eurobats/07_eptesicus_nilssonii_eng.pdf}}</ref> in body length and 240-280mm in wing span, which is a moderate size for a bat species. The nose ears, and the tail and wing are black or blackish-brown. Most of body is coated with dark brown or black with some gold touched at the tip of the hairs in the head and back region. The coat on the ventral side is yellowish brown. Like other dental structure of [[Eptesicus]] genus, there is no presence of [[peculiarities]], but it is large compared to the size of skull.<ref name="rydell" />
The northern bat is dark brown or black with some gold touched at the tip of the hairs in the head and back region. Its nose, ears, tail and wings are black or blackish brown. The coat on the ventral side is yellowish brown. It has short and rounded ears. It body length is {{cvt|54-64|mm}} with a wing span of {{cvt|240-280|mm}}, and it weighs {{cvt|8-16|g}} depending on the season.<ref name="rydell" />


==Distribution and habitat==
==Distribution and habitat==
[[File:Eptesicus nilssonii hibernating.JPG|thumb|240px|left|Northern bat hibernating deep in a disused cobalt mine in [[Norway]].]]
[[File:Eptesicus nilssonii hibernating.JPG|thumb|alt=The image depicts a sleeping bat|Northern bat hibernating deep in a disused cobalt mine in [[Norway]]]]
It is widespread throughout Eurasia, and is the most common bat in northern part of the continent. It is found from northern Scandinavia (beyond the [[Arctic Circle]]) to northern Italy, and eastern England to northern Japan.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/7910/22116204|title=The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species|website=IUCN Red List of Threatened Species|access-date=2018-10-28}}</ref> The bat mostly favours forest uplands about 200–2000 m above sea level.<ref name="hanak">Hanak, V, Gaisler. J (1971) The status of Eptesicus ogveni bobrinskii, 1918 and remarks on some other species of this genus (Mammalia: Chiroptera). Vestnik Ceskoslovenske Spolecnosti Zoologicke, 35:11-24.</ref>
The northern bat is widespread throughout Eurasia, and is the most common bat in the northern part of the continent. It occurs from northern Scandinavia beyond the [[Arctic Circle]] to northern Italy, and eastern England to northern Japan.<ref name=iucn/> It favours forest uplands at elevations of {{cvt|200|-|2000|m}}.<ref name="hanak">{{cite journal |author1=Hanak, V. |name-list-style=amp |author2=Gaisler, J. |year=1971 |title=The status of ''Eptesicus ogveni bobrinskii'', 1918 and remarks on some other species of this genus (Mammalia: Chiroptera) |journal=Vestnik Ceskoslovenske Spolecnosti Zoologicke |volume=35 |issue= |pages=11–24}}</ref>


==Behaviour and ecology==
==Behavior==
It was thought that northern bat is a sedentary species, but research shows colonies have moved as far as 450&nbsp;km. It does not migrate seasonally but over a period of years.<ref name=":0" />
Northern bat colonies have moved as far as {{cvt|450|km}} over a period of several years.<ref name=iucn/>
⚫
It breeds in late autumn, and the females stores the male sperm over the winter. [[Hibernation]] begins in November to December and lasts until April. Females become pregnant in spring and give birth 50–60 days later. In summer, males dwell alone. Females form a colony of 10–80 adults in early summer, which they disband in August, when young bats are able to fly. Winter colonies are often found in houses, and natural or artificial underground habitats.<ref name="rydell" />

⚫
Breeding season is in late autumn, and the females stores the male sperm over the winter. The hibernation begins in early winter (November–December), and until March or April.<ref name="rydell" /> Only then do the females get pregnant, pregnancy lasting for 50–60 days. In summer, males dwell alone, but females form a colony of 10-80 adults. A colony is formed in early summer and disbanded in August, when youngs are able to fly. Winter colonies are often found in houses, natural or artificial underground habitats.<ref name="rydell" />


===Hunting===
===Hunting===
Northern bats are nocturnal, and fast flying, adapted to hunting airborne insects using echolocation.<ref name=":0" /> For example, Northern bats commonly hunt [[Ghost moth]]s while the moths are hovering above ground to attract a mate. The species hunts in open spaces with speed of 5–6&nbsp;m/s. The sound pulse consists of 10-13ms in normal foraging habitats, sometimes up to 18ms of steeply frequency-modulated(FM) component (about 40–30&nbsp;kHz). The bats send out the pulse about every 200ms, and the steep FM are used to locate obstacles or targets, allowing them to fly indoors.<ref name="rydell" />
Northern bats are nocturnal and fast flying, adapted to hunting airborne insects using [[Animal echolocation|echolocation]].<ref name=iucn/> For example, northern bats commonly hunt [[ghost moth]]s while the moths are hovering above ground to attract a mate. The species hunts in open spaces at a speed of 5–6&nbsp;m/s. The sound pulse consists of 10-13&nbsp;ms in normal foraging habitats, sometimes up to 18&nbsp;ms of steeply frequency-modulated (FM) component (about 40–30&nbsp;kHz). The bats send out the pulse approximately once every 200&nbsp;ms, and the steep FM are used to locate obstacles or targets, allowing them to fly indoors.<ref name="rydell" />
In high latitude areas, female northern bats fly during daytime because of the short nights, but their foraging peaks after dusk and sometime before dawn. Females select small feeding territories where their food source is abundant, and sometimes can be used by the same individual over a period of years.<ref name="rydell" />
In high latitude areas, female northern bats fly during daytime because of the short nights, but their foraging peaks after dusk and sometime before dawn. Females select small feeding territories where their food source is abundant, and sometimes can be used by the same individual over a period of years.<ref name="rydell" />


==Genetics==
==Genetics==
[[Serotine bat]]s (''Eptesicus serotinus'') are [[cryptic species]] of northern bats. They are distinguishable by appearance but research shows that there is little genetic difference between the two species (only difference of intraspecific variation).<ref name="mayer" />
The northern bat is closely related to the [[serotine bat]] (''Eptesicus serotinus''). They are distinguishable by appearance but the genetic difference between the two species is an intraspecific variation.<ref>{{cite journal |author1=Mayer, F. |name-list-style=amp |author2=von Helversen, O. |year=2001 |title=Cryptic diversity in European bats |journal=Proceedings of the Royal Society of London. Series B: Biological Sciences |volume=268 |issue=1478 |pages=1825–1832 |doi= 10.1098/rspb.2001.1744|pmid=11522202 |pmc=1088815 |url=}}</ref>

==See also==
⚫
{{Commons|Eptesicus nilssonii}}
*[[List of placental mammals]]
*[[List of mammals of Korea]]
*[[List of mammals in Norway]]


==References==
==References==
{{Reflist}}
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
⚫
*{{Commons-inline|Eptesicus nilssonii}}
*[http://www.batslife.eu/item/еptesicus-nilssonii/ Eptesicus nilssonii - Science for Nature Foundation]


{{Vespertilionidae|V.|E.}}
{{Vespertilionidae|V.|E.}}
{{Taxonbar|from=Q300941}}
{{Taxonbar|from=Q300941}}
{{Authority control}}


[[Category:Mammals of Korea]]
[[Category:Mammals of Korea]]

Latest revision as of 04:02, 22 May 2024

Northern bat
The image depicts a northern bat, crawling on a wooden surface
A northern bat, crawling on a wooden surface
Scientific classification Edit this classification
Domain: Eukaryota
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Chordata
Class: Mammalia
Order: Chiroptera
Family: Vespertilionidae
Genus: Eptesicus
Species:
E. nilssonii
Binomial name
Eptesicus nilssonii
(Keyserling et Blasius, 1839)

The northern bat (Eptesicus nilssonii) is the most abundant species of bat in northern Eurasia occurring from France to Hokkaidō and south to Kazakhstan.[2]

Description

[edit]

The northern bat is dark brown or black with some gold touched at the tip of the hairs in the head and back region. Its nose, ears, tail and wings are black or blackish brown. The coat on the ventral side is yellowish brown. It has short and rounded ears. It body length is 54–64 mm (2.1–2.5 in) with a wing span of 240–280 mm (9.4–11.0 in), and it weighs 8–16 g (0.28–0.56 oz) depending on the season.[2]

Distribution and habitat

[edit]
The image depicts a sleeping bat
Northern bat hibernating deep in a disused cobalt mine in Norway

The northern bat is widespread throughout Eurasia, and is the most common bat in the northern part of the continent. It occurs from northern Scandinavia beyond the Arctic Circle to northern Italy, and eastern England to northern Japan.[1] It favours forest uplands at elevations of 200–2,000 m (660–6,560 ft).[3]

Behaviour and ecology

[edit]

Northern bat colonies have moved as far as 450 km (280 mi) over a period of several years.[1] It breeds in late autumn, and the females stores the male sperm over the winter. Hibernation begins in November to December and lasts until April. Females become pregnant in spring and give birth 50–60 days later. In summer, males dwell alone. Females form a colony of 10–80 adults in early summer, which they disband in August, when young bats are able to fly. Winter colonies are often found in houses, and natural or artificial underground habitats.[2]

Hunting

[edit]

Northern bats are nocturnal and fast flying, adapted to hunting airborne insects using echolocation.[1] For example, northern bats commonly hunt ghost moths while the moths are hovering above ground to attract a mate. The species hunts in open spaces at a speed of 5–6 m/s. The sound pulse consists of 10-13 ms in normal foraging habitats, sometimes up to 18 ms of steeply frequency-modulated (FM) component (about 40–30 kHz). The bats send out the pulse approximately once every 200 ms, and the steep FM are used to locate obstacles or targets, allowing them to fly indoors.[2] In high latitude areas, female northern bats fly during daytime because of the short nights, but their foraging peaks after dusk and sometime before dawn. Females select small feeding territories where their food source is abundant, and sometimes can be used by the same individual over a period of years.[2]

Genetics

[edit]

The northern bat is closely related to the serotine bat (Eptesicus serotinus). They are distinguishable by appearance but the genetic difference between the two species is an intraspecific variation.[4]

References

[edit]
  1. ^ a b c d Coroiu, I. (2016). "Eptesicus nilssonii". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2016: e.T7910A22116204. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-2.RLTS.T7910A22116204.en. Retrieved 19 November 2021.
  2. ^ a b c d e Rydell, J. (1993). "Eptesicus nilssonii". Mammalian Species (430): 1–7. doi:10.2307/3504128. JSTOR 3504128. S2CID 253944821.
  3. ^ Hanak, V. & Gaisler, J. (1971). "The status of Eptesicus ogveni bobrinskii, 1918 and remarks on some other species of this genus (Mammalia: Chiroptera)". Vestnik Ceskoslovenske Spolecnosti Zoologicke. 35: 11–24.
  4. ^ Mayer, F. & von Helversen, O. (2001). "Cryptic diversity in European bats". Proceedings of the Royal Society of London. Series B: Biological Sciences. 268 (1478): 1825–1832. doi:10.1098/rspb.2001.1744. PMC 1088815. PMID 11522202.
[edit]
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