Thomas Hyde: Difference between revisions

Thomas Hyde
Thomas Hyde
	Line engraving by Francis Perry, 1767
Born	29 June 1636
Died	18 February 1703 (aged 66)
Nationality	British
Academic background
Alma mater	King's College, Cambridge
Influences	University of Oxford
Academic work
Sub-discipline	Hebrew studies

Browse history interactively

← Previous edit

Content deleted Content added

VisualWikitext

Inline

Latest revision as of 08:04, 16 June 2024

Thomas Hyde (29 June 1636 – 18 February 1703) was an English linguist, historian, librarian, classicist, and orientalist. His chief work was the 1700 De Vetere Religione Persarum [On the Ancient Religion of the Persians], the first attempt to use Arab and Persian sources to correct the errors of Greek and Roman historians in their descriptions of Zoroastrianism and the other beliefs of the ancient Persians, in addition to producing translations of some Zoroastrian texts.

Life

He was born at Billingsley, near Bridgnorth in Shropshire, on 29 June 1636. He inherited his taste for linguistic studies, and received his first lessons in some of the Eastern tongues, from his father, who was rector of the parish.^[1]

Hyde was educated at Eton College, and in his sixteenth year entered King's College, Cambridge.^[2] There, under Abraham Wheelock, professor of Arabic, he made rapid progress in Oriental languages, so that, after only one year of residence, he was invited to London to assist Brian Walton in his edition of the Polyglott Bible. Besides correcting the Arabic, Persic and Syriac texts for that work, Hyde transcribed into Persic characters the Persian translation of the Pentateuch, which had been printed in Hebrew letters at Constantinople in 1546. To this work, which Archbishop Ussher had thought well-nigh impossible even for a native of Persia, Hyde appended the Latin version which accompanies it in the Polyglott.^[1]

In 1658 he was chosen Hebrew reader at Queen's College, Oxford, and in 1659, in consideration of his erudition in Oriental tongues, he was admitted to the degree of M.A.^[3] In the same year he was appointed under-keeper of the Bodleian Library, and in 1665 librarian-in-chief. Next year he was collated to a prebend at Salisbury, and in 1673 to the archdeaconry of Gloucester, receiving the degree of D.D. shortly afterwards.^[1] As librarian, Hyde was responsible for the publication of the Catalogus impressorum Librorum Bibliothecae Bodleianae (1674) [Catalog of the Printed Books in the Bodleian Library], the third published catalogue of the Bodleian collections.^{[citation needed]}

In 1691 the death of Edward Pococke opened up to Hyde the Laudian professorship of Arabic; and in 1697, on the deprivation of Roger Altham, he succeeded to the Regius chair of Hebrew and a canonry of Christ Church.^[1]

Under Charles II, James II and William III, Hyde discharged the duties of Eastern interpreter to the court. He resigned his librarianship in 1701,^[1] giving as a reason, "my feet being left weak by the gout, I am weary of the toil and drudgery of daily attendance all times and weathers."^[4] He died at Oxford on 18 February 1703, aged 66.

Works

Hyde was an assiduous classical scholar and linguist who helped popularize Orientalism and the study of Asian history in Britain.^[1] He learned Chinese from the Chinese Jesuit Michael Shen^[5]^[6] and wrote in and translated Turkish, Arabic, Syriac, Persian, Hebrew, and Malay.^[1] His chief work was the 1700 De Vetere Religione Persarum [On the Ancient Religion of the Persians], the first attempt to use Arab and Persian sources to correct the errors of Greek and Roman historians in their descriptions of Zoroastrianism and the other beliefs of the ancient Persians.^[1] He identified Zoroaster as a religious reformer.^[7] Like Engelbert Kaempfer,^[8] he is sometimes mistakenly^[9] credited with coining the word "cuneiform".^[10]^[11] He is similarly sometimes credited with coining "dualism".^[12]

His writings and translations include:

Tabulae Long. ac Lat. Stellarum Fixarum ex Observatione Ulugh Beighi, Tamerlanis Magni Nepotis... [Tables of the Longitudes and Latitudes of the Fixed Stars from the Observatory of Ulugh Beg, Grandson of Timur the Great...] (in Latin), Oxford: Henry Hall, 1665, a translation of the c. 1438 Zij-i Sultani
Jang Ampat Evangelia derri Tuan Kita Jesu Christi, daan Berboatan derri Jang Apostoli Bersacti, Bersalin dallam Bassa Malayo, That Is, The Four Gospels of Our Lord Jesus Christ, and the Acts of the Holy Apostles, Translated into the Malayan Tongue (in English and Malay), Oxford: Sheldonian Theater, 1677, a combination of the separate translations of the Dutchmen A.C. Ruyl, J. Van Heurn, and J. Van Hasel with an English foreword by Hyde introducing the Malay language, its orthography, and its grammar.
"De Mensuribus et Ponderibus Sinensium Epistola [Letter on Chinese Weights and Measures]", De Mensuris et Ponderibus Antiquis Libri Tres [Three Books on Ancient Weights and Measures] (in Latin), Oxford: Sheldonian Theater, 1688, pp. 312-349.
אגרת אורחות שלם Id Est, Itinera Mundi, Sic Dicta Nempe Cosmographia... [The Letter on the Paths of the World, That Is, The Paths of the World, Thus Certainly Called the Cosmography...] (in Latin), Oxford: Sheldonian Theater, 1691, a translation of Abraham Farissol's 1524 Iggeret Orḥot 'Olam.
De Ludis Orientalibus Libri Duo... [Two Books on Eastern Games...] (in Latin), vol. I & II], Oxford: Sheldonian Theater, 1694.^[1]
Historia Religionis Veterum Persarum, Eorumque Magorum... [History of the Religion of the Ancient Persians and That of the Magi] (in Latin), Oxford: Sheldonian Theater, 1700.

In parts of the De Ludis Orientalibus, he relates his understanding of various Chinese games as explained to him by Michael Shen. These include coan ki and a confused account of weiqi (i.e., go)^[13] which includes the first Latin mention of the game's concept of "eyes". The Historia Religionis Veterum Persarum was republished by Hunt and Costard in 1760. The other works—including some previously unpublished manuscripts—were collected, edited, and published by Gregory Sharpe in 1767 under the title Syntagma Dissertationem quas Olim Thomas Hyde Separatim Edidit. Sharpe also provided a biography of Hyde in his work.^[1]

Notes

^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ ^j One or more of the preceding sentences incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). "Hyde, Thomas". Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 14 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 30.
^ "Hyde, Thomas (HD652T)". A Cambridge Alumni Database. University of Cambridge.
^ Foster, Joseph (1888–1892). "Hyde, Thomas (8)" . Alumni Oxonienses: the Members of the University of Oxford, 1500–1714. Oxford: Parker and Co – via Wikisource.
^ William D. Macray, Annals of the Bodleian Library (1868) p. 121-122.
^ Maverick, Lewis A. (February 1952), "Review of A Cycle of Cathay: The Chinese Vogue in England during the Seventeenth and Eighteenth Centuries by William W. Appleton", Far Eastern Quarterly, vol. 11, pp. 246–247.
^ Ballaster, p. 262.
^ "Zoroaster as Perceived in Western Europe after Antiquity", Iranica, archived from the original on 16 April 2019, retrieved 20 September 2007.
^ "cuneiform", Online Etymology Dictionary.
^ "cuneiform, n. and adj.", Oxford English Dictionary, Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2021.
^ Hyde, HRVP (1700), p. 526.
^ Meade, Carroll Wade (1974), Road to Babylon: Development of U.S. Assyriology, Leiden: E.J. Brill, p. 5, ISBN 9004038582.
^ Webb, H. S. (2010). "Dualism". In Leeming, D. A.; Madden, K.; Marlan, S. (eds.). Encyclopedia of Psychology and Religion. Springer. pp. 259–261. doi:10.1007/978-0-387-71802-6_856. ISBN 978-0-387-71802-6. S2CID 242249340.
^ De Ludis Orientalibus, Vol. II (1694), pp. 195–201.

External links

"Archival material relating to Thomas Hyde". UK National Archives.

[EB1911-1] ^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ ^j One or more of the preceding sentences incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). "Hyde, Thomas". Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 14 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 30.

[2] "Hyde, Thomas (HD652T)". A Cambridge Alumni Database. University of Cambridge.

[3] Foster, Joseph (1888–1892). "Hyde, Thomas (8)" . Alumni Oxonienses: the Members of the University of Oxford, 1500–1714. Oxford: Parker and Co – via Wikisource.

[4] William D. Macray, Annals of the Bodleian Library (1868) p. 121-122.

[5] Maverick, Lewis A. (February 1952), "Review of A Cycle of Cathay: The Chinese Vogue in England during the Seventeenth and Eighteenth Centuries by William W. Appleton", Far Eastern Quarterly, vol. 11, pp. 246–247.

[6] Ballaster, p. 262.

[7] "Zoroaster as Perceived in Western Europe after Antiquity", Iranica, archived from the original on 16 April 2019, retrieved 20 September 2007.

[8] "cuneiform", Online Etymology Dictionary.

[9] "cuneiform, n. and adj.", Oxford English Dictionary, Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2021.

[10] Hyde, HRVP (1700), p. 526.

[11] Meade, Carroll Wade (1974), Road to Babylon: Development of U.S. Assyriology, Leiden: E.J. Brill, p. 5, ISBN 9004038582.

[12] Webb, H. S. (2010). "Dualism". In Leeming, D. A.; Madden, K.; Marlan, S. (eds.). Encyclopedia of Psychology and Religion. Springer. pp. 259–261. doi:10.1007/978-0-387-71802-6_856. ISBN 978-0-387-71802-6. S2CID 242249340.

[13] De Ludis Orientalibus, Vol. II (1694), pp. 195–201.

[1]

[2]

[3]

[4]

[5]

[6]

[7]

[8]

[9]

[10]

[11]

[12]

[13]

@@ Line 1: / Line 1: @@
 {{short description|British orientalist}}
 {{Other people|Thomas Hyde}}
+{{Infobox academic
+| honorific_prefix = <!-- see [[MOS:CREDENTIAL]] and [[MOS:HONORIFIC]] -->
+| name = Thomas Hyde
+| image = Thomas-Hyde.jpg
+| caption = Line engraving by [[Francis Perry]], 1767
+| birth_name = <!-- use only if different from full/othernames -->
+| birth_date = {{birth date|1636|06|29|df=y}}
+| birth_place =
+| death_date = {{death date and age|1703|02|18|1636|06|29|df=y}}
+| death_place =
+| death_cause =
+| nationality = British
+| citizenship = <!-- use only when necessary per [[WP:INFONAT]] -->
+| other_names =
+| occupation =
+| boards = <!--board or similar positions extraneous to main occupation-->
+| awards = <!--notable national-level awards only-->
+| website =
+| education =
+| alma_mater = [[King's College, Cambridge]]
+| influences = University of Oxford
+| era =
+| discipline =
+| sub_discipline = Hebrew studies
+| workplaces =
+| doctoral_students =
+}}
 {{EngvarB|date=October 2013}}
 {{Use dmy dates|date=October 2013}}
+'''Thomas Hyde''' (29 June 1636{{snd}}18 February 1703) was an English [[linguistics|linguist]], [[historiography|historian]], [[librarian]], [[classical studies|classicist]], and [[oriental studies|orientalist]]. His chief work was the 1700 {{lang|la|De Vetere Religione Persarum}} [''On the Ancient Religion of the Persians''], the first attempt to use Arab and Persian sources to correct the errors of [[Greek historians|Greek]] and [[Roman historians]] in their descriptions of [[Zoroastrianism]] and the other beliefs of the [[ancient Persians]], in addition to producing translations of some [[Zoroastrian literature|Zoroastrian texts]].
-'''Thomas Hyde''' (29 June 1636 – 18 February 1703) was an English [[oriental studies|orientalist]]. The first use of the word ''dualism'' is attributed to him, in 1700.<ref>HYDE, Thomas. [https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_qp5BAAAAcAAJ <!-- quote=''Historia religionis veterum Persarum''. --> ''Veterum Persarum et Parthorum et Medorum Religionis Historia''.] ''Editio Secunda'', MDCCLX.</ref>
 ==Life==
-He was born at [[Billingsley, Shropshire|Billingsley]], near [[Bridgnorth]] in Shropshire, on 29 June 1636. He inherited his taste for linguistic studies, and received his first lessons in some of the Eastern tongues, from his father, who was [[Rector (ecclesiastical)|rector]] of the parish.
+He was born at [[Billingsley, Shropshire|Billingsley]], near [[Bridgnorth]] in [[Shropshire]], on 29 June 1636. He inherited his taste for linguistic studies, and received his first lessons in some of the Eastern tongues, from his father, who was [[Rector (ecclesiastical)|rector]] of the parish.<ref name="EB1911">{{EB1911|inline=y|wstitle=Hyde, Thomas|volume=14|page=30}}</ref>
-Hyde was educated at [[Eton College]], and in his sixteenth year entered [[King's College, Cambridge]].<ref>{{acad|id=HD652T|name=Hyde, Thomas}}</ref> There, under [[Abraham Wheelock]], professor of [[Arabic language|Arabic]], he made rapid progress in Oriental languages, so that, after only one year of residence, he was invited to London to assist [[Brian Walton (bishop)|Brian Walton]] in his edition of the [[Polyglot (book)|Polyglott Bible]]. Besides correcting the [[Arabic language|Arabic]], [[Persian language|Persic]] and [[Syriac language|Syriac]] texts for that work, Hyde transcribed into Persic characters the Persian translation of the [[Pentateuch]], which had been printed in [[Hebrew letters]] at [[Constantinople]] in 1546. To this work, which [[Archbishop Ussher]] had thought well-nigh impossible even for a native of Persia, Hyde appended the Latin version which accompanies it in the Polyglott.
+Hyde was educated at [[Eton College]], and in his sixteenth year entered [[King's College, Cambridge]].<ref>{{acad|id=HD652T|name=Hyde, Thomas}}</ref> There, under [[Abraham Wheelock]], professor of [[Arabic language|Arabic]], he made rapid progress in Oriental languages, so that, after only one year of residence, he was invited to London to assist [[Brian Walton (bishop)|Brian Walton]] in his edition of the [[Polyglot (book)|Polyglott Bible]]. Besides correcting the [[Arabic language|Arabic]], [[Persian language|Persic]] and [[Syriac language|Syriac]] texts for that work, Hyde transcribed into Persic characters the Persian translation of the [[Pentateuch]], which had been printed in [[Hebrew letters]] at [[Constantinople]] in 1546. To this work, which [[Archbishop Ussher]] had thought well-nigh impossible even for a native of Persia, Hyde appended the Latin version which accompanies it in the Polyglott.<ref name="EB1911"/>
-In 1658 he was chosen Hebrew reader at [[Queen's College, Oxford]], and in 1659, in consideration of his erudition in Oriental tongues, he was admitted to the degree of M.A. In the same year he was appointed under-keeper of the [[Bodleian Library]], and in 1665 librarian-in-chief. Next year he was collated to a [[prebend]] at [[Salisbury]], and in 1673 to the [[archdeaconry of Gloucester]], receiving the degree of D.D. shortly afterwards.  As librarian, Hyde was responsible for the publication of the ''Catalogus impressorum Librorum Bibliothecae Bodleianae'' (1674) [Catalog of the Printed Books in the Bodleian Library], the third published catalogue of the Bodleian collections.
+In 1658 he was chosen Hebrew reader at [[Queen's College, Oxford]], and in 1659, in consideration of his erudition in Oriental tongues, he was admitted to the degree of M.A.<ref>{{alox1|title=Hyde, Thomas (8)}}</ref> In the same year he was appointed under-keeper of the [[Bodleian Library]], and in 1665 librarian-in-chief. Next year he was collated to a [[prebend]] at [[Salisbury]], and in 1673 to the [[archdeaconry of Gloucester]], receiving the degree of [[Doctor of Divinity|D.D.]] shortly afterwards.<ref name="EB1911"/>  As librarian, Hyde was responsible for the publication of the ''Catalogus impressorum Librorum Bibliothecae Bodleianae'' (1674) [Catalog of the Printed Books in the Bodleian Library], the third published catalogue of the Bodleian collections.{{Citation needed|date=January 2021}}
-In 1691 the death of [[Edward Pococke]] opened up to Hyde the [[Laudian Professor of Arabic|Laudian professorship of Arabic]]; and in 1697, on the deprivation of [[Roger Altham]], he succeeded to the [[Regius Professor of Hebrew (Oxford)|Regius chair of Hebrew]] and a [[canonry]] of [[Christ Church, Oxford|Christ Church]].
+In 1691 the death of [[Edward Pococke]] opened up to Hyde the [[Laudian Professor of Arabic|Laudian professorship of Arabic]]; and in 1697, on the deprivation of [[Roger Altham]], he succeeded to the [[Regius Professor of Hebrew (Oxford)|Regius chair of Hebrew]] and a [[canonry]] of [[Christ Church, Oxford|Christ Church]].<ref name="EB1911"/>
-Under [[Charles II of England|Charles II]], [[James II of England|James II]] and [[William III of England|William III]], Hyde discharged the duties of Eastern [[interpreter to the court]]. He resigned his librarianship in 1701, giving as a reason, "my feet being left weak by the gout, I am weary of the toil and drudgery of daily attendance all times and weathers."<ref>[[William D. Macray]], ''Annals of the Bodleian Library'' (1868) p. 121-122.</ref> He died at Oxford on 18 February 1703, aged 66.
+Under [[Charles II of England|Charles II]], [[James II of England|James II]] and [[William III of England|William III]], Hyde discharged the duties of Eastern [[interpreter to the court]]. He resigned his librarianship in 1701,<ref name="EB1911"/> giving as a reason, "my feet being left weak by the gout, I am weary of the toil and drudgery of daily attendance all times and weathers."<ref>[[William D. Macray]], ''Annals of the Bodleian Library'' (1868) p. 121-122.</ref> He died at Oxford on 18 February 1703, aged 66.
 ==Works==
+Hyde was an assiduous classical scholar and linguist who helped popularize [[Orientalism]] and the study of [[history of Asia|Asian history]] in Britain.<ref name="EB1911"/> He learned [[Chinese language|Chinese]] from the [[Han Chinese|Chinese]] [[Jesuits in China|Jesuit]] [[Michael Shen Fu-Tsung|Michael Shen]]<ref>{{citation |last=Maverick |first=Lewis A. |contribution=Review of ''A Cycle of Cathay: The Chinese Vogue in England during the Seventeenth and Eighteenth Centuries'' by William W. Appleton |title=Far Eastern Quarterly |volume=11 |issue=2 |date=February 1952 |pages=246–247 }}.</ref><ref>Ballaster, [https://books.google.com/books?id=Wx4HeKibb9AC&pg=PA262 p. 262].</ref> and wrote in and translated [[Turkish language|Turkish]], [[Arabic language|Arabic]], [[Syriac language|Syriac]], [[Persian language|Persian]], [[Hebrew language|Hebrew]], and [[Malay language|Malay]].<ref name="EB1911"/> His chief work was the 1700 {{lang|la|De Vetere Religione Persarum}} [''On the Ancient Religion of the Persians''], the first attempt to use Arab and Persian sources to correct the errors of [[Greek historians|Greek]] and [[Roman historians]] in their descriptions of [[Zoroastrianism]] and the other beliefs of the [[ancient Persians]].<ref name="EB1911"/> He identified [[Zoroaster]] as a religious reformer.<ref>{{citation |last= |first= |contribution=Zoroaster as Perceived in Western Europe after Antiquity |contribution-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070922161615/http://www.iranica.com/newsite/articles/ot_grp9/ot_zoreur_20050829.html |title=Iranica |url=http://www.iranica.com/ |access-date=20 September 2007 |archive-date=16 April 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190416193911/http://www.iranica.com/ |url-status=dead }}.</ref> Like [[Engelbert Kaempfer]],<ref>{{citation |last= |first= |contribution-url=https://www.etymonline.com/word/cuneiform |contribution=cuneiform |title=Online Etymology Dictionary |url=https://www.etymonline.com |date= |publisher= |location= }}.</ref> he is sometimes mistakenly<ref>{{citation |last= |first= |contribution-url=https://www.oed.com/view/Entry/45849 |contribution=cuneiform, ''n.'' and ''adj.'' |title=Oxford English Dictionary |url=https://www.oed.com |date=2021 |publisher=Oxford University Press |location=Oxford }}.</ref> credited with coining the word "[[cuneiform]]".<ref>Hyde, ''HRVP'' (1700), p. 526.</ref><ref>{{citation |last1=Meade |first1=Carroll Wade |title=Road to Babylon: Development of U.S. Assyriology |date=1974 |publisher=E.J. Brill |location=Leiden |page=[https://books.google.com/books?id=iuAUAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA5 5] |isbn=9004038582 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=iuAUAAAAIAAJ }}.</ref> He is similarly sometimes credited with coining "[[Dualism in cosmology|dualism]]".<ref>{{cite book |last=Webb |first=H. S. |date=2010 |editor-last1=Leeming |editor-first1=D. A. |editor-last2=Madden |editor-first2=K. |editor-last3=Marlan |editor-first3=S. |title=Encyclopedia of Psychology and Religion |publisher=Springer |pages=259–261 |chapter=Dualism |doi=10.1007/978-0-387-71802-6_856 |chapter-url=https://doi.org/10.1007/978-0-387-71802-6_856 |isbn=978-0-387-71802-6|s2cid=242249340 }}</ref>
+His writings and translations include:
-Hyde, who was one of the first to direct attention to the vast treasures of Oriental antiquity, was an excellent classical scholar, and there was hardly an Eastern tongue accessible to foreigners with which he was not familiar. He had even acquired Chinese from the Chinese Jesuit [[Michael Shen Fu-Tsung]],<ref>Lewis A. Maverick, review of ''A Cycle of Cathay: The Chinese Vogue in England During the Seventeenth and Eighteenth Centuries'', by William W. Appleton. In ''The Far Eastern Quarterly'', Vol. 11, No. 2 (Feb. 1952), pp. 246–247</ref><ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=Wx4HeKibb9AC&pg=PA262&lpg=PA262&dq=%22Shen+Fo-tsung%22&source=web&ots=lG5Te_RSml&sig=jLXWqBSuK74wBRGZxyPCM3Tzbz8&hl=ja Ballaster, p.262]</ref> while his writings are the best testimony to his mastery of [[Turkish language|Turkish]], Arabic, Syriac, Persian, [[Hebrew language|Hebrew]] and [[Malay language|Malay]].
+* {{citation |translator-last=Hyde |translator-first=Thomas |translator-link=Thomas Hyde |display-translators=0 |title=Tabulae Long. ac Lat. Stellarum Fixarum ex Observatione Ulugh Beighi, Tamerlanis Magni Nepotis... |trans-title=Tables of the Longitudes and Latitudes of the Fixed Stars from the Observatory of Ulugh Beg, Grandson of Timur the Great... |date=1665 |url=https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_6EaIv_FppQkC/page/n5/mode/2up |location=Oxford |publisher=Henry Hall |language=la }}, a translation of the c. 1438 ''[[Zij-i Sultani]]''
+* {{citation |editor-last=Hyde |editor-first=Thomas |editor-link=Thomas Hyde |display-editors=0 |translator-last=Ruyl |translator-first=Albert Cornelius |translator-link=Albert Cornelius Ruyl |translator2-last=Van Hasel |translator2-first=Jan |translator2-link=Jan Van Hasel |translator3-last=Van Heurn |translator3-first=Justus |translator3-link=Justus Van Heurn |display-translators=0 |title=Jang Ampat Evangelia derri Tuan Kita Jesu Christi, daan Berboatan derri Jang Apostoli Bersacti, Bersalin dallam Bassa Malayo, That Is, The Four Gospels of Our Lord Jesus Christ, and the Acts of the Holy Apostles, Translated into the Malayan Tongue |date=1677 |language=en, Malay |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-qyDu6BEfmkC&pg=PP5 |location=Oxford |publisher=Sheldonian Theater }}, a combination of the separate translations of the [[Dutch Colonial Empire|Dutchmen]] [[Albert Cornelius Ruyl|A.C. Ruyl]], [[Justus Van Heurn|J. Van Heurn]], and [[Jan Van Hasel|J. Van Hasel]] with an English foreword by Hyde introducing the [[Malay language]], [[Malay orthography|its orthography]], and [[Malay grammar|its grammar]].
-In his chief work, ''Historia religionis veterum Persarum'' (1700) [The History of the religion of ancient Persia], he made the first attempt to correct from Oriental sources the errors of the Greek and Roman historians who had described the religion of the ancient Persians. He identified [[Zoroaster]] as a religious reformer.<ref>[http://www.iranica.com/newsite/articles/ot_grp9/ot_zoreur_20050829.html Iranica.Com – Zoroaster – As Perceived In Western Europe After Antiquity<!-- Bot generated title -->] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070922161615/http://www.iranica.com/newsite/articles/ot_grp9/ot_zoreur_20050829.html |date=22 September 2007 }}</ref>  In this book, Hyde also coined the word "cuneiform".<ref>See:
+* {{citation |last=Hyde |first=Thomas |authorlink=Thomas Hyde |display-authors=0 |contribution=De Mensuribus et Ponderibus Sinensium Epistola [Letter on Chinese Weights and Measures] |date=1688 |title=De Mensuris et Ponderibus Antiquis Libri Tres |trans-title=Three Books on Ancient Weights and Measures |editor-last=Bernard |editor-first=Edward |editor-link=Edward Bernard |language=la |publisher=Sheldonian Theater |location=Oxford |url=https://catalog.hathitrust.org/Record/000633733 |contribution-url= |display-editors=0 |pages=[https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=mdp.39015064485306&view=1up&seq=334 312-349] }}.
-*  {{cite book|last1=Hyde|first1=Thomas|title=Historia Religionis Veterum Persarum, …|date=1700|publisher=Sheldonian Theater|location=Oxford, England|page=526|url=https://archive.org/stream/bub_gb_PcLW_2q7GwkC#page/n565/mode/2up|language=Latin|trans-title=The History of the Religion of the Ancient Persians, …}}  On pages 526–527, Hyde discusses the cuneiform found at Persepolis.   From p. 526:  ''"Istiusmodi enim ductuli pyramidales seu Cuneiformes non veniunt in Gavrorum literis, nec in Telesmaticis, nec in Hieroglyphicis Ægypti; sed tales ductus (tam inter seinvicem juxta positi quam per seinvicem transmissi) sunt peculiares Persepoli, … "'' (For such kinds of thin pyramidal or wedge forms do not occur in the letters of the Gavres [also spelled ''Gaures''; this was an old English name for [[Zoroastranism|Zoroastrians]], an ancient cult of fire worshippers], nor in talismans, nor in Egyptian hieroglyphs; but such drawings (so closely placed among each other as [intended to] be conveyed by means of each other) are peculiar to Persepolis, … )
+* {{citation |translator-last=Hyde |translator-first=Thomas |translator-link=Thomas Hyde |display-translators=0 |title=''אגרת אורחות שלם'' Id Est, Itinera Mundi, Sic Dicta Nempe Cosmographia... |date=1691 |trans-title=The Letter on the Paths of the World, That Is, The Paths of the World, Thus Certainly Called the Cosmography... |last=Farissol |first=Abraham |authorlink=Abraham Farissol |display-authors=0 |url=https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_oBqOAecJ4vcC/page/n1/mode/2up |location=Oxford |publisher=Sheldonian Theater |language=la  }}, a translation of [[Abraham Farissol]]'s 1524 ''[[Iggeret Orḥot 'Olam]]''.
-*  {{cite book|last1=Meade|first1=Carroll Wade|title=Road to Babylon: Development of U.S. Assyriology|date=1974|publisher=E.J. Brill|location=Leiden, Netherlands|page=5|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=iuAUAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA5#v=onepage&q&f=false}}</ref>
+* {{citation |last=Hyde |first=Thomas |authorlink=Thomas Hyde |display-authors=0 |language=la |title=De Ludis Orientalibus Libri Duo... |trans-title=Two Books on Eastern Games... |date=1694 |location=Oxford |publisher=Sheldonian Theater |volume= I & II] }}.<ref name="EB1911" />
-<ref>[https://www.etymonline.com/word/cuneiform Online Etymology Dictionary] attributes ''cuneiform'' to [[Engelbert Kaempfer]]</ref>
+* {{citation |last=Hyde |first=Thomas |authorlink=Thomas Hyde |display-authors=0 |language=la |url=https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_PcLW_2q7GwkC/page/n7/mode/2up |title=Historia Religionis Veterum Persarum, Eorumque Magorum... |trans-title=History of the Religion of the Ancient Persians and That of the Magi |date=1700 |location=Oxford |publisher=Sheldonian Theater }}.
-His other writings and translations comprise ''Tabulae longitudinum et latitudinum stellarum fixarum ex observatione principis Ulugh Beighi'' (1665) [Tables of the longitudes and latitudes of the fixed stars from the main observatory of [[Ulugh Beg]]], to which his notes have given additional value; ''Quatuor evangelia et acta apostolorum lingua Malaica, characteribus Europaeis ''(1677) [The four Gospels and Acts of the Apostles in the Malay language, [written with] European characters]; ''Epistola de mensuris et ponderibus serum sive sinensium ''(1688) [Letter on the measures and weights of the northern Chinese or the southern Chinese], appended to [[Edward Bernard]]'s ''De mensuris et ponderibus antiquis'' [On ancient measures and weights]; [[Abraham Farissol]]'s ''Itinera mundi'' (1691) [World journeys]; and ''De ludis orientalibus libri II'' (1694) [On oriental games, book II] in which he described various Chinese games including [[Coan ki]] and where he gave also the first full Latin description of [[weiqi]].<ref>''De Ludis Orientalibus Libri Duo: Historia Nerdiludii, hoc est dicere, Trunculorum : cum quibuidam aliis Arabum, Persarum ... & aliarum Gentium Ludis tam Politicis quam Bellicis ... additis omnium Nominibus in dictarum Gentium Linguis. Ubi etiam Classicorum Graecorum & Latinorum loca ... est explicantur. Item, Explicatio amplissimi Chinensium Ludi, qui eorum Politiam & modum perveniendi ad Dignitates in Aula Regia exponit, & egregio ac peramplo Schemate repraesentat'', Oxonii, E Theatro Sheldoniano, 1694, Vol. 2, pp. 195-201</ref>
-With the exception of the ''Historia religionis'', which was republished by Hunt and Costard in 1760, the writings of Hyde, including some unpublished manuscripts, were collected and printed by Dr. [[Gregory Sharpe]] in 1767 under the title ''Syntagma dissertationum quas olim Thomas Hyde separatim edidit''. There is a life of the author prefixed.
+In parts of the {{lang|la|De Ludis Orientalibus}}, he relates his understanding of various Chinese games as explained to him by Michael Shen. These include ''[[coan ki]]'' and a confused account of ''[[weiqi]]'' (i.e., [[go (game)|go]])<ref>''De Ludis Orientalibus'', Vol. II (1694), pp. 195&ndash;201.</ref> which includes the first Latin mention of the game's concept of "eyes". The {{lang|la|Historia Religionis Veterum Persarum}} was republished by Hunt and Costard in 1760. The other works{{mdash}}including some previously unpublished manuscripts{{mdash}}were collected, edited, and published by [[Gregory Sharpe]] in 1767 under the title {{lang|la|Syntagma Dissertationem quas Olim Thomas Hyde Separatim Edidit}}. Sharpe also provided a biography of Hyde in his work.<ref name="EB1911"/>
 ==See also==
@@ Line 36: / Line 64: @@
 == Notes ==
 {{reflist}}
-*{{EB1911|wstitle=Hyde, Thomas|volume=14|page=30}}
 ==External links==
 *{{UK National Archives ID}}
-*{{worldcat id|lccn-n84-184685}}
 {{Bodley's Librarians}}
@@ Line 51: / Line 77: @@
 [[Category:1636 births]]
 [[Category:1703 deaths]]
-[[Category:17th-century Latin-language writers]]
+[[Category:17th-century writers in Latin]]
 [[Category:Alumni of King's College, Cambridge]]
 [[Category:Bodley's Librarians]]
@@ Line 59: / Line 85: @@
 [[Category:Tabletop game writers]]
 [[Category:Chess historians]]
-[[Category:People from Shropshire]]
+[[Category:Writers from Shropshire]]
 [[Category:People educated at Eton College]]
 [[Category:Laudian Professors of Arabic]]

v t e Bodley's Librarians
Librarians	Thomas James (1599) John Rouse (1620) Thomas Barlow (1652) Thomas Lockey (1660) Thomas Hyde (1665) John Hudson (1701) Joseph Bowles (1719) Robert Fysher (1729) Humphrey Owen (1747) John Price (1768) Bulkeley Bandinel (1813) Henry Coxe (1860) Edward Nicholson (1882) Falconer Madan (1912) Arthur Cowley (1919) Edmund Craster (1931) Harry Creswick (1945) Nowell Myres (1948) Robert Shackleton (1966) Richard Fifoot (1979) John Jolliffe (1982) David Vaisey (1986) Reginald Carr (1997) Sarah Thomas (2007) Richard Ovenden (2014)
Related articles	Bodleian Library Thomas Bodley Articles about the library's collection
University of Oxford portal

v t e Laudian Professors of Arabic
Chair established by William Laud
Edward Pococke (1636) Thomas Hyde (1691) John Wallis (1703) Thomas Hunt (1738) Joseph White (1774) Thomas Winstanley (1814) Wyndham Knatchbull (1823) Stephen Reay (1840) Robert Gandell (1861) David Margoliouth (1889) Sir Hamilton Gibb (1937) Alfred Beeston (1955) Wilferd Madelung (1978) Geert Jan van Gelder (1998) Julia Bray (2012) Tahera Qutbuddin (2023)
University of Oxford portal

Authority control databases
International	ISNI VIAF FAST WorldCat
National	Germany United States France BnF data Italy Czech Republic Portugal Netherlands Greece Poland Vatican Israel Belgium
People	Trove Deutsche Biographie DDB
Other	IdRef SNAC