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{{short description|American cryptogamic botanist}}
{{Infobox scientist
{{Infobox scientist
|name = Clara Eaton Cummings
|name = Clara Eaton Cummings
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'''Clara Eaton Cummings''' (13 July 1855 – 28 December 1906) was an American [[cryptogam]]ic [[botanist]] and Hunnewell Professor of Cryptogamic Botany at [[Wellesley College]] in [[Massachusetts]].
'''Clara Eaton Cummings''' (13 July 1855 – 28 December 1906) was an American [[cryptogam]]ic [[botanist]] and Hunnewell Professor of Cryptogamic Botany at [[Wellesley College]] in [[Massachusetts]].


== Early life and education ==
== Life and education ==


Cummings was born in [[Plymouth, New Hampshire]], on July 13, 1855 to Noah Conner and Elmira George Cummings.<ref name=":0">{{Cite book|title = The Granite Monthly: A New Hampshire Magazine|url = https://books.google.com/books?id=oYIbAQAAMAAJ|publisher = Granite Monthly Co.|date = 1907-01-01|language = en}}</ref> In 1876, she enrolled at the women's liberal arts college [[Wellesley College|Wellesley]], only one year after the opening of the institution.
Cummings was born in [[Plymouth, New Hampshire]], on July 13, 1855. In 1876, she enrolled at the women's liberal arts college Wellesley, only one year after the opening of the institution. She became a curator at the botanical museum at Wellesley in 1878 and was hired at Wellesley as an associate professor of botany in 1879.<ref name=book>{{cite book|last=Kiser|first=Helene Barker|title=Notable Women Scientists|year=1999|publisher=Gale Group|isbn=0-7876-3900-1|pages=119–120|editor=Pamela Proffitt|chapter=Clara Eaton Cummings}}</ref>


== Research career ==
== Career ==


Cummings primarily studied cryptogamous (spore-reproducing) plants such as [[moss]]es and [[lichen]]s. She characterized hundreds of lichen specimens but was "very conservative" on declaring new species.<ref name=eden>{{cite book|last=Palmieri|first=Patricia Ann|title=In Adamless Eden: The Community of Women Faculty at Wellesley|page=117}}</ref> Much of her work appeared in the books of other botanists,<ref name=eden /> although she did publish a catalog of [[liverworts]] and mosses of North America in 1885.<ref>{{cite book| last=Cummings| first=Clara| title=Catalogue of Musci and Hepaticae of North America, North of Mexico.| year=1885| publisher=Howard and Stiles}}</ref> In 1904, she published a catalog of 217 species of [[Alaska]]n lichens collected during the [[Harriman Alaska Expedition|Harriman Expedition]] which included 76 species new to Alaska and at least two species new to science.<ref>{{cite journal| last=Fink| first=Bruce| title=A Memoir of Clara E. Cummings| journal=The Bryologist| date=3 May 1907| pages=37–41| url=http://www.jstor.org/stable/3238923}}</ref>
Cummings primarily studied cryptogamous (spore-reproducing) plants such as [[moss]]es and [[lichen]]s. She characterized hundreds of lichen specimens but was "very conservative" on declaring new species.<ref name="eden">{{cite book|last=Palmieri|first=Patricia Ann|title=In Adamless Eden: The Community of Women Faculty at Wellesley|page=117}}</ref> Much of her work appeared in the books of other botanists,<ref name="eden" /> although she did publish a catalog of [[liverworts]] and mosses of North America in 1885.<ref>{{cite book| last=Cummings| first=Clara| title=Catalogue of Musci and Hepaticae of North America, North of Mexico.| url=https://archive.org/details/catalogueofmusci00cumm| year=1885| publisher=Howard and Stiles}}</ref>


She became a curator at the botanical museum at Wellesley from 1878–79 and was hired at Wellesley as an associate professor of botany for the 1879 school year.<ref name=":0" /><ref name="book">{{cite book|last=Kiser|first=Helene Barker|title=Notable Women Scientists|year=1999|publisher=Gale Group|isbn=978-0-7876-3900-6|pages=[https://archive.org/details/notablewomenscie00pame/page/119 119–120]|editor=Pamela Proffitt|chapter=Clara Eaton Cummings|chapter-url-access=registration|chapter-url=https://archive.org/details/notablewomenscie00pame|url=https://archive.org/details/notablewomenscie00pame/page/119}}</ref> In 1886 and 1887 she studied under Dr. [[Arnold Dodel-Port|Arnold Dodel]] at the [[University of Zurich]] where she did private work and prepared charts for a Cryptogamic Botany illustration. While in Europe, she traveled to various botanical gardens to study some of the great botanists.<ref>{{Cite book|title = Wellesley news : Free Download & Streaming|url = https://archive.org/details/wellesleynews616well|via = Internet Archive|accessdate = 2015-11-21|publisher = Wellesley, Mass : Wellesley College}}</ref> After returning from Zurich, Cummings became an associate professor of cryptogamic botany at Wellesey.<ref name=":0" /> Between 1892 and 1903 she published three [[exsiccata]] works called ''Decades of North American lichens'' with Thomas Albert Williams and [[Arthur Bliss Seymour]] as co-editors.<ref name="Triebel & Scholz 2001-2024">Triebel, D. & Scholz, P. 2001–2024 ''IndExs – Index of Exsiccatae''. – Botanische Staatssammlung München: http://indexs.botanischestaatssammlung.de. – München, Germany.</ref>
== Scientific societies ==


In 1904, she published a catalog of 217 species of [[Alaska]]n lichens collected during the [[Harriman Alaska Expedition|Harriman Expedition]] which included 76 species new to Alaska and at least two species new to science.<ref>{{cite journal| last=Fink| first=Bruce| title=A Memoir of Clara E. Cummings| journal=The Bryologist| date=3 May 1907| volume=10| issue=3|pages=37–41| jstor=3238923 | doi = 10.1639/0007-2745(1907)10[37:amocec]2.0.co;2 }}</ref>
Cummings was a member of the [[American Association for the Advancement of Science]], the [[Boston Society of Natural History]], and the [[Botanical Society of America|Society of Plant Morphology and Physiology]].<ref name=book />

In February and March 1905, Cummings took a trip to [[Jamaica]] where she collected lichens. After her death, her collection was sent to the [[New York Botanical Garden]].<ref>{{Cite journal|title = An Enumeration of Lichens Collected by Clara Eaton Cummings in Jamaica: I|jstor = 3753489|journal = Mycologia|date = 1912-05-01|pages = 125–140|volume = 4|issue = 3|doi = 10.2307/3753489|first = Lincoln W.|last = Riddle}}</ref>

Cummings was an associate editor of ''[[Plant World]]''<ref>{{cite book|author=Wayne, Tiffany K.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gPGZJ_YuMwgC&pg=PA94| page=94 | isbn=9781598841589 | title=American Women of Science Since 1900 | volume=1 |year=2011 | publisher=Abc-Clio }}</ref> and named in 1899 a fellow of the [[American Association for the Advancement of Science]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Historic Fellows|website=American Association for the Advancement of Science|url=https://www.aaas.org/fellows/historic}}</ref> <!-- In 1941 she was the president of the [[Kansas Academy of Science]].--> She became a member of the Society of Plant Morphology and Physiology and served as Vice President in 1904.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|title = Cummings, Clara Eaton (1855-1906)|url = http://plants.jstor.org/stable/10.5555/al.ap.person.bm000045679}}</ref> She was a member of the Mycological society, the Torrey Botanical Club, the Boston Mycological Club, and the [[Boston Society of Natural History]].<ref name="book" />


{{botanist|Cumm.}}
{{botanist|Cumm.}}

== Partial bibliography ==
* ''Catalogue of Musci and Hepaticae of North America, North of Mexico'' (1885)<ref name=":1" />
* ''The Lichens of Alaska'' (1904)<ref>{{Cite book|title = The lichens of Alaska|publisher = Washington|first = Clara Eaton|last = Cummings|hdl = 2027/mdp.39015052517748}}</ref>


== Notes ==
== Notes ==
{{reflist}}
{{Reflist}}


== External links ==
== External links ==
* {{Librivox author |id=11145}}

{{authority control}}


{{Persondata <!-- Metadata: see [[Wikipedia:Persondata]] -->
| NAME = Cummings, Clara Eaton
| ALTERNATIVE NAMES = Cummings, Clara
| SHORT DESCRIPTION = American botanist
| DATE OF BIRTH = 13 July 1855
| PLACE OF BIRTH = [[Plymouth, New Hampshire]], USA
| DATE OF DEATH = 28 December 1906
| PLACE OF DEATH = [[Concord, New Hampshire]], USA
}}
{{Persondata
| NAME =Cummings, Clara
| ALTERNATIVE NAMES =
| SHORT DESCRIPTION =
| DATE OF BIRTH = ,
| PLACE OF BIRTH =
| DATE OF DEATH = ,
| PLACE OF DEATH =
}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Cummings, Clara Eaton}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Cummings, Clara Eaton}}
[[Category:American botanists]]
[[Category:American botanists]]
[[Category:Fellows of the American Association for the Advancement of Science]]
[[Category:Fellows of the American Association for the Advancement of Science]]
[[Category:Women botanists]]
[[Category:American bryologists]]
[[Category:American women botanists]]
[[Category:Women bryologists]]
[[Category:Women bryologists]]
[[Category:1855 births]]
[[Category:1855 births]]
[[Category:1906 deaths]]
[[Category:1906 deaths]]
[[Category:People from Plymouth, New Hampshire]]
[[Category:Wellesley College alumni]]
[[Category:Wellesley College faculty]]

Latest revision as of 04:27, 27 June 2024

Clara Eaton Cummings
Born13 July 1855
Plymouth, New Hampshire, USA
Died28 December 1906(1906-12-28) (aged 51)
Concord, New Hampshire, USA
NationalityAmerican
Scientific career
FieldsBotany
InstitutionsWellesley College

Clara Eaton Cummings (13 July 1855 – 28 December 1906) was an American cryptogamic botanist and Hunnewell Professor of Cryptogamic Botany at Wellesley College in Massachusetts.

Life and education

[edit]

Cummings was born in Plymouth, New Hampshire, on July 13, 1855 to Noah Conner and Elmira George Cummings.[1] In 1876, she enrolled at the women's liberal arts college Wellesley, only one year after the opening of the institution.

Career

[edit]

Cummings primarily studied cryptogamous (spore-reproducing) plants such as mosses and lichens. She characterized hundreds of lichen specimens but was "very conservative" on declaring new species.[2] Much of her work appeared in the books of other botanists,[2] although she did publish a catalog of liverworts and mosses of North America in 1885.[3]

She became a curator at the botanical museum at Wellesley from 1878–79 and was hired at Wellesley as an associate professor of botany for the 1879 school year.[1][4] In 1886 and 1887 she studied under Dr. Arnold Dodel at the University of Zurich where she did private work and prepared charts for a Cryptogamic Botany illustration. While in Europe, she traveled to various botanical gardens to study some of the great botanists.[5] After returning from Zurich, Cummings became an associate professor of cryptogamic botany at Wellesey.[1] Between 1892 and 1903 she published three exsiccata works called Decades of North American lichens with Thomas Albert Williams and Arthur Bliss Seymour as co-editors.[6]

In 1904, she published a catalog of 217 species of Alaskan lichens collected during the Harriman Expedition which included 76 species new to Alaska and at least two species new to science.[7]

In February and March 1905, Cummings took a trip to Jamaica where she collected lichens. After her death, her collection was sent to the New York Botanical Garden.[8]

Cummings was an associate editor of Plant World[9] and named in 1899 a fellow of the American Association for the Advancement of Science.[10] She became a member of the Society of Plant Morphology and Physiology and served as Vice President in 1904.[11] She was a member of the Mycological society, the Torrey Botanical Club, the Boston Mycological Club, and the Boston Society of Natural History.[4]

The standard author abbreviation Cumm. is used to indicate this person as the author when citing a botanical name.[12]

Partial bibliography

[edit]
  • Catalogue of Musci and Hepaticae of North America, North of Mexico (1885)[11]
  • The Lichens of Alaska (1904)[13]

Notes

[edit]
  1. ^ a b c The Granite Monthly: A New Hampshire Magazine. Granite Monthly Co. 1907-01-01.
  2. ^ a b Palmieri, Patricia Ann. In Adamless Eden: The Community of Women Faculty at Wellesley. p. 117.
  3. ^ Cummings, Clara (1885). Catalogue of Musci and Hepaticae of North America, North of Mexico. Howard and Stiles.
  4. ^ a b Kiser, Helene Barker (1999). "Clara Eaton Cummings". In Pamela Proffitt (ed.). Notable Women Scientists. Gale Group. pp. 119–120. ISBN 978-0-7876-3900-6.
  5. ^ Wellesley news : Free Download & Streaming. Wellesley, Mass : Wellesley College. Retrieved 2015-11-21 – via Internet Archive.
  6. ^ Triebel, D. & Scholz, P. 2001–2024 IndExs – Index of Exsiccatae. – Botanische Staatssammlung München: http://indexs.botanischestaatssammlung.de. – München, Germany.
  7. ^ Fink, Bruce (3 May 1907). "A Memoir of Clara E. Cummings". The Bryologist. 10 (3): 37–41. doi:10.1639/0007-2745(1907)10[37:amocec]2.0.co;2. JSTOR 3238923.
  8. ^ Riddle, Lincoln W. (1912-05-01). "An Enumeration of Lichens Collected by Clara Eaton Cummings in Jamaica: I". Mycologia. 4 (3): 125–140. doi:10.2307/3753489. JSTOR 3753489.
  9. ^ Wayne, Tiffany K. (2011). American Women of Science Since 1900. Vol. 1. Abc-Clio. p. 94. ISBN 9781598841589.
  10. ^ "Historic Fellows". American Association for the Advancement of Science.
  11. ^ a b "Cummings, Clara Eaton (1855-1906)".
  12. ^ International Plant Names Index.  Cumm.
  13. ^ Cummings, Clara Eaton. The lichens of Alaska. Washington. hdl:2027/mdp.39015052517748.
[edit]
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