European Remote-Sensing Satellite: Difference between revisions

ERS-2
Mission type	Earth observatrion
COSPAR ID	1995-021A
End of mission
Deactivated	5 September 2011
Decay date	21 February 2024
Orbital parameters
Altitude	780 km (480 mi)
Inclination	98.5°

ERS-1
Mission type	Earth observatrion
COSPAR ID	1991-050A
End of mission
Declared	10 March 2000

Browse history interactively

← Previous edit

Content deleted Content added

VisualWikitext

Inline

Latest revision as of 04:37, 3 July 2024

European Remote Sensing satellite (ERS) was the European Space Agency's first Earth-observing satellite programme using a polar orbit. It consisted of two satellites, ERS-1 and ERS-2, with ERS-1 being launched in 1991.

ERS-1

ERS-1 launched 17 July 1991 from Guiana Space Centre aboard an Ariane 4 rocket.^[1] The satellite was put into a Sun-synchronous polar orbit at an altitude of 782–785 km. ERS-1 failed on 10 March 2000 after nine years in orbit.^[2]

Instruments

ERS-1 carried an array of Earth-observation instruments that gathered information about the Earth (land, water, ice, and atmosphere) using a variety of measurement principles. These included:

RA (Radar Altimeter) is a single frequency nadir-pointing radar altimeter operating in the K_u band.
ATSR-1 (Along-Track Scanning Radiometer) is a 4 channel infrared radiometer and microwave sounder for measuring temperatures at the sea-surface and the top of clouds.
SAR (synthetic-aperture radar) operating in C band can detect changes in surface heights with sub-millimeter precision.
Wind Scatterometer used to calculate information on wind speed and direction.
MWR is a Microwave Radiometer used in measuring atmospheric water, as well as providing a correction for the atmospheric water for the altimeter.

To accurately determine its orbit, the satellite included the PRARE (Precision Range and Range-Rate Equipment) and a laser retroreflector. The PRARE became non-operational shortly after launch; later analysis concluded that the failure was due to a memory latchup caused by radiation.^[3] The retroreflector was used for calibrating the radar altimeter to within 10 cm.

Mission

ERS-1 had various mission phases using 3-day and 35-day repeat cycles. During the geodetic mission, ERS-1 was put in two long repeat cycles of 168 days, which is equivalent to a single 336-day cycle. The geodetic mission allowed for accurate mapping of the Earth's bathymetry and geoid over the seas using the Radar Altimeter.

On 10 March 2000, ERS-1's attitude control system failed due to a gyroscope malfunction and its mission was officially declared finished.^[3]

ERS-2

Its successor, ERS-2, was launched on 21 April 1995, on an Ariane 4, from ESA's Guiana Space Centre near Kourou, French Guiana.^[5] Largely identical to ERS-1, it added additional instruments and improved existing instruments including:

GOME (Global Ozone Monitoring Experiment) is a nadir scanning ultraviolet and visible spectrometer.
ATSR-2 included 3 visible spectrum bands specialized for chlorophyll and vegetation

When ERS-2 was launched, ERS-1 shared the same orbital plane. This allowed a tandem mission, with ERS-2 passing the same point on the ground 1 day later than ERS-1. ERS-2 has a repeat cycle of 35 days.^[4]

ERS-2 operated without gyroscopes from February 2001, resulting in some degradation of the data provided by the instruments. The tape drive aboard failed on 22 June 2003, leaving the instruments operating only within visibility of a ground station. After the tape drive failure additional ground stations were brought online to increase the data gathering abilities of the satellite. The Wind Scatterometer and GOME were the only instruments of their kind until the launches of MetOp-A and Envisat, respectively.

The successor to ERS-2 was the Envisat satellite, launched 1 March 2002. Envisat contained improved versions of many of the instruments onboard ERS-2. However, even after the launch of its successor, the operational life of ERS-2 was extended until 2011, when the decision was made to end the mission. Over a series of burns in July, August and September, ERS-2 was finally depleted of all fuel on 5 September 2011. At 13:16:38 the batteries were switched off and the satellite decommissioned. The spacecraft was left in an orbit where it will reenter the Earth's atmosphere and safely disintegrate within 25 years, in accordance with international standards.^[6]

In the final stages of emptying the fuel tanks, it was estimated that they would be empty after a 40-minute burn on 2 September 2011. However, the spacecraft survived both this manoeuvre and a second 40-minute burn on 3 September. On 5 September a third burn was initiated. The fuel tanks were finally drained, and the spacecraft orbit was lowered from 785 to 573 km above Earth.^[7]

In February 2024, ESA reported that ERS-2 was expected to reenter in an uncontrolled fashion, some time between 16 February and 22 February 2024.^[8]

The satellite reentered at 1717 UTC on 21 February, in the Pacific Ocean between Alaska and Hawaii.^[9]^[10]

Notes

Zhao, D.; Kuenzer, C.; Fu, C.; Wagner, W. (2008). "Evaluation of the ERS Scatterometer derived Soil Water Index to monitor water availability and precipitation distribution at three different scales in China". Journal of Hydrometeorology. 9 (3). AMS: 549–562. Bibcode:2008JHyMe...9..549Z. doi:10.1175/2007JHM965.1.

References

^ Krebs, Gunter (2020). "ERS 1, 2". Gunter's Space Page. Retrieved 31 December 2022.
^ "ERS - Earth Online". earth.esa.int. Retrieved 8 May 2022.
^ ^a ^b "ERS-1 (European Remote-Sensing Satellite-1)". eoPortal. ESA. 2012. Retrieved 31 December 2022.
^ ^a ^b ^c "ERS-2 (European Remote-Sensing Satellite-2)". eoPortal. ESA. 2012. Retrieved 31 December 2022.
^ "ESA - ERS-2". Enabling and Support. ESA. Retrieved 31 December 2022.
^ ESA. "Flight Dynamics". Retrieved 16 September 2016.
^ Turner, Ben (22 February 2024). "5,000-pound European satellite burns up over Pacific Ocean after 30 years in orbit". Live Science.
^ ESA. "ERS-2 Reentry". Retrieved 18 February 2024.
^ Cuthbertson, Anthony (21 February 2024). "Satellite crash – live: Out-of-control ERS-2 heading for Earth". The Independent. Retrieved 21 February 2024. The European Space Agency has finally confirmed that the two-tonne satellite reentered the Earth's atmosphere somewhere between Alaska and Hawaii.
^ Dunn, Marcia (22 February 2024). "Old European satellite plunges harmlessly through the atmosphere over the Pacific". Associated Press.

External links

ERS homepage at ESA
Next ESA SAR Toolbox Archived 3 March 2016 at the Wayback Machine for viewing, calibrating and analyzing ERS 1 & 2 SAR Level 1 data and higher

[Gunter-1] Krebs, Gunter (2020). "ERS 1, 2". Gunter's Space Page. Retrieved 31 December 2022.

[2] "ERS - Earth Online". earth.esa.int. Retrieved 8 May 2022.

[eoportal-ers1-3] "ERS-1 (European Remote-Sensing Satellite-1)". eoPortal. ESA. 2012. Retrieved 31 December 2022.

[eoportal-ers2-4] "ERS-2 (European Remote-Sensing Satellite-2)". eoPortal. ESA. 2012. Retrieved 31 December 2022.

[5] "ESA - ERS-2". Enabling and Support. ESA. Retrieved 31 December 2022.

[6] ESA. "Flight Dynamics". Retrieved 16 September 2016.

[7] Turner, Ben (22 February 2024). "5,000-pound European satellite burns up over Pacific Ocean after 30 years in orbit". Live Science.

[8] ESA. "ERS-2 Reentry". Retrieved 18 February 2024.

[9] Cuthbertson, Anthony (21 February 2024). "Satellite crash – live: Out-of-control ERS-2 heading for Earth". The Independent. Retrieved 21 February 2024. The European Space Agency has finally confirmed that the two-tonne satellite reentered the Earth's atmosphere somewhere between Alaska and Hawaii.

[10] Dunn, Marcia (22 February 2024). "Old European satellite plunges harmlessly through the atmosphere over the Pacific". Associated Press.

[1]

[2]

[3]

[4]

[5]

[6]

[7]

[8]

[9]

[10]

@@ Line 1: / Line 1: @@
+{{Short description|European Space Agency Earth-observing satellite program}}
-{{More citations needed|date=October 2016}}
+{{about|the European satellite program|the 1960s United States Air Force satellite program also abbreviated ERS|Environmental Research Satellite#TRS_Mk._1}}
 {{Use British English|date=January 2014}}
-{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2014}}
+{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2022}}
 [[File:ERS 2.jpg|thumb|right|A full-size model of ERS-2.]]
-'''European [[remote sensing]] satellite''' ('''ERS''') was the [[European Space Agency]]'s first [[Earth observation satellite|Earth-observing satellite]] programme using a polar orbit. It consisted of 2 satellites, ERS-1 and ERS-2.
+'''European Remote Sensing satellite''' ('''ERS''') was the [[European Space Agency]]'s first [[Earth observation satellite|Earth-observing satellite]] programme using a [[polar orbit]]. It consisted of two satellites, ERS-1 and ERS-2, with ERS-1 being launched in 1991.
 ==ERS-1==
+{{Infobox spaceflight
+| name               = ERS-1
+| mission_type       = Earth observatrion
+| COSPAR_ID          = 1991-050A
+| declared = 10 March 2000
+}}
-'''ERS-1''' (COSPAR 1991-050A) launched 17 July 1991 from [[Guiana Space Centre]] aboard an [[Ariane 4]] rocket.<ref name="Gunter">https://space.skyrocket.de/doc_sdat/ers-1.htm</ref> The [[satellite]] was put into a [[Sun-synchronous]] [[polar orbit]] at an altitude of 782&ndash;785&nbsp;km. ERS-1 failed on 10 March 2000, far exceeding its expected lifespan.
+'''ERS-1''' launched 17 July 1991 from [[Guiana Space Centre]] aboard an [[Ariane 4]] rocket.<ref name="Gunter">{{cite web |last1=Krebs |first1=Gunter |title=ERS 1, 2 |url=https://space.skyrocket.de/doc_sdat/ers-1.htm |website=Gunter's Space Page |access-date=31 December 2022 |date=2020}}</ref> The [[satellite]] was put into a [[Sun-synchronous]] [[polar orbit]] at an altitude of 782&ndash;785&nbsp;km. ERS-1 failed on 10 March 2000 after nine years in orbit.<ref>{{cite web |title=ERS - Earth Online |url=https://earth.esa.int/eogateway/missions/ers |website=earth.esa.int |access-date=8 May 2022}}</ref>
 ===Instruments===
-ERS-1 carried an array of Earth-observation instruments that gathered information about the Earth (land, water, ice and atmosphere) using a variety of measurement principles. These included:
+ERS-1 carried an array of Earth-observation instruments that gathered information about the Earth (land, water, ice, and atmosphere) using a variety of measurement principles. These included:
 * RA (Radar Altimeter) is a single frequency [[nadir]]-pointing [[radar]] [[altimeter]] operating in the [[Ku band|K<sub>u</sub> band]].
 * ATSR-1 ([[AATSR#Predecessors|Along-Track Scanning Radiometer]]) is a 4 channel [[infrared]] [[radiometer]] and [[microwave]] sounder for measuring temperatures at the sea-surface and the top of clouds.
-* SAR ([[synthetic aperture radar]]) operating in C band can detect changes in surface heights with sub-millimeter precision.
+* SAR ([[synthetic-aperture radar]]) operating in C band can detect changes in surface heights with sub-millimeter precision.
 * [[Wind]] [[Scatterometer]] used to calculate information on wind speed and direction.
 * MWR is a [[Microwave radiometer|Microwave Radiometer]] used in measuring atmospheric water, as well as providing a correction for the atmospheric water for the altimeter.
-To accurately determine its orbit, the satellite included the PRARE (Precision Range and Range-Rate Equipment) and a [[Laser]] [[Retroreflector]]. The PRARE became non-operational shortly after launch. The [[Retroreflector]] was used for calibrating the [[Radar]] [[Altimeter]] to within 10&nbsp;cm.
+To accurately determine its orbit, the satellite included the PRARE (Precision Range and Range-Rate Equipment) and a [[laser]] [[retroreflector]]. The PRARE became non-operational shortly after launch; later analysis concluded that the failure was due to a memory [[Radiation_hardening#Single-event_latchup|latchup]] caused by radiation.<ref name="eoportal-ers1"/> The [[retroreflector]] was used for calibrating the [[Radar Altimeter| radar altimeter]] to within 10&nbsp;cm.
 ===Mission===
 ERS-1 had various mission phases using 3-day and 35-day repeat cycles. During the geodetic mission, ERS-1 was put in two long repeat cycles of 168 days, which is equivalent to a single 336-day cycle. The geodetic mission allowed for accurate mapping of the Earth's [[bathymetry]] and [[geoid]] over the seas using the Radar Altimeter.
+On 10 March 2000, ERS-1's [[Spacecraft attitude control|attitude control]] system failed due to a [[gyroscope]] malfunction and its mission was officially declared finished.<ref name="eoportal-ers1">{{cite web |title=ERS-1 (European Remote-Sensing Satellite-1) |url=https://www.eoportal.org/satellite-missions/ers-1 |website=eoPortal |publisher=[[ESA]] |access-date=31 December 2022 |date=2012}}</ref>
 ==ERS-2==
+{{Infobox spaceflight
-Its successor, '''ERS-2''' (COSPAR 1995-021A), was launched on 21 April 1995, on an [[Ariane 4]], from ESA's [[Guiana Space Centre]] near [[Kourou]], [[French Guiana]]. Largely identical to ERS-1, it added additional instruments and included improvements to existing instruments including:
+| name               = ERS-2
+| mission_type       = Earth observatrion
+| COSPAR_ID          = 1995-021A
+| orbit_altitude = {{convert|780|km|mi|abbr=on}}<ref name="eoportal-ers2"/>
+| orbit_inclination = 98.5°<ref name="eoportal-ers2"/>
+| deactivated = 5 September 2011
+| decay_date = 21 February 2024
+}}
+Its successor, '''ERS-2''', was launched on 21 April 1995, on an Ariane 4, from ESA's Guiana Space Centre near [[Kourou]], [[French Guiana]].<ref>{{cite web |title=ESA - ERS-2 |url=https://www.esa.int/Enabling_Support/Operations/ERS-2 |website=Enabling and Support |publisher=[[ESA]] |access-date=31 December 2022}}</ref> Largely identical to ERS-1, it added additional instruments and improved existing instruments including:
 * GOME (Global [[Ozone]] Monitoring Experiment) is a [[nadir]] scanning [[ultraviolet]] and visible [[spectrometer]].
-* ATSR-2 included 3 visible spectrum bands specialized for [[Chlorophyll]] and [[Vegetation]]
+* ATSR-2 included 3 visible spectrum bands specialized for [[chlorophyll]] and [[vegetation]]
+When ERS-2 was launched, ERS-1 shared the same orbital plane. This allowed a [[tandem]] mission, with ERS-2 passing the same point on the ground 1 day later than ERS-1. ERS-2 has a repeat cycle of 35 days.<ref name="eoportal-ers2">{{cite web |title=ERS-2 (European Remote-Sensing Satellite-2) |url=https://www.eoportal.org/satellite-missions/ers-2 |website=eoPortal |publisher=[[ESA]] |access-date=31 December 2022 |date=2012}}</ref>
+ERS-2 operated without gyroscopes from February 2001, resulting in some degradation of the data provided by the instruments. The tape drive aboard failed on 22 June 2003, leaving the instruments operating only within visibility of a ground station. After the tape drive failure additional ground stations were brought online to increase the data gathering abilities of the satellite. The Wind Scatterometer and GOME were the only instruments of their kind until the launches of [[MetOp-A]] and [[Envisat]], respectively.
+The successor to ERS-2 was the [[Envisat]] satellite, launched 1 March 2002. Envisat contained improved versions of many of the instruments onboard ERS-2. However, even after the launch of its successor, the operational life of ERS-2 was extended until 2011, when the decision was made to end the mission. Over a series of burns in July, August and September, ERS-2 was finally depleted of all fuel on 5 September 2011. At 13:16:38 the batteries were switched off and the satellite decommissioned. The spacecraft was left in an orbit where it will reenter the Earth's atmosphere and safely disintegrate within 25 years, in accordance with international standards.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.esa.int/Our_Activities/Operations/gse/Flight_Dynamics|title=Flight Dynamics|last=[[ESA]]|access-date=2016-09-16}}</ref>
-When ERS-2 was launched, ERS-1 shared the same orbital plane. This allowed a [[tandem]] mission, with ERS-2 passing the same point on the ground 1 day later than ERS-1. ERS-2 has a repeat cycle of 35 days.
+In the final stages of emptying the fuel tanks, it was estimated that they would be empty after a 40-minute burn on 2 September 2011. However, the spacecraft survived both this manoeuvre and a second 40-minute burn on 3 September. On 5 September a third burn was initiated. The fuel tanks were finally drained, and the spacecraft orbit was lowered from 785 to 573&nbsp;km above Earth.<ref>{{cite web|website=[[Live Science]]|title=5,000-pound European satellite burns up over Pacific Ocean after 30 years in orbit|first=Ben |last=Turner|date=22 February 2024|url=https://www.livescience.com/space/space-exploration/5000-pound-european-satellite-burns-up-over-pacific-ocean-after-30-years-in-orbit}}</ref>
-ERS-2 has been operating without [[gyroscope]]s since February 2001, resulting in some degradation of the data provided by the instruments. The tape drive aboard failed on 22 June 2003, leaving the instruments operating only within visibility of a ground station. Since the tape drive failure additional ground stations have been brought online to increase the data gathering abilities of the satellite. The Wind Scatterometer and GOME were the only instruments of their kind until the launches of [[MetOp-A]] and [[Envisat]], respectively.
+In February 2024, ESA reported that ERS-2 was expected to reenter in an uncontrolled fashion, some time between 16 February and 22 February 2024.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://blogs.esa.int/rocketscience/2024/02/05/ers-2-reentry-homepage//|title=ERS-2 Reentry|last=[[ESA]]|access-date=2024-02-18}}</ref>
-The successor to ERS-2 was the [[Envisat]] satellite, launched 1 March 2002. Envisat contained improved versions of many of the instruments onboard ERS-2. However, even after the launch of its successor, the operational life of ERS-2 was increased until 2011, when the decision was made to end the mission. Over a series of burns in July, August and September, ERS-2 was finally depleted of all fuel on 5 September 2011. At 13:16:38 the batteries were switched off and the satellite decommissioned. The spacecraft was left in an orbit where it will reenter the Earth's atmosphere and safely disintegrate within 25 years, in accordance with international standards.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.esa.int/Our_Activities/Operations/gse/Flight_Dynamics|title=Flight Dynamics|last=esa|access-date=2016-09-16}}</ref>
+The satellite reentered at 1717 UTC on 21 February, in the Pacific Ocean between Alaska and Hawaii.<ref>{{cite news|newspaper=The Independent|title=Satellite crash – live: Out-of-control ERS-2 heading for Earth|first=Anthony |last=Cuthbertson|date=21 February 2024|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/space/satellite-crash-ers-2-live-earth-where-time-b2499863.html|access-date=21 February 2024|quote=The European Space Agency has finally confirmed that the two-tonne satellite reentered the Earth's atmosphere somewhere between Alaska and Hawaii.}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|agency=Associated Press|title=Old European satellite plunges harmlessly through the atmosphere over the Pacific|first=Marcia|last=Dunn|date=22 February 2024|url=https://apnews.com/article/reentry-satellite-dead-breakup-548b35be9b8d3ff4cd090942702e6cb4}}</ref>
-In the final stages of emptying the fuel tanks, it was estimated that they would be empty after a 40-minute burn on 2 September 2011. However, the spacecraft survived both this maneuver and a second 40-minute burn on 3 September. On 5 September a third burn was initiated and the fuel tanks were finally drained.
 {{Clear}}
@@ Line 51: / Line 73: @@
 ==External links==
+{{Commons category|European Remote-Sensing Satellite}}
-* [http://earth.esa.int/ers/ ERS-homepage at ESA]
-* [http://www.esa.int/SPECIALS/Operations/SEMM1Z8L6VE_0.html ERS operations page at ESA]
+* [https://earth.esa.int/eogateway/missions/ers ERS homepage at ESA]
-* [http://www.array.ca/nest Next ESA SAR Toolbox] for viewing, calibrating and analyzing ERS 1 & 2 SAR Level 1 data and higher
+* [http://www.array.ca/nest Next ESA SAR Toolbox] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303174107/http://www.array.ca/nest |date=3 March 2016 }} for viewing, calibrating and analyzing ERS 1 & 2 SAR Level 1 data and higher
-{{Space-based meteorological observation}}
 {{ESA projects}}
+{{Orbital launches in 1991}}
+{{Orbital launches in 1995}}
 [[Category:Earth observation satellites of the European Space Agency]]
 [[Category:European Space Agency programmes]]
 [[Category:Space synthetic aperture radar]]
-[[Category:Space radar altimeters]]
+[[Category:Earth satellite radar altimeters]]
 [[Category:Spacecraft launched in 1991]]
 [[Category:Spacecraft launched in 1995]]
 [[Category:Spacecraft launched by Ariane rockets]]
+[[Category:Spacecraft decommissioned in 2011]]
+[[Category:Spacecraft which reentered in 2024]]

v t e ← 1990 Orbital launches in 1991 1992 →
January	NATO 4A Progress M-6 Italsat 1, Eutelsat-2 F2 Kosmos 2121 Kosmos 2122 Informator No.1
February	Kosmos 2123 Kosmos 2124 Kosmos 2125, Kosmos 2126, Kosmos 2127, Kosmos 2128, Kosmos 2129, Kosmos 2130, Kosmos 2131, Kosmos 2132 Kosmos 2133 Kosmos 2134 Molniya 1-80 Kosmos 2135 Gran' No.38L
March	Astra 1B, Meteosat 5 Kosmos 2136 USA-69 Inmarsat-2 F2 Nadezhda No.409 Progress M-7 Kosmos 2137 Molniya-3 No.55 Kosmos 2138 Almaz 1
April	Kosmos 2139, Kosmos 2140, Kosmos 2141 Anik E2 STS-37 (Compton GRO) ASC-2 Kosmos 2142 BS-3h Meteor-3 No.6 STS-39 (IBSS/SPAS (CRO-A, CRO-B, CRO-C), USA-70)
May	NOAA-12 Kosmos 2143, Kosmos 2144, Kosmos 2145, Kosmos 2146, Kosmos 2147, Kosmos 2148 Soyuz TM-12 Resurs-F2 No.6 Kosmos 2149 Satcom C5 Progress M-8
June	Okean-O1 No.6 STS-40 Kosmos 2150 Kosmos 2151 Molniya 1-81 Unnamed Resurs-F1 No.52 REX
July	Gorizont No.34L USA-71, Losat-X Kosmos 2152 Kosmos 2153 ERS-1, Orbcomm-X, SARA , Tubsat-A, UoSAT-5 Microsat 1, Microsat 2, Microsat 3, Microsat 4, Microsat 5, Microsat 6, Microsat 7 Resurs-F1 No.53
August	Molniya 1-82 STS-43 (TDRS-5) Intelsat VI F5 Meteor-3 No.5 Progress M-9 Resurs-F2 No.7 Kosmos 2154 Yuri 3b IRS-1B Yohkoh Unnamed
September	STS-48 (UARS) Kosmos 2155 Molniya-3 No.48 Kosmos 2156 Anik E1 Kosmos 2157, Kosmos 2158, Kosmos 2159, Kosmos 2160, Kosmos 2161, Kosmos 2162
October	Soyuz TM-13 Foton No.7L Kosmos 2163 Kosmos 2164 Progress M-10 Gorizont No.35L Intelsat VI F1
November	USA-72, USA-74, USA-76, USA-77 Kosmos 2165, Kosmos 2166, Kosmos 2167, Kosmos 2168, Kosmos 2169, Kosmos 2170 Kosmos 2171 Kosmos 2172 STS-44 (USA-75) Kosmos 2173 USA-73
December	Eutelsat-2 F3 Telecom 2A, Inmarsat-2 F3 Kosmos 2174 Interkosmos 25, Magion 3 Gran' No.39L Zhongxing-4
Launches are separated by dots ( • ), payloads by commas ( , ), multiple names for the same satellite by slashes ( / ). Crewed flights are underlined. Launch failures are marked with the † sign. Payloads deployed from other spacecraft are (enclosed in parentheses).

v t e ← 1994 Orbital launches in 1995 1996 →
January	Intelsat 704 Express 1 Tsikada 1, Faisat 1, Astrid 1 Apstar 2 USA-108
February	STS-63 (SPARTAN-204, ODERACS 2A, ODERACS 2B, ODERACS 2C, ODERACS 2D, ODERACS 2E, ODERACS 2F Progress M-26 Foton #10
March	STS-67 Kosmos 2306 Kosmos 2307, Kosmos 2308, Kosmos 2309 Soyuz TM-21 SFU, Himawari 5 Kosmos 2310 Intelsat 705 Kosmos 2311 USA-109 Gurwin 1, EKA-2, UNAMSAT-A Brasilsat B2, Hot Bird 1
April	Orbcomm FM1, Orbcomm FM2, OrbView-1 Ofek-3 AMSC-1 Progress M-27 ERS-2
May	USA-110 Intelsat 706 Spektr GOES 9 Kosmos 2312 USA-111
June	Kosmos 2313 DirecTV-3 STEP-3 STS-71 Kosmos 2314
July	Kosmos 2315 Helios 1A, Cerise, UPMSat USA-112 STS-70 (TDRS-7) Progress M-28 Kosmos 2316, Kosmos 2317, Kosmos 2318 USA-113
August	Interbol 1, Maigon 4 PAS-4 Koreasat 1 Molniya 3-59 GEMStar 1 JCSAT-3 N-STAR a Kosmos 2319 Sich-1, FASat-Alfa
September	Soyuz TM-22 STS-69 (SPARTAN-201, WSF) Telstar 402R Resurs-F2 #10 Kosmos 2320
October	Kosmos 2321 Progress M-29 Luch-1 Astra 1E STS-73 USA-114 METEOR Kosmos 2322
November	Radarsat-1, SURFSAT USA-115 STS-74 (SO) ISO Gals 2 AsiaSat 2
December	SOHO USA-116 Télécom 2C, INSAT-2C Kosmos 2323, Kosmos 2324, Kosmos 2325 Galaxy 3R Progress M-30 Kosmos 2326 IRS-1C, Skipper EchoStar I RXTE
Launches are separated by dots ( • ), payloads by commas ( , ), multiple names for the same satellite by slashes ( / ). Crewed flights are underlined. Launch failures are marked with the † sign. Payloads deployed from other spacecraft are (enclosed in parentheses).