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{{Use Indian English|date=December 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2018}}
{{Infobox language
{{Infobox language
| name = Thadou-Kuki
| name = Thadou–Kuki
| altname = Thado, Thaadou, Thado-Pao
| altname = Thado Chin, Thadou, Kuki
| nativename = Thadou
| nativename = Thadoupao
| states = [[India]] and [[Myanmar]]
| states = [[India]]
| region = [[Manipur]], [[Nagaland]], [[Assam]] , [[Mizoram]] and [[Tripura]]
| region = [[Manipur]]
| ethnicity = [[Thadou people]], [[Kuki people]] and [[Zo people]]
| ethnicity = [[Kuki people]], natively to the [[Thadou people|Thadou tribe]].
| speakers = {{sigfig|848,100|2}}
| speakers = {{sigfig|346,100|2}}
| date = 2011–2020
| date = 2011–2017
| ref = e25
| ref = e25
| familycolor = Sino-Tibetan
| familycolor = Sino-Tibetan
| fam2 = [[Tibeto-Burman languages|Tibeto-Burman]]
| fam2 = [[Tibeto-Burman languages|Tibeto-Burman]]
| fam3 = [[Central Tibeto-Burman languages|Central Tibeto-Burman]] (?)
| fam3 = [[Kuki-Chin-Naga languages|Kuki-Chin-Naga]]
| fam4 = [[Kuki-Chin-Naga languages|Kuki-Chin-Naga]]
| fam4 = [[Kuki-Chin languages|Kuki-Chin]]
| fam5 = [[Kuki-Chin languages|Kuki-Chin]]
| fam5 = [[Northern Kuki-Chin languages|Northern]]
⚫
| iso3 = tcz
| fam6 = [[Northern Kuki-Chin languages|Northern]]
⚫
| glotto = thad1238
⚫
| iso3 = tcz
⚫
| glottorefname = Thado Chin
⚫
| glotto = thad1238
⚫
| glottorefname = Thado Chin
}}
}}
<!-- Deleted image removed: [[File:Map thado.png|thumb|This map shows in what areas this language is primarily used.]] -->
<!-- Deleted image removed: [[File:Map thado.png|thumb|This map shows in what areas this language is primarily used.]] -->
'''Thadou''' or '''Thado Chin''' is a [[Sino-Tibetan languages|Sino-Tibetan]] language of the [[Northern Kuki-Chin languages|Northern]] [[Kuki-Chin languages|Kuki-Chin-Mizo]] sub-branch. It is spoken mainly by the [[Thadou people]] and also the other [[Zo people]]/[[Kuki people]] tribes as their second language, as well as first in [[Northeast India]] (specifically in [[Manipur]], [[Assam]] , [[Mizoram]] , [[Nagaland]] and also in [[Tripura]]).<ref>{{Cite book|last1=Mahapatra|first1=Bijaya P.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=UhcLAQAAMAAJ&q=number+of+thadou+speaking+states+in+india|title=The Written Languages of the World: A Survey of the Degree and Modes of Use : Book 2, Non-Constitutional Languages|last2=Padmanabha|first2=P.|date=December 1989|publisher=Pr De L'Universite Laval|isbn=978-2-7637-7196-0|page=1311|language=en}}</ref>
'''Thadou''', '''Kuki''', or '''Thado Chin''' is a [[Sino-Tibetan languages|Sino-Tibetan]] language of the [[Northern Kuki-Chin languages|Northern]] [[Kuki-Chin languages|Kuki-Chin]] sub-branch. It is spoken by the [[Thadou people]] in [[Northeast India]] (specifically in [[Manipur]] and [[Assam]]).<ref>{{Cite book|last1=Mahapatra|first1=Bijaya P.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=UhcLAQAAMAAJ&q=number+of+thadou+speaking+states+in+india|title=The Written Languages of the World: A Survey of the Degree and Modes of Use : Book 2, Non-Constitutional Languages|last2=Padmanabha|first2=P.|date=December 1989|publisher=Pr De L'Universite Laval|isbn=978-2-7637-7196-0|page=1311|language=en|access-date=2 January 2022|archive-date=27 May 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230527015748/https://books.google.com/books?id=UhcLAQAAMAAJ&q=number%20of%20thadou%20speaking%20states%20in%20india|url-status=live}}</ref>
The speakers of this language use [[Meitei language]] as their [[second language]] (L2) according to the [[Ethnologue]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Meitei {{!}} Ethnologue |url=https://www.ethnologue.com/language/mni/ |access-date=2023-05-03 |website=[[Ethnologue]] |language=en}}</ref>
The speakers of this language use [[Meitei language]] as their [[second language]] (L2) according to the [[Ethnologue]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Meitei {{!}} Ethnologue |url=https://www.ethnologue.com/language/mni/ |access-date=2023-05-03 |website=[[Ethnologue]] |language=en |archive-date=24 July 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190724203234/https://www.ethnologue.com/language/mni/ |url-status=live }}</ref>


The language is known by many names, including '''Thado''', '''Thado-Pao''', '''Thado-Ubiphei''', '''Thādo''', '''Thaadou Kuki''', or just '''Kuki''' or '''Chin'''.
The language is known by many names, including '''Thado''', '''Thado-Pao''', '''Thado-Ubiphei''', '''Thādo''', '''Thaadou Kuki''', or just '''Kuki''' or '''Chin'''.


⚫
There are several dialects of this language: Hangshing, Khongsai, Kipgen, Saimar, Langiung, Sairang, Thangngeo, Haokip, Sitlhou, Singson (Shingsol).<ref name=e25/> The Saimar dialect was reported in the Indian press in 2012 to be spoken by only four people in one village in the state of [[Tripura]].<ref name="Saimar hindu">{{cite news |url= http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/article3650421.ece |title= Just 4 people keep a language alive |newspaper= The Hindu |date= 18 July 2012 |access-date= 7 April 2013 |archive-date= 3 January 2013 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20130103122507/http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/article3650421.ece |url-status= live }}</ref> The variety spoken in [[Manipur]] has partial mutual intelligibility with the other [[Kuki-Chin languages|Mizo-Kuki-Chin languages]] varieties of the area including [[Paite language|Paite]], [[Hmar language|Hmar]], [[Vaiphei language|Vaiphei]], [[Simte language|Simte]], [[Kom language (India)|Kom]] and [[Gangte language|Gangte]] languages.<ref name=Singh>{{cite journal|last1=Singh|first1=Chungkham Yashawanta|title=The linguistic situation in Manipur|journal=Linguistics of the Tibeto-Burman Area|date=1995|volume=18|issue=1|pages=129–134|url=http://sealang.net/sala/archives/pdf8/singh1995linguistic.pdf|access-date=19 June 2014|archive-date=19 August 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140819085546/http://sealang.net/sala/archives/pdf8/singh1995linguistic.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref>
Thadou language is the second most spoken language in Manipur and was given the recognition of second language and main language in the Manipur hills during the British period.

⚫
There are several dialects of this language: Hangshing, Khongsai, Kipgen, Saimar, Langiung, Sairang, Thangngeo, Haokip, Sitlhou, Singson (Shingsol).<ref name=e25/> The Saimar dialect was reported in the Indian press in 2012 to be spoken by only four people in one village in the state of [[Tripura]].<ref name="Saimar hindu">{{cite news|url = http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/article3650421.ece |title= Just 4 people keep a language alive |newspaper= The Hindu | date= 18 July 2012 |access-date=7 April 2013}}</ref> The variety spoken in [[Manipur]] has partial mutual intelligibility with the other [[Kuki-Chin languages|Mizo-Kuki-Chin languages]] varieties of the area including [[Paite language|Paite]], [[Hmar language|Hmar]], [[Vaiphei language|Vaiphei]], [[Simte language|Simte]], [[Kom language (India)|Kom]] and [[Gangte language|Gangte]] languages.<ref name=Singh>{{cite journal|last1=Singh|first1=Chungkham Yashawanta|title=The linguistic situation in Manipur|journal=Linguistics of the Tibeto-Burman Area|date=1995|volume=18|issue=1|pages=129–134|url=http://sealang.net/sala/archives/pdf8/singh1995linguistic.pdf|access-date=19 June 2014}}</ref>


==Geographical distribution ==
==Geographical distribution ==
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***[[Tengnoupal district]]
***[[Tengnoupal district]]
***[[Pherzawl district]]
***[[Pherzawl district]]
***[[Kamjong district]]
***[[Noney district]]
**[[Assam]]
**[[Assam]]
***[[Karbi Anglong district|Karbi Anglong]] (Mikil Hills)
***[[Karbi Anglong district|Karbi Anglong]] (Mikil Hills)
***NC hills ([[Dima Hasao district|Dima Hasoa]])
***NC hills ([[Dima Hasao district|Dima Hasoa]])
**[[Nagaland]]
***[[Peren district]]
***[[phek district]]
***[[Dimapur district]]
**[[Mizoram]]
*[[Myanmar]]
**[[Chin state]]
**[[Sagaing Region|Sagaing region]]
**[[Kachin State]]


==Dialects==
==Dialects==
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*Lhungdim
*Lhungdim
*Baite
*Baite
*Guite
*Kholhou
*Changsan
*Singsit
*Hanghal/Lhanghal
*Doungel
*Milhiem
*Dimngel
*Lunkim
*Lhoujem

{{div col end}}
{{div col end}}


The Saimar dialect is only spoken by 4 people in one village, which is located in [[Tripura]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/just-4-people-keep-a-language-alive/article3650421.ece|title=Just 4 people keep a language alive|date=18 July 2012|work=The Hindu}}</ref>
The Saimar dialect is only spoken by 4 people in one village, which is located in [[Tripura]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/just-4-people-keep-a-language-alive/article3650421.ece|title=Just 4 people keep a language alive|date=18 July 2012|work=The Hindu|access-date=12 July 2022|archive-date=13 September 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240913180145/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/just-4-people-keep-a-language-alive/article3650421.ece|url-status=live}}</ref>


== Phonology ==
== Phonology ==
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==Further reading==
==Further reading==
{{Incubator|code=tcz}}
{{Incubator|code=tcz}}
* {{Cite journal |last=Haokip |first=Pauthang |date=April 2011 |title=The Languages of Manipur: A Case Study of the Kuki-Chin-Mizo Languages |url=http://sealang.net/archives/ltba/pdf/LTBA-34.1.85.pdf |journal=Linguistics of the Tibeto-Burman Area |volume=34 |issue=1 |pages=85-118 |doi=10.15144/LTBA-34.1.85 |access-date=9 March 2017}}
*Did you know Thado Chin is severely endangered? (n.d.). Retrieved 10 March 2017, from http://www.endangeredlanguages.com/lang/5702
* {{Cite web |title=History |url=http://thethadou.webs.com/history.htm |access-date=9 March 2017 |website=thethadou.webs.com}}
*Haokip, P. (2011). Linguistics of the Tibeto-Burman Area. THE LANGUAGES OF MANIPUR: A CASE STUDY OF THE KUKI-CHIN-MIZO LANGUAGES*, 34.1 (April), 85-118. Retrieved 9 March 2017, from https://dx.doi.org/10.15144/LTBA-34.1.85
* {{Cite web |title=Thado Chin |url=http://www.endangeredlanguages.com/lang/5702 |access-date=10 March 2017 |website=Endangered Languages Project}}
*History. (n.d.). Retrieved 9 March 2017, from http://thethadou.webs.com/history.htm
* {{Cite web |title=Thado Chin |url=http://glottolog.org/resource/languoid/id/thad1238 |access-date=10 March 2017 |website=[[Glottolog]]}}
*MultiTree: A Digital Library of Language RelationshipsMultiTree: A Digital Library of Language Relationships. (n.d.). Retrieved 8 March 2017, from http://multitree.org/codes/tcz.html
* {{Cite web |title=Thado Chin Rosary Prayers |url=http://www.marysrosaries.com/Chin_Thado_prayers.html |access-date=7 March 2017 |website=marysrosaries.com}}
*"Thadou." Encyclopedia of World Cultures. . Retrieved 3 May 2017 from Encyclopedia.com: <nowiki>http://www.encyclopedia.com/humanities/encyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-maps/thadou</nowiki>
* {{Cite encyclopedia |title=Thadou |encyclopedia=Encyclopedia of World Cultures |url=http://www.encyclopedia.com/humanities/encyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-maps/thadou |access-date=3 May 2017 |via=Encyclopedia.com}}
*Thado Chin. (n.d.). Retrieved 10 March 2017, from http://glottolog.org/resource/languoid/id/thad1238
* {{Cite web |title=Thadou Kuki language |url=https://globalrecordings.net/en/language/759 |access-date=10 March 2017 |website=globalrecordings.net}}
*Thado Chin Rosary Prayers. (n.d.). Retrieved 7 March 2017, from http://www.marysrosaries.com/Chin_Thado_prayers.html
⚫
* {{Cite web |title=The Thadou (or Thado) |url=http://www.myanmarburma.com/attraction/174/the-thadou-or-thado |access-date=9 March 2017}}
*Thadou Kuki language. (n.d.). Retrieved 10 March 2017, from https://globalrecordings.net/en/language/759
⚫
* {{Cite web |title=Where on earth do they speak Chin, Thado? |url=http://www.verbix.com/maps/language/ChinThado.html |access-date=10 March 2017 |website=verbix.com}}
⚫
*The Thadou (or Thado). (n.d.). Retrieved 9 March 2017, from http://www.myanmarburma.com/attraction/174/the-thadou-or-thado
⚫
*Where on earth do they speak Chin, Thado? (n.d.). Retrieved 10 March 2017, from http://www.verbix.com/maps/language/ChinThado.html
*St George International Ltd. (n.d.). Retrieved 4 May 2017, from <nowiki>http://www.stgeorges.co.uk/blog/learn-english/how-many-people-in-the-world-speak-english</nowiki>


{{Sino-Tibetan languages}}
{{Sino-Tibetan languages}}

Latest revision as of 18:03, 13 September 2024

"Kuki language" redirects here. Not to be confused with Kuki language (Nigeria).

Thadou–Kuki
Thado Chin, Thadou, Kuki
Thadoupao
Native toIndia
RegionManipur
EthnicityKuki people, natively to the Thadou tribe.
Native speakers
350,000 (2011–2017)[1]
Language codes
ISO 639-3tcz
Glottologthad1238
ELPThado Chin

Thadou, Kuki, or Thado Chin is a Sino-Tibetan language of the Northern Kuki-Chin sub-branch. It is spoken by the Thadou people in Northeast India (specifically in Manipur and Assam).[2] The speakers of this language use Meitei language as their second language (L2) according to the Ethnologue.[3]

The language is known by many names, including Thado, Thado-Pao, Thado-Ubiphei, Thādo, Thaadou Kuki, or just Kuki or Chin.

There are several dialects of this language: Hangshing, Khongsai, Kipgen, Saimar, Langiung, Sairang, Thangngeo, Haokip, Sitlhou, Singson (Shingsol).[1] The Saimar dialect was reported in the Indian press in 2012 to be spoken by only four people in one village in the state of Tripura.[4] The variety spoken in Manipur has partial mutual intelligibility with the other Mizo-Kuki-Chin languages varieties of the area including Paite, Hmar, Vaiphei, Simte, Kom and Gangte languages.[5]

Geographical distribution

[edit]

Thadou is spoken in the following locations (Ethnologue).

Dialects

[edit]

Ethnologue lists the following dialects of Thadou, the names of which mostly correspond to clan names. There is high mutual intelligibility among dialects.

  • Lupho
  • Lupheng
  • Misao
  • Hangsing
  • Chongloi
  • Khongsai
  • Kipgen
  • Langiung
  • Sairang
  • Thangngeo
  • Haokip
  • Sitlhou
  • Touthang
  • Haolai
  • Singson (Shingsol)
  • Hanghal
  • Lhouvum
  • Mate
  • Lhungdim
  • Baite

The Saimar dialect is only spoken by 4 people in one village, which is located in Tripura.[6]

Phonology

[edit]

Consonants

[edit]
Labial Alveolar Palatal Velar Glottal
Plosive voiceless p t k ʔ
aspirated pʰ tʰ
voiced b d ɡ
Affricate ts
Nasal m n ŋ
Fricative voiceless s x h
voiced v z
lateral ɬ
Approximant w l j
  • /p t k/ are heard unreleased as [p̚ t̚ k̚] in word-final position.
  • /ts/ is heard as more apical [ts̺] when occurring before front and central vowels.
  • /x/ can have a cognate of an aspirated velar plosive [kʰ] in the dialect spoken in Burma.
  • /ɬ/ can have an allophone of [l̥] in word-medial position.[7]

Vowels

[edit]
Front Central Back
Close i u
Mid e ə o
Open a

References

[edit]
  1. ^ a b Thadou–Kuki at Ethnologue (25th ed., 2022) Closed access icon
  2. ^ Mahapatra, Bijaya P.; Padmanabha, P. (December 1989). The Written Languages of the World: A Survey of the Degree and Modes of Use : Book 2, Non-Constitutional Languages. Pr De L'Universite Laval. p. 1311. ISBN 978-2-7637-7196-0. Archived from the original on 27 May 2023. Retrieved 2 January 2022.
  3. ^ "Meitei | Ethnologue". Ethnologue. Archived from the original on 24 July 2019. Retrieved 3 May 2023.
  4. ^ "Just 4 people keep a language alive". The Hindu. 18 July 2012. Archived from the original on 3 January 2013. Retrieved 7 April 2013.
  5. ^ Singh, Chungkham Yashawanta (1995). "The linguistic situation in Manipur" (PDF). Linguistics of the Tibeto-Burman Area. 18 (1): 129–134. Archived (PDF) from the original on 19 August 2014. Retrieved 19 June 2014.
  6. ^ "Just 4 people keep a language alive". The Hindu. 18 July 2012. Archived from the original on 13 September 2024. Retrieved 12 July 2022.
  7. ^ Haokip, Marykim (2014). Grammar of Thadou-Kuki: A Descriptive Study. New Delhi: Jawaharlal Nehru University.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)

Further reading

[edit]
Thadou language test of Wikipedia at Wikimedia Incubator
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Thadou_language&oldid=1245559125"