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| taxon = Cibotium
| taxon = Cibotium
| authority = Kaulf.
| authority = Kaulf.
| type_species = ''[[Cibotium chamissoi]]''
| type_species_authority = Kaulfuss
| subdivision_ranks = [[Species]]
| subdivision_ranks = [[Species]]
| subdivision = See text.
| subdivision = See text.
| synonyms=
* ''Hiatea'' <small>Menzies ex Hooker</small>
* ''Pinonia'' <small>Gaudichaud-Beaupré</small>
}}
}}


'''''Cibotium''''' (from [[Ancient Greek language|Greek]] {{lang|grc|{{linktext|κιβώτιον}}}}, ''kibṓtion'', "little chest" or "box"), also known as '''manfern''',<ref>https://plants.usda.gov/core/profile?symbol=CIBOT</ref> is a genus of 11 species of tropical [[Cyatheales|tree fern]]s. It is the only genus in family '''Cibotiaceae''' in the [[Pteridophyte Phylogeny Group]] classification of 2016 (PPG I).<ref name=PPGI/> Alternatively, the family may be treated as the subfamily '''Cibotioideae''' of a very broadly defined family [[Cyatheaceae]],<ref name=ChriChas14/> the family placement used for the genus in ''[[Plants of the World Online]]'' {{As of|2019|November|lc=yes}}.<ref name=POWO_17376040-1/>
'''''Cibotium''''' (from [[Ancient Greek language|Greek]] {{lang|grc|{{linktext|κιβώτιον}}}}, ''kibṓtion'', "little chest" or "box"), also known as '''manfern''',<ref>{{cite web |url=https://plants.usda.gov/core/profile?symbol=CIBOT |title = USDA Plants Database}}</ref> is a genus of 11 species of tropical [[Cyatheales|tree fern]]s. It is the only genus in family '''Cibotiaceae''' in the [[Pteridophyte Phylogeny Group]] classification of 2016 (PPG I).<ref name=PPGI/> Alternatively, the family may be treated as the subfamily '''Cibotioideae''' of a very broadly defined family [[Cyatheaceae]],<ref name=ChriChas14/> the family placement used for the genus in ''[[Plants of the World Online]]'' {{As of|2019|November|lc=yes}}.<ref name=POWO_17376040-1/>


==Species==
==Species==
{{As of|2019|November}}, ''[[Plants of the World Online]]'' accepted the following species and hybrids:<ref name=POWO_17376040-1/>
{{As of|2023|January}}, ''[[Plants of the World Online]]'' accepted the following species and hybrids:<ref name=POWO_17376040-1/>
{| class="wikitable"
⚫
*''[[Cibotium arachnoideum]]'' <small>(C.Chr.) Holttum</small>
|-
⚫
*''[[Cibotium barometz]]'' <small>(L.) J.Sm.</small>
! Image !! Scientific name !! Distribution
⚫
*''[[Cibotium chamissoi]]'' <small>Kaulf.</small>
|-
⚫
*''[[Cibotium cumingii]]'' <small>Kunze</small>
*''[[Cibotium glaucum]]'' <small>(Sm.) Hook. & Arn.</small>
| ||''[[Cibotium arachnoideum]]'' <small>(C.Chr.) Holttum</small> ||Borneo, Sumatra.
|-
⚫
*[[Cibotium × helenae|''Cibotium'' × ''helenae'']] <small>D.D.Palmer</small>
|[[File:Gardenology.org-IMG 7869 qsbg11mar.jpg|120px]] ||''[[Cibotium barometz]]'' <small>(L.) J.Sm.</small> ||Hawaii (Oahu), Southeast Asia from China to the Malay Peninsula.
⚫
*''[[Cibotium menziesii]]'' <small>Hook.</small>
|-
⚫
*''[[Cibotium nealiae]]'' <small>Degen.</small>
*''[[Cibotium schiedei]]'' <small>Schltdl. & Cham.</small>
|[[File:Cibotium chamissoi (5187378843).jpg|120px]] ||''[[Cibotium chamissoi]]'' <small>Kaulf.</small> ||Hawaii (Oahu).
|-
*''[[Cibotium sumatranum]]'' <small>Christ</small>
|[[File:Cibotium cumingii - Botanischer Garten München-Nymphenburg - DSC08035.JPG|120px]] ||''[[Cibotium cumingii]]'' <small>Kunze</small> ||Borneo to Philippines.
*''[[Cibotium taiwanense]]'' <small>C.M.Kuo</small>
|-

|[[File:Starr 050130-3338 Cibotium glaucum.jpg|120px]] ||''[[Cibotium glaucum]]'' <small>(Sm.) Hook. & Arn.</small> ||Hawaii.
|-
⚫
| || [[Cibotium × helenae|''Cibotium'' × ''helenae'']] <small>D.D.Palmer</small> (''C. chamissoi'' × ''C. menziesii'')||Hawaii (Oahu).
|-
|[[File:Starr 040713-0079 Cibotium menziesii.jpg|120px]] ||''[[Cibotium menziesii]]'' <small>Hook.</small> ||Hawaii.
|-
⚫
| ||''[[Cibotium nealiae]]'' <small>Degen.</small> || Hawaii (Kauai).
|-
|[[File:Laeken Royal Greenhouses Cibotium regale 01.jpg|120px]] ||''[[Cibotium regale]]'' <small>Verschaff. ex Regel</small> ||Mexico (Veracruz, Puebla, Chiapas), Belize, El Salvador, Guatemala, Honduras, Nicaragua.
|-
|[[File:Cibotium schiedei - Botanischer Garten München-Nymphenburg - DSC08006.JPG|120px]] ||''[[Cibotium schiedei]]'' <small>Schltdl. & Cham.</small> ||Mexico (Veracruz).
|-
⚫
| ||''[[Cibotium sumatranum]]'' <small>Christ</small> ||Sumatra.
|-
|[[File:台灣金狗毛蕨 - 溪頭自然教育園區 Cibotium taiwanense - Xitou Nature Education Area, Taiwan 20220614191217 04.jpg|120px]] ||''[[Cibotium taiwanense]]'' <small>C.M.Kuo</small> ||Taiwan.
|-
|}
Some extinct species have also been placed in this genus:<ref>Barrington, D. (1983). Cibotium oregonense: An Eocene Tree-Fern Stem and Petioles with Internal Structure. American Journal of Botany, 70(8), 1118-1124. Retrieved from https://www.jstor.org/stable/2443281</ref>
Some extinct species have also been placed in this genus:<ref>Barrington, D. (1983). Cibotium oregonense: An Eocene Tree-Fern Stem and Petioles with Internal Structure. American Journal of Botany, 70(8), 1118-1124. Retrieved from https://www.jstor.org/stable/2443281</ref>
*†''[[Cibotium iwatense]]'' <small>Ogura</small>
*†''[[Cibotium iwatense]]'' <small>Ogura</small>
*†''[[Cibotium oregonense]]'' <small>Barrington</small>
*†''[[Cibotium oregonense]]'' <small>Barrington</small>

==Phylogeny==
Phylogeny of ''Cibotium''<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Nitta |first1=Joel H. |last2=Schuettpelz |first2=Eric |last3=Ramírez-Barahona |first3=Santiago |last4=Iwasaki |first4=Wataru |display-authors=et al. |year=2022 |title=An Open and Continuously Updated Fern Tree of Life |journal=Frontiers in Plant Science |volume=13 |issue= |page= 909768| doi=10.3389/fpls.2022.909768 |pmid= 36092417|pmc= 9449725|bibcode= |doi-access=free}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last1= |first1= |last2= |display-authors=et al. |year=2023 |title=Tree viewer: interactive visualization of FTOL |url=https://fernphy.github.io/viewer.html |version=FTOL v1.4.0 [GenBank release 253] |access-date=8 March 2023}}</ref>
{{Clade | style=font-size:100%;line-height:80%
|1={{clade
|1={{clade
⚫
|1=''[[Cibotium arachnoideum|C. arachnoideum]]'' <small>(Christensen) Holttum</small>
|2={{clade
|1=''[[Cibotium barometz|C. barometz]]'' <small>(von Linné) Smith</small> (Scythian Lamb, Golden Chicken Fern)
⚫
|2=''[[Cibotium cumingii|C. cumingii]]'' <small>Kunze</small>
}}
}}
|2={{clade
|1={{clade
|1=''[[Cibotium regale|C. regale]]'' <small>Linden ex Smith</small> (Royal cibotium)
|2=''[[Cibotium schiedei|C. schiedei]]'' <small>von Schlechtendal & von Chamisso</small> (Mexican tree fern)
}}
|2={{clade
⚫
|1=''[[Cibotium nealiae|C. nealiae]]'' <small>O.Deg.</small>
|2={{clade
|1=''[[Cibotium chamissoi|C. chamissoi]]'' <small>Kaulfuss</small> (Man fern)
|2={{clade
|1=''[[Cibotium glaucum|C. glaucum]]'' <small>(Sm.) Hooker & Arnott</small> (Hawaiian tree fern)
⚫
|2=''[[Cibotium menziesii|C. menziesii]]'' <small>Hooker</small>
}}
}}
}}
}}
}}
}}


==Distribution==
==Distribution==
Line 40: Line 92:
''[[Cibotium glaucum]]'', from [[Hawaii|Hawai'i]]{{okina}}, is the most frequently encountered ''Cibotium'' species in the [[horticulture|horticultural]] trade, along with its sibling species ''[[Cibotium chamissoi]]'' and the large-growing ''[[Cibotium menziesii]]''. They are sometimes seen in [[California]] garden designs.
''[[Cibotium glaucum]]'', from [[Hawaii|Hawai'i]]{{okina}}, is the most frequently encountered ''Cibotium'' species in the [[horticulture|horticultural]] trade, along with its sibling species ''[[Cibotium chamissoi]]'' and the large-growing ''[[Cibotium menziesii]]''. They are sometimes seen in [[California]] garden designs.


''[[Cibotium barometz]]'' is best known for its role in ancient [[medicine]]. In traditional [[Chinese medicine]], it is used as an anti-inflammatory and an [[anodyne]]; its rhizome hairs are used in Malaysia and China as a [[styptic]] for wounds.<ref>{{cite book |first=T. K. |last=Lim | title=Edible Medicinal and Non-Medicinal Plants |volume=10, Modified Stems, Roots, Bulbs |publisher=Springer |year=2016 |isbn=9789401772754 |chapter=Cibotiaceae |page=88}}</ref> It is still exported from Malaysia for this purpose.<ref>{{cite book |first=Jeyamalar |last=Kathirithamby-Wells |title=Nature and Nation: Forests and Development in Peninsular Malaysia |publisher=University of Hawai'i Press |location=Honolulu |year=2005 |isbn=0824828631 |page=340}}</ref> Hair-covered pieces of the rhizome, with bud stalks imitating legs, were used to lend credence to the medieval legend of the [[Vegetable Lamb of Tartary]], a half-sheep, half-plant hybrid.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Large |first1=Mark F. |last2=Braggins |first2=John E. |title=Tree Ferns |publisher=Timber Press |year=2004 |location=Portland, Oregon |page=[https://archive.org/details/treeferns00mark/page/n363 360] |isbn=9780881926309 |url-access=registration |url=https://archive.org/details/treeferns00mark }}</ref>
''[[Cibotium barometz]]'' is best known for its role in ancient [[medicine]]. In traditional [[Chinese medicine]], it is used as an anti-inflammatory and an [[anodyne]]; its rhizome hairs are used in Malaysia and China as a [[styptic]] for wounds.<ref>{{cite book |first=T. K. |last=Lim | title=Edible Medicinal and Non-Medicinal Plants |volume=10, Modified Stems, Roots, Bulbs |publisher=Springer |year=2016 |isbn=9789401772754 |chapter=Cibotiaceae |page=88}}</ref> It is still exported from Malaysia for this purpose.<ref>{{cite book |first=Jeyamalar |last=Kathirithamby-Wells |title=Nature and Nation: Forests and Development in Peninsular Malaysia |publisher=University of Hawai'i Press |location=Honolulu |year=2005 |isbn=0824828631 |page=340}}</ref> Hair-covered pieces of the rhizome, with bud stalks imitating legs, were used to lend credence to the medieval legend of the [[Vegetable Lamb of Tartary]], a half-sheep, half-plant hybrid.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Large|first1=Mark F.|last2=Braggins|first2=John E. |author-link2=John E. Braggins|title=Tree Ferns |publisher=Timber Press |year=2004 |location=Portland, Oregon |page=[https://archive.org/details/treeferns00mark/page/n363 360] |isbn=9780881926309 |url-access=registration |url=https://archive.org/details/treeferns00mark }}</ref>


Historically, women in Hawai'i have used the furry part of the ''Cibotium'' as a [[tampon]].<ref>[http://www.straightdope.com/columns/read/2252/who-invented-tampons Who invented tampons?] June 6, 2006 The Straight Dope</ref>
Historically, women in Hawai'i have used the furry part of the ''Cibotium'' as a [[tampon]].<ref>[http://www.straightdope.com/columns/read/2252/who-invented-tampons Who invented tampons?] June 6, 2006 The Straight Dope</ref>
Line 51: Line 103:
<ref name=ChriChas14>{{Cite journal |last1=Christenhusz |first1=Maarten J.M. |last2=Chase |first2=Mark W. |date=2014 |title=Trends and concepts in fern classification |journal=Annals of Botany |volume=113 |issue=9 |pages=571–594 |doi=10.1093/aob/mct299 |pmid=24532607 |pmc=3936591 |name-list-style=amp}}</ref>
<ref name=ChriChas14>{{Cite journal |last1=Christenhusz |first1=Maarten J.M. |last2=Chase |first2=Mark W. |date=2014 |title=Trends and concepts in fern classification |journal=Annals of Botany |volume=113 |issue=9 |pages=571–594 |doi=10.1093/aob/mct299 |pmid=24532607 |pmc=3936591 |name-list-style=amp}}</ref>


<ref name=POWO_17376040-1>{{Cite web |title=''Cibotium'' Kaulf |work=Plants of the World Online |publisher=Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew |url=http://www.plantsoftheworldonline.org/taxon/urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:17376040-1 |accessdate=2019-11-24 }}</ref>
<ref name=POWO_17376040-1>{{Cite web |title=''Cibotium'' Kaulf |work=Plants of the World Online |publisher=Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew |url=https://powo.science.kew.org/taxon/urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:17376040-1 |accessdate=2019-11-24 }}</ref>


<ref name=PPGI>{{Cite journal |author=PPG I |year=2016 |title=A community-derived classification for extant lycophytes and ferns |journal=Journal of Systematics and Evolution |volume=54 |issue=6 |pages=563–603 |doi=10.1111/jse.12229|s2cid=39980610 }}</ref>
<ref name=PPGI>{{Cite journal |author=PPG I |year=2016 |title=A community-derived classification for extant lycophytes and ferns |journal=Journal of Systematics and Evolution |volume=54 |issue=6 |pages=563–603 |doi=10.1111/jse.12229|s2cid=39980610 |doi-access=free }}</ref>
}}
}}
*Smith, A.R., K.M. Pryer, E. Schuettpelz, P. Korall, H. Schneider & P.G. Wolf 2006. {{cite web|url=http://www.pryerlab.net/publication/fichier749.pdf |title=A classification for extant ferns. |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080226232147/http://www.pryerlab.net/publication/fichier749.pdf |archivedate=2008-02-26 }}&nbsp;{{small|(420&nbsp;[[Kibibyte|KiB]])}} ''Taxonomy'' '''55'''(3): 705–731.
*Smith, A.R., K.M. Pryer, E. Schuettpelz, P. Korall, H. Schneider & P.G. Wolf 2006. {{cite web|url=http://www.pryerlab.net/publication/fichier749.pdf |title=A classification for extant ferns. |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080226232147/http://www.pryerlab.net/publication/fichier749.pdf |archivedate=2008-02-26 }}&nbsp;{{small|(420&nbsp;[[Kibibyte|KiB]])}} ''Taxonomy'' '''55'''(3): 705–731.


==External links==
==External links==
{{commons category|Cibotium}}
*{{Commons category-inline|Cibotium|''Cibotium''}}
*{{Wikispecies-inline|Cibotium|''Cibotium''}}
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20160303201045/http://www.jaknouse.athens.oh.us/ferns/g_cibo.html Jaknouse/ferns — Genus: ''Cibotium'']
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20160303201045/http://www.jaknouse.athens.oh.us/ferns/g_cibo.html Jaknouse/ferns — Genus: ''Cibotium'']


{{Plant classification}}
{{Fern classification}}
{{Taxonbar|from=Q138838}}
{{Taxonbar|from=Q138838}}

[[Category:Cibotium| ]]
[[Category:Cibotium| ]]
[[Category:Medicinal plants]]
[[Category:Medicinal plants]]

Latest revision as of 03:47, 5 October 2024

Cibotium
Hāpuʻu ʻiʻi (Cibotium menziesii)
Scientific classification Edit this classification
Kingdom: Plantae
Clade: Tracheophytes
Division: Polypodiophyta
Class: Polypodiopsida
Order: Cyatheales
Family: Cibotiaceae
Korall
Genus: Cibotium
Kaulf.
Type species
Cibotium chamissoi
Kaulfuss
Species

See text.

Synonyms
  • Hiatea Menzies ex Hooker
  • Pinonia Gaudichaud-Beaupré

Cibotium (from Greek κιβώτιον, kibṓtion, "little chest" or "box"), also known as manfern,[1] is a genus of 11 species of tropical tree ferns. It is the only genus in family Cibotiaceae in the Pteridophyte Phylogeny Group classification of 2016 (PPG I).[2] Alternatively, the family may be treated as the subfamily Cibotioideae of a very broadly defined family Cyatheaceae,[3] the family placement used for the genus in Plants of the World Online as of November 2019.[4]

Species

[edit]

As of January 2023, Plants of the World Online accepted the following species and hybrids:[4]

Image Scientific name Distribution
Cibotium arachnoideum (C.Chr.) Holttum Borneo, Sumatra.
Cibotium barometz (L.) J.Sm. Hawaii (Oahu), Southeast Asia from China to the Malay Peninsula.
Cibotium chamissoi Kaulf. Hawaii (Oahu).
Cibotium cumingii Kunze Borneo to Philippines.
Cibotium glaucum (Sm.) Hook. & Arn. Hawaii.
Cibotium × helenae D.D.Palmer (C. chamissoi × C. menziesii) Hawaii (Oahu).
Cibotium menziesii Hook. Hawaii.
Cibotium nealiae Degen. Hawaii (Kauai).
Cibotium regale Verschaff. ex Regel Mexico (Veracruz, Puebla, Chiapas), Belize, El Salvador, Guatemala, Honduras, Nicaragua.
Cibotium schiedei Schltdl. & Cham. Mexico (Veracruz).
Cibotium sumatranum Christ Sumatra.
Cibotium taiwanense C.M.Kuo Taiwan.

Some extinct species have also been placed in this genus:[5]

Phylogeny

[edit]

Phylogeny of Cibotium[6][7]

C. arachnoideum (Christensen) Holttum

C. barometz (von Linné) Smith (Scythian Lamb, Golden Chicken Fern)

C. cumingii Kunze

C. regale Linden ex Smith (Royal cibotium)

C. schiedei von Schlechtendal & von Chamisso (Mexican tree fern)

C. nealiae O.Deg.

C. chamissoi Kaulfuss (Man fern)

C. glaucum (Sm.) Hooker & Arnott (Hawaiian tree fern)

C. menziesii Hooker

Distribution

[edit]

Species of the genus are distributed fairly narrowly in Hawaiʻi (four species, plus a hybrid, collectively known as hāpuʻu), Southeast Asia (five species), and the cloud forests of Central America and Mexico (two species). The natural habitat of Cibotium is among the dripping trees and stream gullies of the rainforests on Hawaiʻi's windward volcanic slopes.

The fossil record indicates that the genus was once a part of the boreotropical flora found in Europe, eastern North America, and western Asia. Fossilized Cibotium oregonense was found near Medford, Oregon, and fossilized Cibotium iwatense was found in Iwate, Japan.[8]

No publicly accessible Cibotium collections are growing outdoors in the United Kingdom, but two glasshouse collections are kept at the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, and the RBG Edinburgh in Scotland. Specimens of Cibotium regale in the Royal Greenhouses of Laeken are visible to the public when the glasshouses open in May.

Uses

[edit]

Cibotium glaucum, from Hawai'iʻ, is the most frequently encountered Cibotium species in the horticultural trade, along with its sibling species Cibotium chamissoi and the large-growing Cibotium menziesii. They are sometimes seen in California garden designs.

Cibotium barometz is best known for its role in ancient medicine. In traditional Chinese medicine, it is used as an anti-inflammatory and an anodyne; its rhizome hairs are used in Malaysia and China as a styptic for wounds.[9] It is still exported from Malaysia for this purpose.[10] Hair-covered pieces of the rhizome, with bud stalks imitating legs, were used to lend credence to the medieval legend of the Vegetable Lamb of Tartary, a half-sheep, half-plant hybrid.[11]

Historically, women in Hawai'i have used the furry part of the Cibotium as a tampon.[12]

Threats

[edit]

Pressure on Hawaiian Cibotium habitats comes from development encroaching on the forested areas, especially the more accessible, lower-lying areas which are commercially attractive for land clearance. A less obvious threat comes from an invasive introduced tree fern species: Cyathea cooperi (the most popular garden tree fern in the United States), which has escaped from the islands' suburban gardens and now outcompetes the endemic flora. Wind-blown spores from this rapidly growing Australian import can migrate many miles into pristine Cibotium forests. This is a fairly recent phenomenon, but one which may eventually have grave consequences for the tree fern ecosystem in Hawaiʻi.[citation needed]

References

[edit]
  1. ^ "USDA Plants Database".
  2. ^ PPG I (2016). "A community-derived classification for extant lycophytes and ferns". Journal of Systematics and Evolution. 54 (6): 563–603. doi:10.1111/jse.12229. S2CID 39980610.
  3. ^ Christenhusz, Maarten J.M. & Chase, Mark W. (2014). "Trends and concepts in fern classification". Annals of Botany. 113 (9): 571–594. doi:10.1093/aob/mct299. PMC 3936591. PMID 24532607.
  4. ^ a b "Cibotium Kaulf". Plants of the World Online. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. Retrieved 2019-11-24.
  5. ^ Barrington, D. (1983). Cibotium oregonense: An Eocene Tree-Fern Stem and Petioles with Internal Structure. American Journal of Botany, 70(8), 1118-1124. Retrieved from https://www.jstor.org/stable/2443281
  6. ^ Nitta, Joel H.; Schuettpelz, Eric; Ramírez-Barahona, Santiago; Iwasaki, Wataru; et al. (2022). "An Open and Continuously Updated Fern Tree of Life". Frontiers in Plant Science. 13: 909768. doi:10.3389/fpls.2022.909768. PMC 9449725. PMID 36092417.
  7. ^ "Tree viewer: interactive visualization of FTOL". FTOL v1.4.0 [GenBank release 253]. 2023. Retrieved 8 March 2023.
  8. ^ Barrington, D. (1993). Ecological and Historical Factors in Fern Biogeography. Journal of Biogeography, 20(3), 275-279. doi:10.2307/2845635
  9. ^ Lim, T. K. (2016). "Cibotiaceae". Edible Medicinal and Non-Medicinal Plants. Vol. 10, Modified Stems, Roots, Bulbs. Springer. p. 88. ISBN 9789401772754.
  10. ^ Kathirithamby-Wells, Jeyamalar (2005). Nature and Nation: Forests and Development in Peninsular Malaysia. Honolulu: University of Hawai'i Press. p. 340. ISBN 0824828631.
  11. ^ Large, Mark F.; Braggins, John E. (2004). Tree Ferns. Portland, Oregon: Timber Press. p. 360. ISBN 9780881926309.
  12. ^ Who invented tampons? June 6, 2006 The Straight Dope
[edit]
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