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Anti-Korean sentiment in Japan refers to opposition, hostility, hatred, distrust, fear, and general dislike of Korean people or culture in Japan. Relations between Japan and Korea can date back to nearly two millennia, mostly defined through cultural exchanges and diplomatic trade. However, major events involving military aggression and political disputes play a key factor in harboring negative sentiment.^[1] Much of the current anti-Korean sentiment stems from conservative politicians and far-right groups.

Ancient era

Relations between ancient Japan and Korea date back to at least the 4th century, according to historical records of ancient China, Japan, and Korea. According to the Book of Sui, Silla and Baekje greatly valued relations with the Kofun-period Wa and the Korean kingdoms made diplomatic efforts to maintain their good standing with the Japanese.^[2] The Samguk sagi (Chronicles of the Three Kingdoms) reported that Baekje and Silla sent their princes as hostages to the Yamato court in exchange for military support to continue their military campaigns; King Asin of Baekje sent his son (Jeonji) in 397,^[3] and King Silseong of Silla sent his son Misaheun in 402.^[4] Hogong, from Japan, helped to found Silla.^[5] According to the Nihon Shoki, Silla was invaded by an army from Wa (Japan) in the third century.^[6] In Korea, inscriptions on the Gwanggaeto Stele state that the king of Goguryeo assisted Silla when it was invaded by the Wa, and punished Baekje for allying with the Wa. The stela also records Wa excursions in the early 5th century.^[7]

During the Mongol conquests of the 13th and 14th centuries, the Goryeo dynasty of Korea became a vassal state. Under Mongolian influence, Korean envoys were sent to Japan to declare submission to the Mongols, only to be rejected.^[8]^[9] In response, the emperor Kublai Khan launched two separate invasions in 1274 and 1281. Although both attempts to conquer Japan failed, anti-Korean sentiment had risen, due to major involvements of Korean troops participating in the invasion.^{[citation needed]}

During the Joseon period, Wokou pirate raids on Korean soil were frequent, which would eventually form the basis of hatred between the two sides. Ultimately in 1592, Japanese samurai armies invaded Korea on the orders of Toyotomi Hideyoshi. The Imjin Wars continued until 1598, when the Japanese left, and took with them a number of Korea craftsmen.^{[citation needed]}

19th-20th century

During the Meiji Restoration of the late 19th century, Japan underwent Westernization and took opportunities to exploit from China, who was unable to defend itself from Western forces. Because Korea acted as part of China's tributary state, Japan want to exert further influence by presenting Korea with the Treaty of Gangwha, forcing Korea to provide extraterritorial rights to Japanese citizens in the country, open three ports—Busan, Incheon, and Wonsan—to Japanese and foreign trade, and establish its independence from China in foreign relations. For the next couple of decades, the Empire of Japan would forcefully remove any foreign influence on Korea to finally annexing the country in 1910.^[10] Japan maintained control of Korea until the end of World War II in 1945.

During the 1923 Great Kantō earthquake, widespread damage occurred in a region with a significant Korean population, and much of the local Japanese overreacted to rumors which spread after the earthquake.^[11] Within the aftermath of the event, there was a common perception amongst some groups of Japanese that ethnic Koreans were poisoning wells, eventually setting off a set of killings against Koreans, where Japanese would use the shibboleth of ba bi bu be bo (ばびぶべぼ) to distinguish ethnic Koreans from Japanese, as it was assumed that Koreans would be unable to pronounce the line correctly, and instead pronounce them as [pa, pi, pu, pe, po].^[12] All people who failed the test were killed,^{[citation needed]} which caused many ethnic Chinese , also unable to correctly pronounce the shibboleth, to be indiscriminately killed in large numbers. Other shibboleths used were "jū-go-en, go-jū-ssen" (15円 50銭, 15 yen, 50 sen) and "gagigugego" (がぎぐげご), where Japanese people pronounce initial g as [ɡ] and medial g as [ŋ] (such a distinction is dying out in recent years), whereas Koreans pronounce the two sounds as [k] and [ɡ] respectively.^{[citation needed]}

Post-WWII history

In April 2014, several anti-Korean stickers were found posted at 13 locations along the Shikoku Pilgrimage route; the stickers were denounced by a spokesman from the Shikoku 88 Temple Pilgrimage Association.^[13]

In 2021, a Japanese man set fire to an empty house in a Korean village in Utoro district, Uji. The fire spread to other properties and damaged them. He attributed his actions to his hatred of Korean people, which was in part sparked by online rhetoric. He was sentenced to four years in prison.^[14]^[15]

North Korea

There is also much concern in Japan regarding North Korea and its nuclear and long-range missile capabilities, as a result of missile tests in 1993, 1998 and 2006 and an underground nuclear test in 2006. There are also controversies regarding North Korean abductions of Japanese, where Japanese citizens were abducted by North Korean agents during the 1970s and 1980s.^[16]

Chongryon, the North Korea-affiliated organization for ethnic Koreans in Japan, has continually drawn controversy from the Japanese public.^[17]

South Korea

Much of the anti-Korean sentiment present today however deals with contemporary attitudes.^{[citation needed]} During the 2002 FIFA World Cup, Japanese and Korean supporters clashed with one another. Both sides were also known to post racist messages against each other on online bulletins. There were also disputes regarding how the event was to be hosted, as a result of the rivalry between the two nations.

The Korean Wave, or the exportation of South Korean pop culture, has created some negative feelings among pockets of Japanese society. Many Japanese citizens with conservative views and some right-wing nationalist groups have organized anti-Korean Wave demonstrations via 2channel. On 9 August 2011, more than 2,000 protesters demonstrated in front of Fuji TV's headquarters in Odaiba, Tokyo against the broadcasting of Korean dramas.^[18] Earlier, in July 2011, Japanese former actor Sousuke Takaoka was fired from his agency, Stardust Promotion, for tweeting criticisms against the influx of Korean dramas.^[19] The general perception of Koreans on 2channel is negative, with users depicting them as a violent, unethical, and irrational people who are a 'threat' to Japan.^[20] Users often reference stereotypes of Koreans, such as the use of dogs in Korean cuisine.^[21]

The United States Institute of Peace analyzed that the dispute between Japan-South Korea dispute from anti-Korean xenophobia. According to their analysis, Japan's repeated historical negativism, territorial disputes, and failure of diplomatic agreements are also manifestations of anti-Korean xenophobia. Many Japanese people perceive Koreans to be inferior and untrustworthy.^[22]

Kenkan books

In Japanese bookstores, Kenkan (嫌韓, "Hatred for [South] Koreans") books are placed separately, and Kenkan is recognized as a book genre. On the other hand, there are no Hyomil (혐일; 嫌日; lit. Hatred for Japanese) books in South Korean bookstores.^[23] South Korean media point out that Japan's "Hate of [South] Korean" cannot be identified with South Korea's "anti-Japan" (반일). In South Korea, "anti-Japan" (반일; 反日) are distinguished from "Hate of Japanese" (혐일; 嫌日); "Anti-Japan" ostracizes Japan in an anti-imperialistic, and "Hate of Japanese" ostracizes Japan in all contexts, including nationality.^[24] However, in Japan, "anti-[South] Korea" (反韓) and "Hate of [South] Korean" (嫌韓) are not strictly distinguished. There is Kenkan racist hate groups (ex. Zaitokukai and other Uyoku dantai) in Japan, but there is no Hyomil racist hate groups in South Korea. Therefore, the South Korean media opposes the Japanese people's comparison of South Korea's "反日" and Japan's "嫌韓" on the same line.^[23]^[25]

Manga Kenkanryu (often referred to as "Hating the Korean Wave Manga") by Sharin Yamano discusses these issues while making many other arguments and claims against Korea.^{[citation needed]}

Territorial dispute

The territorial dispute over Liancourt Rocks also fuels outrage.

2019–2020 Japan–South Korea trade dispute

Historical revisionism

South Korean media have accused Japanese people of continuing to support historical revisionism against Korean victims, apologizing for Chinese victims in the World War II issue of Japanese war crimes. This is also related to the fact that Chinese people and Japanese people have racial privileges over Koreans, and the difference in national power between China and South Korea.^[26]^[27]

Comfort women issue

Except for some left-wing socialist political parties (mainly Social Democratic Party and Japanese Communist Party), major Japanese politicians and political parties often have historical revisionist perceptions of the comfort women issue. Fumio Kishida has called on the German government to remove the Statue of Peace in Berlin, as it has caused considerable controversy in South Korea.^[28]^[29] The liberal Constitutional Democratic Party of Japan, as well as the conservative Liberal Democratic Party, have also called on the South Korean government to remove the Statue of Peace,^[30] with even suggesting that there was no evidence to indicate that Japanese authorities coerced Korean women into sexual slavery.^[31]

Japanese textbook revisionism

On June 26, 1982, the textbook screening process in Japan came under scrutiny when the media of Japan and its neighboring countries gave extensive coverage to changes required by the Minister of Education. Experts from the ministry sought to soften textbook references to Japanese aggression before and during World War II. The Japanese invasion of China in 1937, for example, was modified to "advance". Passages describing the fall of Nanking justified the Japanese atrocities by describing the acts as a result of Chinese provocations. Pressure from China successfully led the Ministry of Education to adopt a new authorization criterion - the "Neighboring Country Clause" (近隣諸国条項) - stating: "textbooks ought to show understanding and seek international harmony in their treatment of modern and contemporary historical events involving neighboring Asian countries."^[32]

In 2006, Japanese textbooks stated that the Liancourt Rocks is Japanese territory. This island is disputed territory claimed by both Japan and South Korea. The head of the South Korean Ministry of Education, Kim Shin-il, sent a letter of protest to Bunmei Ibuki, the Minister of Education, on May 9, 2007.^[33] In a speech marking the 88th anniversary of the March 1 Independence Movement, South Korean President Roh Moo-hyun called for Japan to correct their school textbooks on controversial topics ranging from "inhumane rape of comfort women" to "the Korean ownership of the Liancourt Rocks".^[34]

Politics

The Hankyoreh, a liberal newspaper in South Korea, denounced right-wing nationalism led by Shinzo Abe and Nippon Kaigi as "anti-Korean nationalism", in its English column.^[35] There were suspicions that Shinzo Abe provided support to anti-Korean^[36] ultra-nationalist kindergartens.^[37]

Almost all major South Korean media outlets point out that the Liberal Democratic Party and its politicians express anti-Korean sentiment, and that the party's main support base is "Hatred for [South] Koreans".^[38]^[39]^[40]

Some right-wing groups in Japan today have targeted ethnic Koreans living within Japan. One such group, known as Zaitokukai, is organized by members on the internet, and has led street demonstrations against Korean schools.^[41]

On March 27, 2010, on the centennial of Japan–Korean annexation, Yukio Edano, then Japanese Minister of State for Government Revitalization, stated that "The invasion and colonization and China and Korea was historically inevitable ... since China and Korea could not modernize themselves". Yukio Edano is known as a liberal politician in Japan.^[42]

Japan's former prime minister Shinzo Abe was also criticized by some experts for encouraging anti-Korean xenophobia in Japanese society,^[43] with many South Koreans perceiving Shinzo Abe as an extreme right-wing politician, far more than Donald Trump.^[43]^[44]^[45]^[46] He was often called "Trump before Trump" outside of Japan.^[43]^[47]

In the South Korean media, most Japanese people and almost all major Japanese media criticize the view of South Korean politics for being biased and for portraying or loathing South Korean liberals in a negative way.^[48]^[49]^[a] According to Korean media, even the Asahi Shimbun, known in Japan as a Japanese liberal media outlet, reports on the South Korean liberal Moon Jae-in government using biased and insulting expressions.^[50]^[51]

According to Michael J. Green in January 2022, presidential candidates in the 2022 South Korean presidential election are willing to improve relations with Japan, but Japanese political leaders have analyzed that they are not.^[52]

Notes

^ Most South Korean liberals take the view that the Japanese government should provide proper individual compensation for the South Korean victims of Japanese war crimes. In contrast, many Japanese take the view that the compensation issue has already been closed due to the Treaty on Basic Relations Between Japan and the Republic of Korea. This is an element of the Japan-Korea conflict.

References

^ Tong, Kurt W, Anti-Korean sentiment in Japan and its effects on Korea-Japan trade, Center for International Studies, MIT Japan Program, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 1996
^ Chinese History Record Book of Sui, Vol. 81, Liezhuan 46 : 隋書東夷伝第81巻列伝46 : 新羅、百濟皆以倭為大國，多珍物，並敬仰之，恆通使往來 "Silla and Baekje both take Wa to be a great country, with many rare and precious things; also [Silla and Baekje] respect and look up to them, and regularly send embassies there." [1]"Archived copy". Archived from the original on 2004-12-21. Retrieved 2006-04-29.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
^ Korean History Record Samguk Sagi : 三國史記新羅本紀 : 元年三月與倭國通好以奈勿王子未斯欣爲質 [2]
^ Korean History Record Samguk Sagi : 三國史記百済本紀 : 六年夏五月王與倭國結好以太子腆支爲質秋七月大閱於漢水之南　"아신왕 - 삼국사기 백제본기- 디지털한국학". Archived from the original on 2008-05-12. Retrieved 2008-05-12.
^ Korean History Record Samguk Sagi :三國史記卷第一新羅本紀第一始祖赫居世, 瓠公者未詳其族姓本倭人
^ Sakamoto (1967:336-340)
^ Mohan, Pankaj N (2004). "Rescuing a Stone from Nationalism: A Fresh Look at the Kwanggaeto Stele of Koguryo". Journal of Inner and East Asian Studies. 1: 89–115.
^ 元寇 (in Japanese). Japan Knowledge. Archived from the original on 5 October 2022. Retrieved 29 January 2023.
^ "Joint project celebrating the 50th anniversary of Japan-Mongolia diplomatic relations. Relations between Japan and Mongolia in the 13th century". National Archives of Japan. Archived from the original on 25 August 2022. Retrieved 29 January 2023.
^ "Treaty of Annexation". USC-UCLA Joint East Asian Studies Center. Archived from the original on 11 February 2007. Retrieved 19 February 2007.
^ Weiner, Michael A. (1989). The origins of the Korean community in Japan, 1910–1923. Manchester: Manchester University Press. pp. 164–188. ISBN 978-0-7190-2987-5.
^ Cybriwsky, Roman (1991). Tokyo: The Changing Profile of an Urban Giant. London: Belhaven Press. p. 81. ISBN 978-1-85293-054-7.
^ "Anti-Korean stickers posted at several points along Shikoku pilgrimage route". Japan Today. April 11, 2014. Archived from the original on April 6, 2022.
^ "Man given 4 years in prison for arson in Korean community in Kyoto". Kyodo News+. August 30, 2022. Retrieved 2023-09-19.
^ Tokunaga, Takeshiro (August 30, 2022). "Man gets 4 years in prison for arson in ethnic Korean district". The Asahi Shimbun. Retrieved 2023-09-19.
^ "Abductions of Japanese Citizens by North Korea". Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Japan. Retrieved 2020-11-27.
^ Tetsuaki, Otaki (22 November 2022). "Students at Korean schools harassed over missile launches". The Asahi Shimbun. Retrieved 2023-05-05.
^ "Japan's alt-right groups hold rallies vs. Korean pop culture". The Dong-a Ilbo. 9 August 2011. Retrieved 11 August 2011.
^ "Hundreds of Japanese Protest Against Korean Wave". The Chosun Ilbo. 9 August 2011. Retrieved 11 August 2011.
^ Rumi Sakamoto (March 7, 2011). "'Koreans, Go Home!' Internet Nationalism in Contemporary Japan as a Digitally Mediated Subculture". The Asia-Pacific Journal: Japan Focus. University of Auckland.
^ Mclelland, Mark (December 2008). "'Race' on the Japanese internet: discussing Korea and Koreans on '2-channeru'". New Media and Society. 10 (6): 811–829. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.691.4872. doi:10.1177/1461444808096246. S2CID 10037117.
^ "How to Address the Racism at the Heart of Japan-South Korea Tensions". United States Institute of Peace. 17 January 2023. Retrieved 2 May 2023. Anti-Korean racism is at the heart of historic and unresolved tensions between Japan and South Korea. It will be near impossible to resolve disputes like the comfort women issue without addressing this racism. This is because the difficulty in reaching a consensus on the Japanese side often derives from the underlying tendency among many Japanese to view Koreans as "inferior" and "untrustworthy." U.S. actors, including officials, businesses and academics, should understand the consequences of the important role they have played in perpetuating such prejudice and help right this wrong. ... We tend to think of Korean-Japanese tensions in terms of topic areas, such as Japan's recurring historical denialism, the territorial dispute and the failure of diplomatic arrangements. But these tensions are largely manifestations of racism, not the cause of it, and they will persist as long as racism itself remains unaddressed.
^ ^a ^b ""아니, 이게 없다니…" 한국 서점 둘러보고 깜짝 놀란 일본 정치평론가". 중앙일보. 2017-07-12. Retrieved 2023-02-25.
^ "일본인 폭행·일본 차량 훼손 사건에 '혐일' 우려 목소리↑…"한국사회 전반적 분위기 아냐"". 투데이신문. 2019-08-28. Retrieved 2023-04-29.
^ "일본의 혐한, 한국의 반일". 한겨레. 2016-10-07. Retrieved 2022-01-22.
^ "중국 노동자 피해보상 미쓰비시, 한국 피해자는 외면하나". 연합뉴스. 24 July 2015. Retrieved 6 March 2023.
^ 일, 강제노역 사과 중국에만···반크 "사도광산 유네스코 등재 반대". Kyunghyang Shinmun (in Korean). 23 July 2022. Retrieved 29 November 2022.
^ "기시다, 독일 총리에 소녀상 철거 요청…"반응 안 좋아"(종합2보)" [Kishida called on the German Chancellor to remove the Statue of Peace... Kishida said, ""[German Chancellor] did not respond well."]. 연합뉴스. 11 May 2022.
^ "일본 극우, 도쿄에서 '위안부 피해자 모욕' 행사 개최 ... "짐승만도 못한 짓" 비판". 경향신문. 27 May 2022.
^ "화이트리스트 복원도 적반하장…일본 "한국 자세에 달렸다"". Kyunghyang Shinmun (in Korean). 17 March 2023. Archived from the original on 19 March 2023. 제1야당인 입헌민주당의 이즈미 겐타 대표는 이날 윤 대통령과 만나 한·일 갈등 현안인 '레이더-초계기' 문제와 소녀상 건립 문제를 언급했다고 밝혔다. 입헌민주당은 그동안 소녀상 철거를 요구해왔다.
^ "Yoon visits Japan, seeking to restore ties amid N Korea threat". Al Jazeera. 16 March 2023. Archived from the original on 21 March 2023.
^ Murai Atsushi, "Abolish the Textbook Authorization System", Japan Echo, (Aug. 2001): 28.
^ "Ed. Minister Protests Distortions in Japanese Textbooks" Archived May 13, 2007, at the Wayback Machine, Chosun Ilbo, May.10,2007.
^ "Roh Calls on Japan to Respect Historical Truth" Archived March 13, 2007, at the Wayback Machine, Chosun Ilbo, Mar.2,2007.
^ "How Abe and the ruling class of Japan have stirred up anti-Korean nationalism". The Hankyoreh. 5 August 2019. Retrieved 29 September 2022.
^ "Vox - Inside North Korea's bubble in Japan (Timestamp 11:30)". YouTube. 31 October 2017.
^ "Trump signs sanctions bill against Russia as relations worsen". Los Angeles Times. 31 August 2017. Retrieved 25 February 2023.
^ ""일본 전철에 한글 표기는 낭비" 日 정치인 혐한 트윗". YTN.
^ ""한국은 약속이라는 개념이 없다"… 日정부, 혐한 분위기 팽배". 조선일보. 15 February 2021.
^ ""일방적 구애" 대일 저자세 외교…과정도 결과도 부적절했다". 한겨레. 23 September 2022. 기시다 총리로선 확실한 지지기반인 '반한·혐한' 세력의 반대를 무릅쓰고, 한-일 관계 개선을 위한 정상회담에 나설 국내 정치적 동기가 약하다는 뜻이다.
^ Martin Fackler, August 28, 2010, New Dissent in Japan Is Loudly Anti-Foreign, New York Times
^ "[서울신문] [사설] 되풀이되는 日 고위직 망언 구제불능인가". Seoul Shinmun. Retrieved January 2, 2016.
^ ^a ^b ^c Adelstein, Jake (8 July 2022). "Shinzo Abe Was 'Trump Before Trump'—Except He Pulled It Off". The Daily Beast. Archived from the original on 8 July 2022. Retrieved 10 July 2022. His authoritarian legacy will live on for decades to come, and in retaining power, he even trumped Trump. ... During his exile from power, Abe and his cabinet members allied with anti-Korean and other xenophobic groups. Abe drummed up anti-Korean sentiment to bolster his support, and made sure his allies did the dog-whistles while he kept his hands clean. While Trump portrayed immigrants as the boogeyman threatening Japan; Abe latched onto deep-rooted anti-Korean sentiment, towards both the Korean residents of Japan who stayed after the war and citizens of South and North Korea, former colonies of Japan. He appointed Eriko Yamatani, a woman closely associated with the flamingly anti-Korean group Zaitoku-Kai, to be the head of the National Public Safety Commission that oversees the National Police Agency.
^ "트럼프와 포옹한 이용수 할머니, 일본에 일침 "참견 마라"" [Elderly lady Lee Yong-soo hugged Trump. ... She spoke strongly to the Japan's [right-wing Japanese nationalist government] "Don't interfere"]. 중앙일보. 9 November 2017. Retrieved 22 April 2023.
^ "문정인 "바이든이 미 대통령 되면 북한 문제 풀기 어려워"" [Moon Chung-in said, "If Biden [not Trump] becomes the U.S. president, it will be difficult to solve the North Korean problem".]. 동아일보. 3 July 2020. Retrieved 21 March 2023.
^ "아베는 철저히 '아름다운 일본'을 고수했다". 경향신문. 25 July 2021. Retrieved 24 April 2023. 한국에서 아베 전 총리는 흔히 극우 정치인 내지 일본 극우 세력의 핵심 인물로 여겨진다. 국제사회의 평가는 다르다. 아베 전 총리의 부고를 전하는 서구권 외신 기사 대부분은 "일본 전시 역사에 대한 모호한 태도와 안보에 대한 강경한 자세로 한국과의 갈등을 초래했다"(워싱턴포스트)고 짚으면서도 그를 '극우'로 여기는 경우는 많지 않다. "트럼프와 같은 민족주의자는 아니었으나 극우 세력의 사랑을 받았다"(시애틀타임스)는 정도로 표현한다. [In South Korea, Abe is mostly considered a "far-right politician" or a "key figure in Japanese far-right forces". However, the international community's assessment is different. Most Western foreign articles that convey Abe's obituary pointed out that "the ambiguous attitude toward Japanese war crimes history and hawkish attitude toward security caused conflict with South Korea" (Washington Post), but it is not common to regard him as a "far right". [Western media] Mainly describe [Shinzo Abe as] "not a nationalist like Trump, but loved by far-right forces" (Seattle Times).]
^ [3] Archived August 29, 2020, at the Wayback Machine, Ex-adviser Steve Bannon says Abe was 'Trump before Trump,' urges him to play hardball with China, Japan Times, 8 March 2019.
^ "아사히신문 마저도 '문재인 정권' 탓". 피렌체의 식탁. 7 January 2020. Retrieved 20 March 2023.
^ ""문재인, 비참한 말로", "文, 목숨을 구걸하나"...벌거벗은 日언론". Seoul Shinmun. 22 April 2022. Retrieved 20 March 2023.
^ "日 아사히, 한국은 '후미에(踏み絵)', 문 정부는 사면초가". Seoul Shinmun. 26 June 2019. Retrieved 2 May 2023.
^ "청와대, 일본 아사히신문에 이례적으로 '무기한 출입정지'". 중앙일보. 18 May 2018. Retrieved 20 March 2023.
^ ""한국 대선 결과, 바이든 행정부 아시아 정책에 상당한 영향"". Voice of America. 27 January 2022.

[50] Most South Korean liberals take the view that the Japanese government should provide proper individual compensation for the South Korean victims of Japanese war crimes. In contrast, many Japanese take the view that the compensation issue has already been closed due to the Treaty on Basic Relations Between Japan and the Republic of Korea. This is an element of the Japan-Korea conflict.

[1] Tong, Kurt W, Anti-Korean sentiment in Japan and its effects on Korea-Japan trade, Center for International Studies, MIT Japan Program, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 1996

[sui-2] Chinese History Record Book of Sui, Vol. 81, Liezhuan 46 : 隋書東夷伝第81巻列伝46 : 新羅、百濟皆以倭為大國，多珍物，並敬仰之，恆通使往來 "Silla and Baekje both take Wa to be a great country, with many rare and precious things; also [Silla and Baekje] respect and look up to them, and regularly send embassies there." [1]"Archived copy". Archived from the original on 2004-12-21. Retrieved 2006-04-29.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)

[shiragi-3] Korean History Record Samguk Sagi : 三國史記新羅本紀 : 元年三月與倭國通好以奈勿王子未斯欣爲質 [2]

[kudara-4] Korean History Record Samguk Sagi : 三國史記百済本紀 : 六年夏五月王與倭國結好以太子腆支爲質秋七月大閱於漢水之南　"아신왕 - 삼국사기 백제본기- 디지털한국학". Archived from the original on 2008-05-12. Retrieved 2008-05-12.

[5] Korean History Record Samguk Sagi :三國史記卷第一新羅本紀第一始祖赫居世, 瓠公者未詳其族姓本倭人

[6] Sakamoto (1967:336-340)

[7] Mohan, Pankaj N (2004). "Rescuing a Stone from Nationalism: A Fresh Look at the Kwanggaeto Stele of Koguryo". Journal of Inner and East Asian Studies. 1: 89–115.

[jk051022-8] 元寇 (in Japanese). Japan Knowledge. Archived from the original on 5 October 2022. Retrieved 29 January 2023.

[9] "Joint project celebrating the 50th anniversary of Japan-Mongolia diplomatic relations. Relations between Japan and Mongolia in the 13th century". National Archives of Japan. Archived from the original on 25 August 2022. Retrieved 29 January 2023.

[AnnexTreaty-10] "Treaty of Annexation". USC-UCLA Joint East Asian Studies Center. Archived from the original on 11 February 2007. Retrieved 19 February 2007.

[11] Weiner, Michael A. (1989). The origins of the Korean community in Japan, 1910–1923. Manchester: Manchester University Press. pp. 164–188. ISBN 978-0-7190-2987-5.

[12] Cybriwsky, Roman (1991). Tokyo: The Changing Profile of an Urban Giant. London: Belhaven Press. p. 81. ISBN 978-1-85293-054-7.

[13] "Anti-Korean stickers posted at several points along Shikoku pilgrimage route". Japan Today. April 11, 2014. Archived from the original on April 6, 2022.

[14] "Man given 4 years in prison for arson in Korean community in Kyoto". Kyodo News+. August 30, 2022. Retrieved 2023-09-19.

[15] Tokunaga, Takeshiro (August 30, 2022). "Man gets 4 years in prison for arson in ethnic Korean district". The Asahi Shimbun. Retrieved 2023-09-19.

[16] "Abductions of Japanese Citizens by North Korea". Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Japan. Retrieved 2020-11-27.

[17] Tetsuaki, Otaki (22 November 2022). "Students at Korean schools harassed over missile launches". The Asahi Shimbun. Retrieved 2023-05-05.

[18] "Japan's alt-right groups hold rallies vs. Korean pop culture". The Dong-a Ilbo. 9 August 2011. Retrieved 11 August 2011.

[19] "Hundreds of Japanese Protest Against Korean Wave". The Chosun Ilbo. 9 August 2011. Retrieved 11 August 2011.

[20] Rumi Sakamoto (March 7, 2011). "'Koreans, Go Home!' Internet Nationalism in Contemporary Japan as a Digitally Mediated Subculture". The Asia-Pacific Journal: Japan Focus. University of Auckland.

[21] Mclelland, Mark (December 2008). "'Race' on the Japanese internet: discussing Korea and Koreans on '2-channeru'". New Media and Society. 10 (6): 811–829. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.691.4872. doi:10.1177/1461444808096246. S2CID 10037117.

[22] "How to Address the Racism at the Heart of Japan-South Korea Tensions". United States Institute of Peace. 17 January 2023. Retrieved 2 May 2023. Anti-Korean racism is at the heart of historic and unresolved tensions between Japan and South Korea. It will be near impossible to resolve disputes like the comfort women issue without addressing this racism. This is because the difficulty in reaching a consensus on the Japanese side often derives from the underlying tendency among many Japanese to view Koreans as "inferior" and "untrustworthy." U.S. actors, including officials, businesses and academics, should understand the consequences of the important role they have played in perpetuating such prejudice and help right this wrong. ... We tend to think of Korean-Japanese tensions in terms of topic areas, such as Japan's recurring historical denialism, the territorial dispute and the failure of diplomatic arrangements. But these tensions are largely manifestations of racism, not the cause of it, and they will persist as long as racism itself remains unaddressed.

[정치평론가-23] ""아니, 이게 없다니…" 한국 서점 둘러보고 깜짝 놀란 일본 정치평론가". 중앙일보. 2017-07-12. Retrieved 2023-02-25.

[24] "일본인 폭행·일본 차량 훼손 사건에 '혐일' 우려 목소리↑…"한국사회 전반적 분위기 아냐"". 투데이신문. 2019-08-28. Retrieved 2023-04-29.

[25] "일본의 혐한, 한국의 반일". 한겨레. 2016-10-07. Retrieved 2022-01-22.

[26] "중국 노동자 피해보상 미쓰비시, 한국 피해자는 외면하나". 연합뉴스. 24 July 2015. Retrieved 6 March 2023.

[27] 일, 강제노역 사과 중국에만···반크 "사도광산 유네스코 등재 반대". Kyunghyang Shinmun (in Korean). 23 July 2022. Retrieved 29 November 2022.

[28] "기시다, 독일 총리에 소녀상 철거 요청…"반응 안 좋아"(종합2보)" [Kishida called on the German Chancellor to remove the Statue of Peace... Kishida said, ""[German Chancellor] did not respond well."]. 연합뉴스. 11 May 2022.

[29] "일본 극우, 도쿄에서 '위안부 피해자 모욕' 행사 개최 ... "짐승만도 못한 짓" 비판". 경향신문. 27 May 2022.

[30] "화이트리스트 복원도 적반하장…일본 "한국 자세에 달렸다"". Kyunghyang Shinmun (in Korean). 17 March 2023. Archived from the original on 19 March 2023. 제1야당인 입헌민주당의 이즈미 겐타 대표는 이날 윤 대통령과 만나 한·일 갈등 현안인 '레이더-초계기' 문제와 소녀상 건립 문제를 언급했다고 밝혔다. 입헌민주당은 그동안 소녀상 철거를 요구해왔다.

[31] "Yoon visits Japan, seeking to restore ties amid N Korea threat". Al Jazeera. 16 March 2023. Archived from the original on 21 March 2023.

[32] Murai Atsushi, "Abolish the Textbook Authorization System", Japan Echo, (Aug. 2001): 28.

[33] "Ed. Minister Protests Distortions in Japanese Textbooks" Archived May 13, 2007, at the Wayback Machine, Chosun Ilbo, May.10,2007.

[34] "Roh Calls on Japan to Respect Historical Truth" Archived March 13, 2007, at the Wayback Machine, Chosun Ilbo, Mar.2,2007.

[35] "How Abe and the ruling class of Japan have stirred up anti-Korean nationalism". The Hankyoreh. 5 August 2019. Retrieved 29 September 2022.

[36] "Vox - Inside North Korea's bubble in Japan (Timestamp 11:30)". YouTube. 31 October 2017.

[37] "Trump signs sanctions bill against Russia as relations worsen". Los Angeles Times. 31 August 2017. Retrieved 25 February 2023.

[38] ""일본 전철에 한글 표기는 낭비" 日 정치인 혐한 트윗". YTN.

[39] ""한국은 약속이라는 개념이 없다"… 日정부, 혐한 분위기 팽배". 조선일보. 15 February 2021.

[40] ""일방적 구애" 대일 저자세 외교…과정도 결과도 부적절했다". 한겨레. 23 September 2022. 기시다 총리로선 확실한 지지기반인 '반한·혐한' 세력의 반대를 무릅쓰고, 한-일 관계 개선을 위한 정상회담에 나설 국내 정치적 동기가 약하다는 뜻이다.

[41] Martin Fackler, August 28, 2010, New Dissent in Japan Is Loudly Anti-Foreign, New York Times

[2010_Seoul_Shinmoon_article-42] "[서울신문] [사설] 되풀이되는 日 고위직 망언 구제불능인가". Seoul Shinmun. Retrieved January 2, 2016.

[anti-Korean-43] Adelstein, Jake (8 July 2022). "Shinzo Abe Was 'Trump Before Trump'—Except He Pulled It Off". The Daily Beast. Archived from the original on 8 July 2022. Retrieved 10 July 2022. His authoritarian legacy will live on for decades to come, and in retaining power, he even trumped Trump. ... During his exile from power, Abe and his cabinet members allied with anti-Korean and other xenophobic groups. Abe drummed up anti-Korean sentiment to bolster his support, and made sure his allies did the dog-whistles while he kept his hands clean. While Trump portrayed immigrants as the boogeyman threatening Japan; Abe latched onto deep-rooted anti-Korean sentiment, towards both the Korean residents of Japan who stayed after the war and citizens of South and North Korea, former colonies of Japan. He appointed Eriko Yamatani, a woman closely associated with the flamingly anti-Korean group Zaitoku-Kai, to be the head of the National Public Safety Commission that oversees the National Police Agency.

[44] "트럼프와 포옹한 이용수 할머니, 일본에 일침 "참견 마라"" [Elderly lady Lee Yong-soo hugged Trump. ... She spoke strongly to the Japan's [right-wing Japanese nationalist government] "Don't interfere"]. 중앙일보. 9 November 2017. Retrieved 22 April 2023.

[문정인-45] "문정인 "바이든이 미 대통령 되면 북한 문제 풀기 어려워"" [Moon Chung-in said, "If Biden [not Trump] becomes the U.S. president, it will be difficult to solve the North Korean problem".]. 동아일보. 3 July 2020. Retrieved 21 March 2023.

[46] "아베는 철저히 '아름다운 일본'을 고수했다". 경향신문. 25 July 2021. Retrieved 24 April 2023. 한국에서 아베 전 총리는 흔히 극우 정치인 내지 일본 극우 세력의 핵심 인물로 여겨진다. 국제사회의 평가는 다르다. 아베 전 총리의 부고를 전하는 서구권 외신 기사 대부분은 "일본 전시 역사에 대한 모호한 태도와 안보에 대한 강경한 자세로 한국과의 갈등을 초래했다"(워싱턴포스트)고 짚으면서도 그를 '극우'로 여기는 경우는 많지 않다. "트럼프와 같은 민족주의자는 아니었으나 극우 세력의 사랑을 받았다"(시애틀타임스)는 정도로 표현한다. [In South Korea, Abe is mostly considered a "far-right politician" or a "key figure in Japanese far-right forces". However, the international community's assessment is different. Most Western foreign articles that convey Abe's obituary pointed out that "the ambiguous attitude toward Japanese war crimes history and hawkish attitude toward security caused conflict with South Korea" (Washington Post), but it is not common to regard him as a "far right". [Western media] Mainly describe [Shinzo Abe as] "not a nationalist like Trump, but loved by far-right forces" (Seattle Times).]

[47] [3] Archived August 29, 2020, at the Wayback Machine, Ex-adviser Steve Bannon says Abe was 'Trump before Trump,' urges him to play hardball with China, Japan Times, 8 March 2019.

[48] "아사히신문 마저도 '문재인 정권' 탓". 피렌체의 식탁. 7 January 2020. Retrieved 20 March 2023.

[49] ""문재인, 비참한 말로", "文, 목숨을 구걸하나"...벌거벗은 日언론". Seoul Shinmun. 22 April 2022. Retrieved 20 March 2023.

[51] "日 아사히, 한국은 '후미에(踏み絵)', 문 정부는 사면초가". Seoul Shinmun. 26 June 2019. Retrieved 2 May 2023.

[무기한-52] "청와대, 일본 아사히신문에 이례적으로 '무기한 출입정지'". 중앙일보. 18 May 2018. Retrieved 20 March 2023.

[53] ""한국 대선 결과, 바이든 행정부 아시아 정책에 상당한 영향"". Voice of America. 27 January 2022.

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@@ Line 1: / Line 1: @@
 {{Short description|None}}
 {{see also|Anti-Japanese sentiment in Korea}}
-{{Bias|date=May 2023}}
+{{Unbalanced|date=May 2023}}
 {{Anti-Korean sentiment in Japan}}
-'''Anti-Korean sentiment in Japan''' refers to opposition, hostility, hatred, distrust, fear, and general dislike of [[Korean people]] or culture in Japan. [[Japan-Korea relations|Relations between Japan and Korea]] can date back to nearly two millenia, mostly defined through cultural exchanges and diplomatic trade. However, major events involving [[war|military aggression]] and political disputes play a key factor in harboring negative sentiment.<ref>Tong, Kurt W, [http://dspace.mit.edu/handle/1721.1/16581 Anti-Korean sentiment in Japan and its effects on Korea-Japan trade], Center for International Studies, MIT Japan Program, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 1996</ref> Much of the current [[anti-Korean sentiment]] stems from [[conservative]] politicians and [[uyoku dantai|far-right groups]].
+'''Anti-Korean sentiment in Japan''' refers to opposition, hostility, hatred, distrust, fear, and general dislike of [[Korean people]] or culture in Japan. [[Japan-Korea relations|Relations between Japan and Korea]] can date back to nearly two millennia, mostly defined through cultural exchanges and diplomatic trade. However, major events involving [[war|military aggression]] and political disputes play a key factor in harboring negative sentiment.<ref>Tong, Kurt W, [http://dspace.mit.edu/handle/1721.1/16581 Anti-Korean sentiment in Japan and its effects on Korea-Japan trade], Center for International Studies, MIT Japan Program, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 1996</ref> Much of the current [[anti-Korean sentiment]] stems from [[conservative]] politicians and [[uyoku dantai|far-right groups]].
-== Pre-WWII History ==
+== Ancient era ==
-{{See|Kantō Massacre|Korea under Japanese rule|Japanese war crimes}}
 Relations between ancient Japan and Korea date back to at least the 4th century, according to historical records of ancient China, Japan, and Korea. According to the ''[[Book of Sui]]'', [[Silla]] and [[Baekje]] greatly valued relations with the Kofun-period [[Wa (Japan)|Wa]] and the Korean kingdoms made diplomatic efforts to maintain their good standing with the Japanese.<ref name="sui">Chinese History Record [[Book of Sui]], Vol. 81, ''Liezhuan'' 46 : 隋書 東夷伝 第81巻列伝46 : 新羅、百濟皆以倭為大國，多珍物，並敬仰之，恆通使往來 "Silla and Baekje both take Wa to be a great country, with many rare and precious things; also [Silla and Baekje] respect and look up to them, and regularly send embassies there." [http://www.guoxue.com/shibu/24shi/suisu/sui_081.htm]{{cite web |title=Archived copy |url=http://www.chinakyl.com/rbbook/big5/25/suishu/suis81.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20041221184200/http://www.chinakyl.com/rbbook/big5/25/suishu/suis81.html |archive-date=2004-12-21 |access-date=2006-04-29}}</ref> The ''[[Samguk sagi]]'' (''Chronicles of the Three Kingdoms'') reported that Baekje and Silla sent their princes as [[hostage#Historical hostage practices|hostage]]s to the Yamato court in exchange for military support to continue their military campaigns; King [[Asin of Baekje]] sent his son ([[Jeonji of Baekje|Jeonji]]) in 397,<ref name="shiragi">Korean History Record [[Samguk Sagi]] : 三國史記 新羅本紀 : 元年 三月 與倭國通好 以奈勿王子未斯欣爲質 [http://www.koreandb.net/Sam/bon/samkuk/04_030_2000277.htm]</ref> and King [[Silseong of Silla]] sent his son [[Misaheun]] in 402.<ref name="kudara">Korean History Record [[Samguk Sagi]] : 三國史記 百済本紀 : 六年夏五月 王與倭國結好 以太子腆支爲質 秋七月大閱於漢水之南　{{cite web |url=http://www.koreandb.net/Sam/bon/samkuk/04_250_2001365.htm |title=아신왕 - 삼국사기 백제본기- 디지털한국학 |access-date=2008-05-12 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080512000405/http://www.koreandb.net/Sam/bon/samkuk/04_250_2001365.htm |archive-date=2008-05-12 }}</ref> [[Hogong]], from Japan, helped to found Silla.<ref>Korean History Record [[Samguk Sagi]] :三國史記 卷第一 新羅本紀第一 始祖赫居世, 瓠公者 未詳其族姓 本倭人</ref> According to the ''[[Nihon Shoki]]'', Silla was invaded by an army from Wa (Japan) in the third century.<ref>Sakamoto (1967:336-340)</ref> In Korea, inscriptions on the [[Gwanggaeto Stele]] state that the king of Goguryeo assisted Silla when it was invaded by the Wa, and punished Baekje for allying with the Wa. The stela also records Wa excursions in the early 5th century.<ref>{{cite journal | last1 = Mohan | first1 = Pankaj N | year = 2004 | title = Rescuing a Stone from Nationalism: A Fresh Look at the Kwanggaeto Stele of Koguryo | journal = Journal of Inner and East Asian Studies | volume = 1 | pages = 89–115 }}</ref>
-During the [[Mongol invasions and conquests|Mongol conquests]] of the 13th and 14th centuries, the [[Goryeo|Goryeo dynasty of Korea]] became a [[Mongol invasions of Korea|vassal state]]. Under Mongolian influence, Korean envoys were sent to Japan to declare submission to the Mongols, only to be rejected.<ref name="jk051022">{{cite web|url=https://japanknowledge.com/introduction/keyword.html?i=2098|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221005220656/https://japanknowledge.com/introduction/keyword.html?i=2098|script-title=ja:元寇|language=ja|publisher=Japan Knowledge|archive-date=5 October 2022|access-date=29 January 2023}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.archives.go.jp/about/activity/international/jp_mn50/english/ch01.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220825223358/https://www.archives.go.jp/about/activity/international/jp_mn50/english/ch01.html|title=Joint project celebrating the 50th anniversary of Japan-Mongolia diplomatic relations. Relations between Japan and Mongolia in the 13th century|publisher=[[National Archives of Japan]]|archive-date=25 August 2022|access-date=29 January 2023}}</ref> The emperor Kublai Khan launched two separate invasions in 1274 and 1281 in response. Although both attempts to conquer Japan failed,  anti-Korean sentiment has risen, due to major involvements of Korean troops participating in the invasion.
+During the [[Mongol invasions and conquests|Mongol conquests]] of the 13th and 14th centuries, the [[Goryeo|Goryeo dynasty of Korea]] became a [[Mongol invasions of Korea|vassal state]]. Under Mongolian influence, Korean envoys were sent to Japan to declare submission to the Mongols, only to be rejected.<ref name="jk051022">{{cite web|url=https://japanknowledge.com/introduction/keyword.html?i=2098|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221005220656/https://japanknowledge.com/introduction/keyword.html?i=2098|script-title=ja:元寇|language=ja|publisher=Japan Knowledge|archive-date=5 October 2022|access-date=29 January 2023}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.archives.go.jp/about/activity/international/jp_mn50/english/ch01.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220825223358/https://www.archives.go.jp/about/activity/international/jp_mn50/english/ch01.html|title=Joint project celebrating the 50th anniversary of Japan-Mongolia diplomatic relations. Relations between Japan and Mongolia in the 13th century|publisher=[[National Archives of Japan]]|archive-date=25 August 2022|access-date=29 January 2023}}</ref> In response, the emperor Kublai Khan launched [[Mongol invasions of Japan|two separate invasions in 1274 and 1281]]. Although both attempts to conquer Japan failed,  anti-Korean sentiment had risen, due to major involvements of Korean troops participating in the invasion.{{Citation needed|date=July 2024}}
-In 1592, Japanese [[samurai]] armies invaded Korea on the orders of [[Toyotomi Hideyoshi]]. The [[Japanese invasions of Korea (1592–1598)|Imjin Wars]] continued until 1598, when the Japanese left, and took with them a number of Korea craftsmen.  During the [[Joseon Dynasty]], [[Wokou]] pirate raids on Korean soil were frequent, which would eventually form the basis of hatred between the two sides. Such tensions built up further after the Japanese [[Korea under Japanese rule|annexation of Korea]] in 1910.<ref name="AnnexTreaty">{{cite news |title=Treaty of Annexation |url=http://www.isop.ucla.edu/eas/documents/kore1910.htm |work=USC-UCLA Joint East Asian Studies Center |access-date=19 February 2007 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070211234114/http://www.isop.ucla.edu/eas/documents/kore1910.htm |archive-date=11 February 2007}}</ref> Japan maintained control of Korea until the end of [[World War II]] in 1945.
+During the [[Joseon]] period, [[Wokou]] pirate raids on Korean soil were frequent, which would eventually form the basis of hatred between the two sides. Ultimately in 1592, Japanese [[samurai]] armies invaded Korea on the orders of [[Toyotomi Hideyoshi]]. The [[Japanese invasions of Korea (1592–1598)|Imjin Wars]] continued until 1598, when the Japanese left, and took with them a number of Korea craftsmen.{{Citation needed|date=July 2024}}
+== 19th-20th century ==
-[[File:8-2earthquake-kanto.jpg|right|thumb|250x250px|Koreans in Japan about to be stabbed by Japanese vigilantes with bamboo spears immediately after the [[1923 Great Kantō earthquake]] (see [[Kantō Massacre]])]]
-During the [[1923 Great Kantō earthquake]], widespread damage occurred in a region with a significant Korean population, and much of the local Japanese overreacted to rumors which spread after the earthquake.<ref>{{cite book |title=The origins of the Korean community in Japan, 1910–1923 |last=Weiner |first=Michael A. |year=1989 |publisher=Manchester University Press |location=Manchester |isbn=978-0-7190-2987-5 |pages=164–188}}</ref> Within the aftermath of the event, there was a common perception amongst some groups of Japanese that ethnic Koreans were [[well poisoning|poisoning wells]], eventually setting off a set of killings against Koreans, where Japanese would use the [[shibboleth]] of ''[[List of shibboleths#Japanese–Korean|ba bi bu be bo]]'' (ばびぶべぼ) to distinguish ethnic Koreans from Japanese, as it was assumed that Koreans would be unable to pronounce the line correctly, and instead pronounce them as {{IPA-ko|pa, pi, pu, pe, po|}}.<ref>{{cite book |title=Tokyo: The Changing Profile of an Urban Giant |last=Cybriwsky |first=Roman |year=1991 |publisher=Belhaven Press |location=London |isbn=978-1-85293-054-7 |page=81}}</ref> All people who failed the test were killed,{{Citation needed|date=November 2020}} which caused many [[Chinese people|ethnic Chinese]] , also unable to correctly pronounce the shibboleth, to be indiscriminately killed in large numbers. Other shibboleths used were {{nihongo|"''jū-go-en, go-jū-ssen''"|15円 50銭||15 [[Japanese yen|yen]], 50 [[Japanese sen|sen]]}} and "''gagigugego''" (がぎぐげご), where Japanese people pronounce initial ''g'' as {{IPA|[ɡ]}} and medial ''g'' as {{IPA|[ŋ]}} (such a distinction is dying out in recent years), whereas Koreans pronounce the two sounds as {{IPA|[k]}} and {{IPA|[ɡ]}} respectively.{{Citation needed|date=January 2011}}
+{{Further|Kantō Massacre|Korea under Japanese rule|Japanese war crimes}}
+During the [[Meiji Restoration]] of the late 19th century, Japan underwent [[Westernization]] and took opportunities to exploit from China, who was unable to defend itself from Western forces. Because Korea acted as part of China's tributary state, Japan want to exert further influence by presenting Korea with the [[Japan–Korea Treaty of 1876|Treaty of Gangwha]], forcing Korea to provide extraterritorial rights to Japanese citizens in the country, open three ports—Busan, Incheon, and Wonsan—to Japanese and foreign trade, and establish its independence from China in foreign relations. For the next couple of decades, the [[Empire of Japan]] would forcefully remove any foreign influence on Korea to finally [[Korea under Japanese rule|annexing the country]] in 1910.<ref name="AnnexTreaty">{{cite news |title=Treaty of Annexation |url=http://www.isop.ucla.edu/eas/documents/kore1910.htm |work=USC-UCLA Joint East Asian Studies Center |access-date=19 February 2007 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070211234114/http://www.isop.ucla.edu/eas/documents/kore1910.htm |archive-date=11 February 2007}}</ref> Japan maintained control of Korea until the end of [[World War II]] in 1945.
+[[File:1923 Kanto Massacre.jpg|right|thumb|250x250px|Koreans in Japan about to be stabbed by Japanese vigilantes with bamboo spears immediately after the [[1923 Great Kantō earthquake]] (see [[Kantō Massacre]])]]
+During the [[1923 Great Kantō earthquake]], widespread damage occurred in a region with a significant Korean population, and much of the local Japanese overreacted to rumors which spread after the earthquake.<ref>{{cite book |title=The origins of the Korean community in Japan, 1910–1923 |last=Weiner |first=Michael A. |year=1989 |publisher=Manchester University Press |location=Manchester |isbn=978-0-7190-2987-5 |pages=164–188}}</ref> Within the aftermath of the event, there was a common perception amongst some groups of Japanese that ethnic Koreans were [[well poisoning|poisoning wells]], eventually setting off a set of killings against Koreans, where Japanese would use the [[shibboleth]] of ''[[List of shibboleths#Japanese–Korean|ba bi bu be bo]]'' (ばびぶべぼ) to distinguish ethnic Koreans from Japanese, as it was assumed that Koreans would be unable to pronounce the line correctly, and instead pronounce them as {{IPA|ko|pa, pi, pu, pe, po|}}.<ref>{{cite book |title=Tokyo: The Changing Profile of an Urban Giant |last=Cybriwsky |first=Roman |year=1991 |publisher=Belhaven Press |location=London |isbn=978-1-85293-054-7 |page=81}}</ref> All people who failed the test were killed,{{Citation needed|date=November 2020}} which caused many [[Chinese people|ethnic Chinese]] , also unable to correctly pronounce the shibboleth, to be indiscriminately killed in large numbers. Other shibboleths used were {{nihongo|"''jū-go-en, go-jū-ssen''"|15円 50銭||15 [[Japanese yen|yen]], 50 [[Japanese sen|sen]]}} and "''gagigugego''" (がぎぐげご), where Japanese people pronounce initial ''g'' as {{IPA|[ɡ]}} and medial ''g'' as {{IPA|[ŋ]}} (such a distinction is dying out in recent years), whereas Koreans pronounce the two sounds as {{IPA|[k]}} and {{IPA|[ɡ]}} respectively.{{Citation needed|date=January 2011}}
 == Post-WWII history ==
@@ Line 20: / Line 25: @@
 In April 2014, several anti-Korean stickers were found posted at 13 locations along the [[Shikoku Pilgrimage]] route; the stickers were denounced by a spokesman from the Shikoku 88 Temple Pilgrimage Association.<ref>{{Cite web |date=April 11, 2014 |title=Anti-Korean stickers posted at several points along Shikoku pilgrimage route |url=https://japantoday.com/category/national/anti-korean-stickers-posted-at-several-points-along-shikoku-pilgrimage-route |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220406132730/https://japantoday.com/category/national/anti-korean-stickers-posted-at-several-points-along-shikoku-pilgrimage-route?comment-order=popular |archive-date=April 6, 2022 |website=[[Japan Today]] |language=en}}</ref>
-In 2021, a Japanese man set fire to an empty house in a Korean village in [[Utoro district]], [[Uji]]. The fire spread to other properties and damaged them. He attributed his actions to his hatred of Korean people, which was in part sparked by online rhetoric. He was sentenced to four years in prison.<ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=August 30, 2022 |title=Man given 4 years in prison for arson in Korean community in Kyoto |url=https://english.kyodonews.net/news/2022/08/4df6329c8a45-man-given-4-years-in-prison-for-arson-in-korean-community.html |access-date=2023-09-19 |website=Kyodo News+}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Tokunaga |first=Takeshiro |date=August 30, 2022 |title=Man gets 4 years in prison for arson in ethnic Korean district {{!}} The Asahi Shimbun: Breaking News, Japan News and Analysis |url=https://www.asahi.com/ajw/articles/14706595 |access-date=2023-09-19 |website=The Asahi Shimbun |language=en}}</ref>
+In 2021, a Japanese man set fire to an empty house in a Korean village in [[Utoro district]], [[Uji]]. The fire spread to other properties and damaged them. He attributed his actions to his hatred of Korean people, which was in part sparked by online rhetoric. He was sentenced to four years in prison.<ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=August 30, 2022 |title=Man given 4 years in prison for arson in Korean community in Kyoto |url=https://english.kyodonews.net/news/2022/08/4df6329c8a45-man-given-4-years-in-prison-for-arson-in-korean-community.html |access-date=2023-09-19 |website=Kyodo News+}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Tokunaga |first=Takeshiro |date=August 30, 2022 |title=Man gets 4 years in prison for arson in ethnic Korean district |url=https://www.asahi.com/ajw/articles/14706595 |access-date=2023-09-19 |website=[[The Asahi Shimbun]] |language=en}}</ref>
 === North Korea ===
@@ Line 31: / Line 36: @@
 Much of the anti-Korean sentiment present today however deals with contemporary attitudes.{{Citation needed|date=January 2011}} During the [[2002 FIFA World Cup]], Japanese and Korean supporters clashed with one another. Both sides were also known to post racist messages against each other on online bulletins. There were also [[2002 FIFA World Cup hosting controversy|disputes]] regarding how the event was to be hosted, as a result of the rivalry between the two nations.
-The [[Korean Wave]], or the exportation of South Korean pop culture, has created some negative feelings among pockets of Japanese society. Many Japanese citizens with conservative views and some [[right-wing]] [[Japanese nationalism|nationalist groups]] have organized anti-Korean Wave demonstrations via [[2channel]]. On 9 August 2011, more than 2,000 protesters demonstrated in front of [[Fuji TV]]'s headquarters in [[Odaiba]], [[Tokyo]] against the broadcasting of [[Korean drama]]s.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://english.donga.com/srv/service.php3?bicode=050000&biid=2011080940068|title=Japan's alt-right groups hold rallies vs. Korean pop culture|date=9 August 2011|work=Dong-A Ilbo|access-date=11 August 2011}}</ref> Earlier, in July 2011, Japanese former actor [[Sousuke Takaoka]] was fired from his agency, [[Stardust Promotion]], for tweeting criticisms against the influx of Korean dramas.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://english.chosun.com/site/data/html_dir/2011/08/09/2011080901004.html|title=Hundreds of Japanese Protest Against Korean Wave|date=9 August 2011|work=Chosun Ilbo|access-date=11 August 2011}}</ref> The general perception of Koreans on 2channel is negative, with users depicting them as a violent, unethical, and irrational people who are a 'threat' to Japan.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Rumi Sakamoto |date=March 7, 2011 |title='Koreans, Go Home!' Internet Nationalism in Contemporary Japan as a Digitally Mediated Subculture |url=https://apjjf.org/2011/9/10/Rumi-SAKAMOTO/3497/article.html |website=The Asia-Pacific Journal: Japan Focus |publication-place=[[University of Auckland]]}}</ref> Users often reference stereotypes of Koreans, such as the [[Dog meat consumption in South Korea|use of dogs in Korean cuisine]].<ref>{{cite journal|title='Race' on the Japanese internet: discussing Korea and Koreans on '2-channeru'|first=Mark|last=Mclelland|journal=New Media and Society|volume=10|issue=6|pages=811–829|date=December 2008|doi=10.1177/1461444808096246|citeseerx=10.1.1.691.4872|s2cid=10037117}}</ref>
+The [[Korean Wave]], or the exportation of South Korean pop culture, has created some negative feelings among pockets of Japanese society. Many Japanese citizens with conservative views and some [[right-wing]] [[Japanese nationalism|nationalist groups]] have organized anti-Korean Wave demonstrations via [[2channel]]. On 9 August 2011, more than 2,000 protesters demonstrated in front of [[Fuji TV]]'s headquarters in [[Odaiba]], [[Tokyo]] against the broadcasting of [[Korean drama]]s.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://english.donga.com/srv/service.php3?bicode=050000&biid=2011080940068|title=Japan's alt-right groups hold rallies vs. Korean pop culture|date=9 August 2011|work=[[The Dong-a Ilbo]]|access-date=11 August 2011}}</ref> Earlier, in July 2011, Japanese former actor [[Sousuke Takaoka]] was fired from his agency, [[Stardust Promotion]], for tweeting criticisms against the influx of Korean dramas.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://english.chosun.com/site/data/html_dir/2011/08/09/2011080901004.html|title=Hundreds of Japanese Protest Against Korean Wave|date=9 August 2011|work=[[The Chosun Ilbo]]|access-date=11 August 2011}}</ref> The general perception of Koreans on 2channel is negative, with users depicting them as a violent, unethical, and irrational people who are a 'threat' to Japan.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Rumi Sakamoto |date=March 7, 2011 |title='Koreans, Go Home!' Internet Nationalism in Contemporary Japan as a Digitally Mediated Subculture |url=https://apjjf.org/2011/9/10/Rumi-SAKAMOTO/3497/article.html |website=The Asia-Pacific Journal: Japan Focus |publication-place=[[University of Auckland]]}}</ref> Users often reference stereotypes of Koreans, such as the [[Dog meat consumption in South Korea|use of dogs in Korean cuisine]].<ref>{{cite journal|title='Race' on the Japanese internet: discussing Korea and Koreans on '2-channeru'|first=Mark|last=Mclelland|journal=New Media and Society|volume=10|issue=6|pages=811–829|date=December 2008|doi=10.1177/1461444808096246|citeseerx=10.1.1.691.4872|s2cid=10037117}}</ref>
-The [[United States Institute of Peace]] analyzed that the dispute between Japan-South Korea dispute from anti-Korean xenophobia. According to their analysis, Japan's repeated historical negativism, territorial disputes, and failure of diplomatic agreements are also manifestations of anti-Korean xenophobia. Many Japanese people perceive Koreans to be inferior and untrustworthy.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.usip.org/publications/2023/01/how-address-racism-heart-japan-south-korea-tensions |title=How to Address the Racism at the Heart of Japan-South Korea Tensions |quote=Anti-Korean racism is at the heart of historic and unresolved tensions between Japan and South Korea. It will be near impossible to resolve disputes like the comfort women issue without addressing this racism. This is because the difficulty in reaching a consensus on the Japanese side often derives from the underlying tendency among many Japanese to view Koreans as “inferior” and “untrustworthy.” U.S. actors, including officials, businesses and academics, should understand the consequences of the important role they have played in perpetuating such prejudice and help right this wrong. ... We tend to think of Korean-Japanese tensions in terms of topic areas, such as Japan’s recurring historical denialism, the territorial dispute and the failure of diplomatic arrangements. But these tensions are largely manifestations of racism, not the cause of it, and they will persist as long as racism itself remains unaddressed. |agency=[[United States Institute of Peace]] |date=17 January 2023 |access-date=2 May 2023 }}</ref>
+The [[United States Institute of Peace]] analyzed that the dispute between Japan-South Korea dispute from anti-Korean [[xenophobia]]. According to their analysis, Japan's repeated historical negativism, territorial disputes, and failure of diplomatic agreements are also manifestations of anti-Korean xenophobia. Many Japanese people perceive Koreans to be inferior and untrustworthy.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.usip.org/publications/2023/01/how-address-racism-heart-japan-south-korea-tensions |title=How to Address the Racism at the Heart of Japan-South Korea Tensions |quote=Anti-Korean racism is at the heart of historic and unresolved tensions between Japan and South Korea. It will be near impossible to resolve disputes like the comfort women issue without addressing this racism. This is because the difficulty in reaching a consensus on the Japanese side often derives from the underlying tendency among many Japanese to view Koreans as “inferior” and “untrustworthy.” U.S. actors, including officials, businesses and academics, should understand the consequences of the important role they have played in perpetuating such prejudice and help right this wrong. ... We tend to think of Korean-Japanese tensions in terms of topic areas, such as Japan's recurring historical denialism, the territorial dispute and the failure of diplomatic arrangements. But these tensions are largely manifestations of racism, not the cause of it, and they will persist as long as racism itself remains unaddressed. |agency=[[United States Institute of Peace]] |date=17 January 2023 |access-date=2 May 2023 }}</ref>
 ==== ''Kenkan'' books ====
-In Japanese [[bookstore]]s, '''''Kenkan''''' (嫌韓, "Hatred for [South] Koreans") books are placed separately, and ''Kenkan'' is recognized as a book genre. On the other hand, there are no '''''Hyomil''''' (혐일 or 嫌日, "Hatred for Japanese") books in South Korean bookstores.<ref name="정치평론가"/> South Korean media point out that Japan's "Hate of [South] Korean" cannot be identified with South Korea's "[[Anti-Japanese sentiment in Korea|anti-Japan]]" (반일). In South Korea, "anti-Japan" (반일 or 反日) are distinguished from "Hate of Japanese" (혐일 or 嫌日); "Anti-Japan" ostracizes Japan in an anti-imperialistic, and "Hate of Japanese" ostracizes Japan in all contexts, including nationality.<ref>{{cite web|title=일본인 폭행·일본 차량 훼손 사건에 ‘혐일’ 우려 목소리↑…“한국사회 전반적 분위기 아냐” |url=http://www.ntoday.co.kr/news/articleView.html?idxno=68251 |publisher=투데이신문|date=2019-08-28|access-date=2023-04-29}}</ref> However, in Japan, "anti-[South] Korea" (反韓) and "Hate of [South] Korean" (嫌韓) are not strictly distinguished. There is ''Kenkan'' racist hate groups (ex. ''[[Zaitokukai]]'' and other ''[[Uyoku dantai]]'') in Japan, but there is no ''Hyomil'' racist hate groups in South Korea. Therefore, the South Korean media opposes the [[Japanese people]]'s comparison of South Korea's "反日" and Japan's "嫌韓" on the same line.<ref name="정치평론가">{{cite web|title="아니, 이게 없다니…" 한국 서점 둘러보고 깜짝 놀란 일본 정치평론가 |url=https://www.joongang.co.kr/article/21749943 |publisher=[[중앙일보]]|date=2017-07-12|access-date=2023-02-25}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=일본의 혐한, 한국의 반일 |url=https://www.hani.co.kr/arti/international/japan/764637.html |publisher=[[한겨레]]|date=2016-10-07|access-date=2022-01-22}}</ref>
+In Japanese [[bookstore]]s, '''''Kenkan''''' (嫌韓, "Hatred for [South] Koreans") books are placed separately, and ''Kenkan'' is recognized as a book genre. On the other hand, there are no '''''Hyomil''''' ({{Korean|hangul=혐일|hanja=嫌日|lit=Hatred for Japanese|labels=no}}) books in South Korean bookstores.<ref name="정치평론가"/> South Korean media point out that Japan's "Hate of [South] Korean" cannot be identified with South Korea's "[[Anti-Japanese sentiment in Korea|anti-Japan]]" ({{Korean|hangul=반일|labels=no}}). In South Korea, "anti-Japan" ({{Korean|hangul=반일|hanja=反日|labels=no}}) are distinguished from "Hate of Japanese" ({{korean|hangul=혐일|hanja=嫌日|labels=no}}); "Anti-Japan" ostracizes Japan in an anti-imperialistic, and "Hate of Japanese" ostracizes Japan in all contexts, including nationality.<ref>{{cite web|title=일본인 폭행·일본 차량 훼손 사건에 ‘혐일’ 우려 목소리↑…"한국사회 전반적 분위기 아냐" |url=http://www.ntoday.co.kr/news/articleView.html?idxno=68251 |publisher=투데이신문|date=2019-08-28|access-date=2023-04-29}}</ref> However, in Japan, "anti-[South] Korea" (反韓) and "Hate of [South] Korean" (嫌韓) are not strictly distinguished. There is ''Kenkan'' racist hate groups (ex. ''[[Zaitokukai]]'' and other ''[[Uyoku dantai]]'') in Japan, but there is no ''Hyomil'' racist hate groups in South Korea. Therefore, the South Korean media opposes the [[Japanese people]]'s comparison of South Korea's "反日" and Japan's "嫌韓" on the same line.<ref name="정치평론가">{{cite web|title="아니, 이게 없다니…" 한국 서점 둘러보고 깜짝 놀란 일본 정치평론가 |url=https://www.joongang.co.kr/article/21749943 |publisher=[[중앙일보]]|date=2017-07-12|access-date=2023-02-25}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=일본의 혐한, 한국의 반일 |url=https://www.hani.co.kr/arti/international/japan/764637.html |publisher=[[한겨레]]|date=2016-10-07|access-date=2022-01-22}}</ref>
-''[[Manga Kenkanryu]]'' (often referred to as "Hating the Korean Wave ''[[Manga]]''") by [[Sharin Yamano]] discusses these issues while making many other arguments and claims against Korea.{{cn|date=April 2023}}
+''[[Manga Kenkanryu]]'' (often referred to as "Hating the Korean Wave ''[[Manga]]''") by [[Sharin Yamano]] discusses these issues while making many other arguments and claims against Korea.{{citation needed|date=April 2023}}
 ==== Territorial dispute ====
@@ Line 51: / Line 56: @@
 ===Comfort women issue===
-{{see|Comfort woman}}
+{{further|Comfort woman}}
-Except for some left-wing socialist political parties (mainly [[Social Democratic Party (Japan)|Social Democratic Party]] and [[Japanese Communist Party]]), major Japanese politicians and political parties often have historical revisionist perceptions of the [[comfort women]] issue. [[Fumio Kishida]] has called on the German government to remove the [[Statue of Peace]] in Berlin, as it has caused considerable controversy in South Korea.<ref>{{cite news |date=11 May 2022 |title=기시다, 독일 총리에 소녀상 철거 요청…"반응 안 좋아"(종합2보) |trans-title=Kishida called on the German Chancellor to remove the Statue of Peace... Kishida said, ""[German Chancellor] did not respond well." |work=[[연합뉴스]] |url=https://www.yna.co.kr/view/AKR20220511012752073}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://m.khan.co.kr/world/world-general/article/202205270813001/amp|title=일본 극우, 도쿄에서 '위안부 피해자 모욕' 행사 개최 ... "짐승만도 못한 짓" 비판|work=[[경향신문]] |date=27 May 2022}}</ref> The liberal [[Constitutional Democratic Party of Japan]], as well as the conservative [[Liberal Democratic Party (Japan)|Liberal Democratic Party]], have also called on the South Korean government to remove the Statue of Peace,<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.khan.co.kr/world/japan/article/202303172114025 |title=화이트리스트 복원도 적반하장…일본 “한국 자세에 달렸다” |quote=제1야당인 입헌민주당의 이즈미 겐타 대표는 이날 윤 대통령과 만나 한·일 갈등 현안인 ‘레이더-초계기’ 문제와 소녀상 건립 문제를 언급했다고 밝혔다. 입헌민주당은 그동안 소녀상 철거를 요구해왔다. |work=[[Kyunghyang Shinmun]] |date=17 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230319134147/https://www.khan.co.kr/world/japan/article/202303172114025 |archive-date=19 March 2023 |language=Korean}}</ref> with even suggesting that there was no evidence to indicate that Japanese authorities coerced Korean women into sexual slavery.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Yoon visits Japan, seeking to restore ties amid N Korea threat |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2023/3/16/s-koreas-yoon-visits-japan-renew-ties-amid-n-korea-threat |work=[[Al Jazeera English|Al Jazeera]] |date= 16 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230321105448/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2023/3/16/s-koreas-yoon-visits-japan-renew-ties-amid-n-korea-threat |archive-date=21 March 2023}}</ref>
+Except for some left-wing socialist political parties (mainly [[Social Democratic Party (Japan)|Social Democratic Party]] and [[Japanese Communist Party]]), major Japanese politicians and political parties often have historical revisionist perceptions of the [[comfort women]] issue. [[Fumio Kishida]] has called on the German government to remove the [[Statue of Peace]] in Berlin, as it has caused considerable controversy in South Korea.<ref>{{cite news |date=11 May 2022 |title=기시다, 독일 총리에 소녀상 철거 요청…"반응 안 좋아"(종합2보) |trans-title=Kishida called on the German Chancellor to remove the Statue of Peace... Kishida said, ""[German Chancellor] did not respond well." |work=[[연합뉴스]] |url=https://www.yna.co.kr/view/AKR20220511012752073}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://m.khan.co.kr/world/world-general/article/202205270813001/amp|title=일본 극우, 도쿄에서 '위안부 피해자 모욕' 행사 개최 ... "짐승만도 못한 짓" 비판|work=[[경향신문]] |date=27 May 2022}}</ref> The liberal [[Constitutional Democratic Party of Japan]], as well as the conservative [[Liberal Democratic Party (Japan)|Liberal Democratic Party]], have also called on the South Korean government to remove the Statue of Peace,<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.khan.co.kr/world/japan/article/202303172114025 |title=화이트리스트 복원도 적반하장…일본 "한국 자세에 달렸다" |quote=제1야당인 입헌민주당의 이즈미 겐타 대표는 이날 윤 대통령과 만나 한·일 갈등 현안인 ‘레이더-초계기’ 문제와 소녀상 건립 문제를 언급했다고 밝혔다. 입헌민주당은 그동안 소녀상 철거를 요구해왔다. |work=[[Kyunghyang Shinmun]] |date=17 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230319134147/https://www.khan.co.kr/world/japan/article/202303172114025 |archive-date=19 March 2023 |language=Korean}}</ref> with even suggesting that there was no evidence to indicate that Japanese authorities coerced Korean women into sexual slavery.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Yoon visits Japan, seeking to restore ties amid N Korea threat |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2023/3/16/s-koreas-yoon-visits-japan-renew-ties-amid-n-korea-threat |work=[[Al Jazeera English|Al Jazeera]] |date= 16 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230321105448/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2023/3/16/s-koreas-yoon-visits-japan-renew-ties-amid-n-korea-threat |archive-date=21 March 2023}}</ref>
 ===Japanese textbook revisionism===
@@ Line 61: / Line 66: @@
 == Politics ==
-{{See|Uyoku dantai|Nippon Kaigi}}
+{{Further|Uyoku dantai|Nippon Kaigi}}
-The [[Hankyoreh]], a [[Liberalism in South Korea|liberal]] newspaper in South Korea, denounced right-wing nationalism led by [[Shinzo Abe]] and [[Nippon Kaigi]] as "anti-Korean nationalism", in its English column.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://english.hani.co.kr/arti/english_edition/english_editorials/904580.html |title=How Abe and the ruling class of Japan have stirred up anti-Korean nationalism |work=Hankyoreh |date=5 August 2019 |access-date=29 September 2022}}</ref> There were suspicions that Shinzo Abe provided support to anti-Korean<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=qBfyIQbxXPs&t=690s |title=Vox - Inside North Korea's bubble in Japan (Timestamp 11:30) |date=31 October 2017 |work=[[YouTube]]}}</ref> [[Moritomo Gakuen|ultra-nationalist kindergartens]].<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.latimes.com/newsletters/todaysheadlines/la-na-essential-washington-updates-201707-htmlstory.html |title=Trump signs sanctions bill against Russia as relations worsen |work=Los Angeles Times |date=31 August 2017 |access-date=25 February 2023}}</ref>
+The [[Hankyoreh]], a [[Liberalism in South Korea|liberal]] newspaper in South Korea, denounced right-wing nationalism led by [[Shinzo Abe]] and [[Nippon Kaigi]] as "anti-Korean nationalism", in its English column.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://english.hani.co.kr/arti/english_edition/english_editorials/904580.html |title=How Abe and the ruling class of Japan have stirred up anti-Korean nationalism |work=[[The Hankyoreh]] |date=5 August 2019 |access-date=29 September 2022}}</ref> There were suspicions that Shinzo Abe provided support to anti-Korean<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=qBfyIQbxXPs&t=690s |title=Vox - Inside North Korea's bubble in Japan (Timestamp 11:30) |date=31 October 2017 |work=[[YouTube]]}}</ref> [[Moritomo Gakuen|ultra-nationalist kindergartens]].<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.latimes.com/newsletters/todaysheadlines/la-na-essential-washington-updates-201707-htmlstory.html |title=Trump signs sanctions bill against Russia as relations worsen |work=Los Angeles Times |date=31 August 2017 |access-date=25 February 2023}}</ref>
 Almost all major [[South Korean media]] outlets point out that the [[Liberal Democratic Party (Japan)|Liberal Democratic Party]] and its politicians express [[anti-Korean sentiment]], and that the party's main support base is "Hatred for [South] Koreans".<ref>{{cite web|title="일본 전철에 한글 표기는 낭비" 日 정치인 혐한 트윗|url=https://www.ytn.co.kr/news_view.php?s_mcd=0104&key=201907221625061260&pos |publisher=[[YTN]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title="한국은 약속이라는 개념이 없다"… 日정부, 혐한 분위기 팽배 |date=15 February 2021 |url=https://www.chosun.com/international/international_general/2021/02/16/TXOPOICLUVHDBGKGOZSR7H72LM/ |publisher=[[조선일보]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title="일방적 구애" 대일 저자세 외교…과정도 결과도 부적절했다 | date=23 September 2022 |url=https://www.hani.co.kr/arti/politics/diplomacy/1059831.html?_fr=gg#cb |quote=기시다 총리로선 확실한 지지기반인 ‘반한·혐한’ 세력의 반대를 무릅쓰고, 한-일 관계 개선을 위한 정상회담에 나설 국내 정치적 동기가 약하다는 뜻이다. |publisher=[[한겨레]]}}</ref>
@@ Line 68: / Line 73: @@
 Some right-wing groups in Japan today have targeted ethnic Koreans living within Japan. One such group, known as [[Zaitokukai]], is organized by members on the internet, and has led street demonstrations against Korean schools.<ref>Martin Fackler, August 28, 2010, [https://www.nytimes.com/2010/08/29/world/asia/29japan.html?_r=2&src=me&ref=world New Dissent in Japan Is Loudly Anti-Foreign], New York Times</ref>
-On March 27, 2010, on the centennial of [[Japan–Korea Annexation Treaty|Japan–Korean annexation]], [[Yukio Edano]], then Japanese Minister of State for Government Revitalization, stated that "The invasion and colonization and China and Korea was historically inevitable&nbsp;... since China and Korea could not modernize themselves". Yukio Edano is known as a liberal politician in Japan.<ref name="2010 Seoul Shinmoon article">{{cite web|title=[서울신문] [사설] 되풀이되는 日 고위직 망언 구제불능인가|url=http://www.seoul.co.kr/news/newsView.php?id=20100329031003|access-date=January 2, 2016|work=서울신문}}</ref>
+On March 27, 2010, on the centennial of [[Japan–Korea Annexation Treaty|Japan–Korean annexation]], [[Yukio Edano]], then Japanese Minister of State for Government Revitalization, stated that "The invasion and colonization and China and Korea was historically inevitable&nbsp;... since China and Korea could not modernize themselves". Yukio Edano is known as a liberal politician in Japan.<ref name="2010 Seoul Shinmoon article">{{cite web|title=[서울신문] [사설] 되풀이되는 日 고위직 망언 구제불능인가|url=http://www.seoul.co.kr/news/newsView.php?id=20100329031003|access-date=January 2, 2016|work=[[Seoul Shinmun]]}}</ref>
 Japan's former prime minister [[Shinzo Abe]] was also criticized by some experts for encouraging anti-Korean xenophobia in Japanese society,<ref name="anti-Korean"/> with many South Koreans perceiving Shinzo Abe as an extreme right-wing politician, far more than [[Donald Trump]].<ref name="anti-Korean">{{cite web |last1=Adelstein |first1=Jake |title=Shinzo Abe Was 'Trump Before Trump'—Except He Pulled It Off |url=https://www.thedailybeast.com/shinzo-abe-was-japans-donald-trump-before-trumpexcept-he-pulled-it-off |website=The Daily Beast |access-date=10 July 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220708172725/https://www.thedailybeast.com/shinzo-abe-was-japans-donald-trump-before-trumpexcept-he-pulled-it-off |archive-date=8 July 2022 |language=en |date=8 July 2022 |quote=His authoritarian legacy will live on for decades to come, and in retaining power, he even trumped Trump. ... During his exile from power, Abe and his cabinet members allied with anti-Korean and other xenophobic groups. Abe drummed up anti-Korean sentiment to bolster his support, and made sure his allies did the dog-whistles while he kept his hands clean. While Trump portrayed immigrants as the boogeyman threatening Japan; Abe latched onto deep-rooted anti-Korean sentiment, towards both the Korean residents of Japan who stayed after the war and citizens of South and North Korea, former colonies of Japan. He appointed Eriko Yamatani, a woman closely associated with the flamingly anti-Korean group Zaitoku-Kai, to be the head of the National Public Safety Commission that oversees the National Police Agency.}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.joongang.co.kr/article/22098016 |title=트럼프와 포옹한 이용수 할머니, 일본에 일침 “참견 마라” |trans-title=Elderly lady [[Lee Yong-soo (activist)|Lee Yong-soo]] hugged Trump. ... She spoke strongly to the Japan's [right-wing Japanese nationalist government] "Don't interfere" |website=[[중앙일보]] | date=9 November 2017 |access-date=22 April 2023}}</ref><ref name="문정인">{{cite web |title=문정인 "바이든이 미 대통령 되면 북한 문제 풀기 어려워" |trans-title=[[Moon Chung-in]] said, "If Biden [not Trump] becomes the U.S. president, it will be difficult to solve the North Korean problem". |url=https://www.donga.com/news/Politics/article/all/20200703/101805174/1 |publisher=[[동아일보]] |date=3 July 2020 |access-date=21 March 2023}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://weekly.khan.co.kr/khnm.html?www&mode=view&art_id=202207151430571&dept=117 |title=아베는 철저히 ‘아름다운 일본’을 고수했다 |quote=한국에서 아베 전 총리는 흔히 극우 정치인 내지 일본 극우 세력의 핵심 인물로 여겨진다. 국제사회의 평가는 다르다. 아베 전 총리의 부고를 전하는 서구권 외신 기사 대부분은 “일본 전시 역사에 대한 모호한 태도와 안보에 대한 강경한 자세로 한국과의 갈등을 초래했다”(워싱턴포스트)고 짚으면서도 그를 ‘극우’로 여기는 경우는 많지 않다. “트럼프와 같은 민족주의자는 아니었으나 극우 세력의 사랑을 받았다”(시애틀타임스)는 정도로 표현한다. |trans-quote=In South Korea, Abe is mostly considered a "far-right politician" or a "key figure in Japanese far-right forces". However, the international community's assessment is different. Most Western foreign articles that convey Abe's obituary pointed out that "the ambiguous attitude toward Japanese war crimes history and hawkish attitude toward security caused conflict with South Korea" (Washington Post), but it is not common to regard him as a "far right". [Western media] Mainly describe [Shinzo Abe as] "not a nationalist like Trump, but loved by far-right forces" (Seattle Times).|agency=[[경향신문]] |date=25 July 2021 |access-date=24 April 2023 }}</ref> He was often called "Trump before Trump" outside of Japan.<ref name="anti-Korean"/><ref>[https://www.japantimes.co.jp/news/2019/03/08/national/politics-diplomacy/ex-adviser-steve-bannon-confident-donald-trump-win-2020-despite-probes/#.XILevy2ZPOR] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200829232041/https://www.japantimes.co.jp/news/2019/03/08/national/politics-diplomacy/ex-adviser-steve-bannon-confident-donald-trump-win-2020-despite-probes/#.XILevy2ZPOR|date=August 29, 2020}}, Ex-adviser Steve Bannon says Abe was 'Trump before Trump,' urges him to play hardball with China, Japan Times, 8 March 2019.</ref>
-In the South Korean media, most Japanese people and almost all major Japanese media criticize the view of South Korean politics for being biased and for portraying or loathing South Korean liberals in a negative way.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.donga.com/news/amp/all/20180918/92055279/2 |title=아사히신문 마저도 '문재인 정권' 탓 |work=피렌체의 식탁 |date=7 January 2020 |access-date=20 March 2023}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.seoul.co.kr/news/newsView.php?id=20220422500057 |title="문재인, 비참한 말로", "文, 목숨을 구걸하나"...벌거벗은 日언론 |work=서울신문 |date=22 April 2022 |access-date=20 March 2023}}</ref>{{efn|Most South Korean liberals take the view that the Japanese government should provide proper individual compensation for the South Korean victims of Japanese war crimes. In contrast, many Japanese take the view that the compensation issue has already been closed due to the [[Treaty on Basic Relations Between Japan and the Republic of Korea]]. This is an element of the Japan-Korea conflict.}} According to Korean media, even the ''[[Asahi Shimbun]]'', known in Japan as a Japanese liberal media outlet, reports on the South Korean liberal Moon Jae-in government using biased and insulting expressions.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.sisaweekly.com/news/articleView.html?idxno=20912 |title=日 아사히, 한국은 ‘후미에(踏み絵)’, 문 정부는 사면초가 |work=서울신문 |date=26 June 2019 |access-date=2 May 2023}}</ref><ref name="무기한">{{cite web | url=https://www.joongang.co.kr/amparticle/22636913 |publisher=[[중앙일보]] | title=청와대, 일본 아사히신문에 이례적으로 '무기한 출입정지' | date=18 May 2018 |access-date=20 March 2023}}</ref>
+In the South Korean media, most Japanese people and almost all major Japanese media criticize the view of South Korean politics for being biased and for portraying or loathing South Korean liberals in a negative way.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.donga.com/news/amp/all/20180918/92055279/2 |title=아사히신문 마저도 '문재인 정권' 탓 |work=피렌체의 식탁 |date=7 January 2020 |access-date=20 March 2023}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.seoul.co.kr/news/newsView.php?id=20220422500057 |title="문재인, 비참한 말로", "文, 목숨을 구걸하나"...벌거벗은 日언론 |work=[[Seoul Shinmun]] |date=22 April 2022 |access-date=20 March 2023}}</ref>{{efn|Most South Korean liberals take the view that the Japanese government should provide proper individual compensation for the South Korean victims of Japanese war crimes. In contrast, many Japanese take the view that the compensation issue has already been closed due to the [[Treaty on Basic Relations Between Japan and the Republic of Korea]]. This is an element of the Japan-Korea conflict.}} According to Korean media, even the ''[[Asahi Shimbun]]'', known in Japan as a Japanese liberal media outlet, reports on the South Korean liberal Moon Jae-in government using biased and insulting expressions.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.sisaweekly.com/news/articleView.html?idxno=20912 |title=日 아사히, 한국은 ‘후미에(踏み絵)’, 문 정부는 사면초가 |work=[[Seoul Shinmun]] |date=26 June 2019 |access-date=2 May 2023}}</ref><ref name="무기한">{{cite web | url=https://www.joongang.co.kr/amparticle/22636913 |publisher=[[중앙일보]] | title=청와대, 일본 아사히신문에 이례적으로 '무기한 출입정지' | date=18 May 2018 |access-date=20 March 2023}}</ref>
+According to [[Michael Green (political expert)|Michael J. Green]] in January 2022, presidential candidates in the [[2022 South Korean presidential election]] are willing to improve relations with Japan, but Japanese political leaders have analyzed that they are not.<ref>{{cite web|title="한국 대선 결과, 바이든 행정부 아시아 정책에 상당한 영향" | date=27 January 2022 |url=https://www.voakorea.com/amp/6415691.html |publisher=[[Voice of America]]}}</ref>
-On July 15, 2021, Hirohisa Soma (相馬弘尚), the Japanese embassy in South Korea, said in an interview with [[JTBC]], "President [[Moon Jae-in]] is doing a [[masturbation]]". This has been quite controversial in South Korea, but it has rarely been reported by Japanese media.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://japan.hani.co.kr/arti/international/40586.html |title=在韓日本大使館の総括公使、「性的表現」で文大統領の行動を皮肉る |website=[[The Hankyoreh|ハンギョレ]] | date=17 July 2021 |access-date=30 March 2023}}</ref>
-According to [[Michael Green (political expert)|Michael J. Green]] in January 2022, presidential candidates in the [[2022 South Korean presidential election]] are willing to improve relations with Japan, but Japanese political leaders have analyzed that they are not.<ref>{{cite web|title=“한국 대선 결과, 바이든 행정부 아시아 정책에 상당한 영향” | date=27 January 2022 |url=https://www.voakorea.com/amp/6415691.html |publisher=[[Voice of America]]}}</ref>
 ==See also==
@@ Line 90: / Line 93: @@
 {{Racism topics}}
 [[Category:Anti-Korean sentiment in Japan| ]]
 [[Category:Comfort women denial]]

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