{{short description|1940s American light aircraft}}
{{Refimprove|date=March 2010}}
{{More citations needed|date=March 2010}}
{{Infobox aircraft
<!-- This article is a part of [[Wikipedia:WikiProject Aircraft]]. Please see [[Wikipedia:WikiProject Aircraft/page content]] for recommended layout. -->
The '''Piper PA-18 Super Cub''' is a two-seat, single-engine [[monoplane]]. Introduced in 1949 by [[Piper Aircraft]], it was developed from the [[Piper PA-11]], and traces its lineage back through the [[Piper J-3|J-3]] to the [[Taylor E-2|Taylor E-2 Cub]] of the 1930s. In close to 40 years of production, over 9,000{{cn|date=December2018}} were built. Super Cubs are commonly found in roles such as [[bush flying]], [[banner towing]] and [[glider towing]].
The '''Piper PA-18 Super Cub''' is a two-seat, single-engine [[monoplane]]. Introduced in 1949 by [[Piper Aircraft]], it was developed from the [[Piper PA-11 Cub Special|PA-11 Cub Special]], and traces its lineage back through the [[Piper J-3 Cub|J-3 Cub]] to the [[Taylor Cub|Taylor E-2 Cub]] of the 1930s. In close to 40 years of production, over 10,000 were built.<ref name="supercubproject.com">{{Cite web|last=Cox |first=Jack |url=http://www.supercubproject.com/cubhistory.aspx |title = Piper PA-18 Super Cub History |website=Christian Sturm's Experimental Super Cub Project |access-date=September 19, 2021}}</ref> Super Cubs are commonly found in roles such as [[bush flying]], [[banner towing]] and [[glider towing]].
==Design and development==
==Design and development==
Line 31:
Line 26:
The Super Cub retained the basic "[[Tube-and-fabric construction|rag and tube]]" (fabric stretched over a steel tube frame) structure of the earlier J-3 Cub.
The Super Cub retained the basic "[[Tube-and-fabric construction|rag and tube]]" (fabric stretched over a steel tube frame) structure of the earlier J-3 Cub.
[[File:Piper PA-18-150 Super Cub landsRIAT Fairford 13July2017 arp.jpg|thumb|[[Piper Aircraft|Piper]] PA-18-150 Super Cub lands at the 2017 [[RIAT]], England. Built 1958.]]
[[File:Piper Super Cub 1 1998-07-07.jpg|thumb|Piper PA-18-150 Super Cub [[floatplane]]]]
[[File:Piper PA-18 Super Cub on crane - Theb1936 - Flickr - NOAA Photo Library.jpg|thumb|Piper Cub used for weather monitoring and instrument maintenance in Alaska in 1950]]
[[File:Piper PA-18 Super Cub on crane - Theb1936 - Flickr - NOAA Photo Library.jpg|thumb|Piper Cub used for weather monitoring and instrument maintenance in Alaska in 1950]][[File:Super Cub in Georgian Bay.jpg|thumb|Super Cub PA-18-150 on floats]]
The first true "Super" Cubs had flaps, dual fuel tanks, and an O-235 Lycoming engine producing about 108 hp (115 hp for takeoff only). However, a 90 hp Continental variant without flaps and an optional second wing tank was available. Their empty weight was, on the average, 800–1000 pounds with a gross weight of 1,500 lb. These Cubs would take off in about 400 feet (at gross weight) and land in about 300 feet (thanks to the flaps). The Super Cub is renowned for its ability to take off and land in very short distances. The first Super Cubs were going to be offered with a unique four-wheel tandem main landing gear designed for landing and takeoff from rough terrain, but this was replaced with [[conventional landing gear]].<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=mdgDAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA156&dq=Popular+Mechanics+Science+installing+linoleum&hl=en&sa=X&ei=BAjZT-rpNYOe8gTth_jqAw&sqi=2&ved=0CD4Q6AEwAA#v=onepage&q=Popular%20Mechanics%20Science%20installing%20linoleum&f=true "Steep Climbing Air Horse For Farmers."] ''Popular Mechanics'', September 1950, p. 156.</ref><ref>On a taildragger, the optional Whitaker tandem main landing gear was difficult to steer on a paved surface, whereas two large balloon tires provide maneuverability comparable to standard tires while still providing the flotation required on soft surfaces.</ref> The O-290 Lycoming powered Cubs (135 hp) followed and would take off in about {{convert|200|ft|m}}. The landing distance remained the same at about {{convert|400|ft|m}}, or {{convert|300|ft|m}} using flaps. With the use of the Lycoming O-320 at 150–160 hp, the Cub's allowable gross weight increased to 1,750 lb while retaining the capability of a mere {{convert|200|ft|m}} required for takeoff.
The first true "Super" Cubs had flaps, dual fuel tanks, and an O-235 Lycoming engine producing about 108 hp (115 hp for takeoff only). However, a 90 hp Continental variant without flaps and without the optional second wing tank was available. Their empty weight was, on the average, 800–1000 pounds with a gross weight of 1,500 lb. These Cubs would take off in about 400 feet (at gross weight) and land in about 300 feet using flaps. The Super Cub is renowned for its ability to take off and land in very short distances. The first Super Cubs were going to be offered with a unique four-wheel tandem main landing gear designed for landing and takeoff from rough terrain, but this was replaced with [[conventional landing gear]].<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=mdgDAAAAMBAJ&dq=Popular+Mechanics+Science+installing+linoleum&pg=PA156 "Steep Climbing Air Horse For Farmers."] ''Popular Mechanics'', September 1950, p. 156.</ref><ref>On a taildragger, the optional Whitaker tandem main landing gear was difficult to steer on a paved surface, whereas two large balloon tires provide maneuverability comparable to standard tires while still providing the flotation required on soft surfaces.</ref> The O-290 Lycoming powered Cubs (135 hp) followed and would take off in about {{convert|200|ft|m}}. The landing distance remained the same at about {{convert|400|ft|m}}, or {{convert|300|ft|m}} using flaps. With the use of the Lycoming O-320 at 150–160 hp, the Cub's allowable gross weight increased to 1,750 lb while retaining the capability of a mere {{convert|200|ft|m}} required for takeoff.
The PA-18 has developed a very dedicated following in the bush-flying community, and many modifications have been developed for it, to the point where it is quite rare to find an original, completely stock Super Cub. Modifications include extended baggage compartments (reaching farther back into the fuselage, or even two-level baggage compartments in the top and bottom of the rear fuselage), external luggage pods, fuel pods, lumber racks for carrying construction materials into unimproved bush runways. Also the removal of header tanks, larger 24 or even 30 gallon wing fuel tanks, extended main landing gear for better ground clearance of the propeller, strengthened tailwheel springs, the addition of a small third passenger seat in the luggage area and lightweight generators and starters. Also various different mount areas for the battery (to move the weight forward, and reduce tail weight to shorten takeoff distance), various differenttailfin shapes to increase surface area, lengthened flaps, various wingtip designs, vortex generators on the leading edge of the wings, movement of the electrical panel from the right wing root to the dashboard to reduce fire hazard during a crash, and even the addition of a constant-speed propeller.
The PA-18 has developed a very dedicated following in the bush-flying community, and many modifications have been developed for it, to the point where it is quite rare to find an original, completely stock Super Cub. Modifications include extended baggage compartments (reaching farther back into the fuselage, or even two-level baggage compartments in the top and bottom of the rear fuselage), external luggage pods, fuel pods, lumber racks for carrying construction materials into unimproved bush runways. Also the removal of header tanks, larger 24 or even 30 gallon wing fuel tanks, extended main landing gear for better ground clearance of the propeller, strengthened tailwheel springs, the addition of a small third passenger seat in the luggage area and lightweight generators and starters. Also various different mount areas for the battery (to move the weight forward, and reduce tail weight to shorten takeoff distance), various vertical stabilzer shapes to increase surface area, lengthened flaps, various wingtip designs, vortex generators on the leading edge of the wings, movement of the electrical panel from the right wing root to the dashboard to reduce fire hazard during a crash, and even the addition of a constant-speed propeller.
Above all, the most common modification is the addition of "bush wheels" (themselves said to be direct descendants of [[Tundra tire#History|Alvin Musselman's 1920's-origin "airwheel" tires]] used on the original Piper J-3), large, soft, low pressure balloon-tires designed to absorb impacts from rocks and boulders, and to not sink into sand or other soft surfaces, ideal for off-runway landings.
Above all, the most common modification is the addition of "bush wheels" (themselves said to be direct descendants of [[Tundra tire#History|Alvin Musselman's 1920s-origin "airwheel" tires]] used on the original Piper J-3), large, soft, low pressure balloon-tires designed to absorb impacts from rocks and boulders, and to not sink into sand or other soft surfaces, ideal for off-runway landings.
==Variants==
==Variants==
;PA-18 Super Cub
;PA-18 Super Cub
:Prototype and production variant powered by a 95 hp Continental C-90-8F piston engine, sometimes known as the PA-18-95.<ref name="ab" />
:[[File:CC-KWC (PA-18 Super Cub).jpg|thumb|A parked Super Cub]]Prototype and production variant powered by a 95 hp Continental C-90-8F piston engine, sometimes known as the PA-18-95.<ref name="ab" />
;PA-18-105 Super Cub
;PA-18-105 Super Cub
:Production variant fitted with a 105 hp [[Lycoming O-235|Lycoming O-235-C1]] piston engine and larger tailplane.<ref name="ab" />
:Production variant fitted with a 105 hp [[Lycoming O-235|Lycoming O-235-C1]] piston engine and larger tailplane.<ref name="ab" />
Line 49:
Line 44:
;PA-18-135 Super Cub
;PA-18-135 Super Cub
:Variant with a 135 hp [[Lycoming O-290|Lycoming O-290-D]] piston engine and fitted with two wing tanks as standard.<ref name="ab" />
:Variant with a 135 hp [[Lycoming O-290|Lycoming O-290-D]] piston engine and fitted with two wing tanks as standard.<ref name="ab" />
[[File:9A-DBS, a Piper Cub with no military history.jpg|right|thumb|PA-18-150]]
[[File:9A-DBS, a Piper Cub with no military history.jpg|thumb|PA-18-150]]
;PA-18-150 Super Cub
;PA-18-150 Super Cub
:1954 variant with a 150 hp [[Lycoming O-320]].<ref name="ab" />
:1954 variant with a 150 hp [[Lycoming O-320]].<ref name="ab" />
Line 64:
Line 59:
;Aeromod Loadstar Model 100
;Aeromod Loadstar Model 100
:[[Biplane]] conversion of Super Cub, powered by {{convert|135|hp|kW|abbr=on}} O-290-D engine, designed for improved capability from high-altitude airfields.<ref>Taylor 1967, p. 190.</ref>
:[[Biplane]] conversion of Super Cub, powered by {{convert|135|hp|kW|abbr=on}} O-290-D engine, designed for improved capability from high-altitude airfields.<ref>Taylor 1967, p. 190.</ref>
;SAFAT 01: A Sudanese development / copy built by the SAFAT Aviation Complex at [[Khartoum]].{{cn|date=December 2018}}
;SAFAT 01: A Sudanese development / copy built by the SAFAT Aviation Complex at [[Khartoum]].{{citation needed|date=December 2018}}
===Military designations===
===Military designations===
;L-18C Super Cub
;L-18C Super Cub
Line 84:
Line 80:
;{{ARG}}
;{{ARG}}
*[[Argentine Air Force]]
*[[Argentine Air Force]]
*[[Argentine National Gendarmerie]]<ref>{{cite magazine |last=Rivas |first=Santiago |title=Cracking the Drug cartels |magazine=[[Air International]] |date=April 2021 |volume=100 |issue=4 |pages=46–49 |issn=0306-5634}}</ref>
*[[Netherlands Air Force]]<ref name="fiwaf74p180">Wheeler 1974, p. 180.</ref>
*[[Netherlands Air Force]]<ref name="fiwaf74p180">Wheeler 1974, p. 180.</ref>
Line 120:
Line 117:
;{{TUR}}
;{{TUR}}
[[File:Heather Bartlett USFWS.jpg|thumb|USFWS Super Cub, used for law enforcement in Alaska. 1970 Piper PA-18-150 Super Cub C/N 18-8898]]
[[File:Heather Bartlett USFWS.jpg|thumb|USFWS Super Cub, used for law enforcement in Alaska. 1970 Piper PA-18-150 Super Cub C/N 18-8898]]
*[[Turkish Army]]<ref name="andrade131" />
*[[Turkish Army]]<ref name="andrade131" />
;{{flag|Uganda}}
;{{flag|Uganda}}
;{{flag|Uruguay}}
;{{flag|Uruguay}}
Line 126:
Line 123:
;{{USA}}
;{{USA}}
* [[United States Air Force]]<ref name="andrade131" />
* [[United States Air Force]]<ref name="andrade131" />
* [[United States Army]]<ref name="andrade131" />
* [[United States Army]]<ref name="andrade131" />
===Civilian Users===
===Civilian Users===
Line 136:
Line 133:
==Specifications (PA-18-150 landplane)==
==Specifications (PA-18-150 landplane)==
[[File:Piper PA-18 Super Cub 3-view line drawing.svg|frameless|right|3-view line drawing of the Piper PA-18 Super Cub]]
{{Aircraft specs
{{Aircraft specs
|ref=Jane's All The World's Aircraft 1976-77 <ref name="Janes 76 p347-8">Taylor 1976, pp. 347–348.</ref>
|ref=Jane's All The World's Aircraft 1976-77 <ref name="Janes 76 p347-8">Taylor 1976, pp. 347–348.</ref>
Line 142:
Line 141:
General characteristics
General characteristics
-->
-->
|genhide=
|crew=1
|crew=1
|capacity=1 passenger
|capacity=1 passenger
Line 158:
Line 155:
|wing area sqft=178.5
|wing area sqft=178.5
|aspect ratio=7:1
|aspect ratio=7:1
|airfoil=USA 35B
|airfoil=USA 35B MOD
|empty weight kg=
|empty weight kg=
|empty weight lb=930
|empty weight lb=930
Line 182:
Line 179:
Performance
Performance
-->
-->
|perfhide=
|max speed kmh=
|max speed kmh=
|max speed mph=130
|max speed mph=130
|max speed kts=
|max speed kts=
|max speed sigfig=3
|max speed mach=<!-- supersonic aircraft -->
|max speed mach=<!-- supersonic aircraft -->
|cruise speed kmh=<!-- if max speed unknown -->
|cruise speed kmh=<!-- if max speed unknown -->
Line 210:
Line 206:
|related=
|related=
* [[Piper J-3 Cub]]
* [[Piper J-3 Cub]]
* [[Piper PA-11 Cub Special]]
* [[Taylor Cub]]
|similar aircraft=
|similar aircraft=
* [[Aero Boero AB-95]]
* [[Aero Boero AB-95]]
Line 227:
Line 224:
<ref name="andrade131">Andrade 1979, p. 131</ref>
<ref name="andrade131">Andrade 1979, p. 131</ref>
<ref name="andrade134">Andrade 1979, p. 134</ref>
<ref name="andrade134">Andrade 1979, p. 134</ref>
<ref name="stc">{{cite web| title=Supplemental Type Certificate SA92NW ''Installation of Lycoming 0-360 series engine, McCauley, Sensenich Propeller Manufacturing Co., or Sensenich Wood Propeller Co, Inc. propeller and associated hardware per Cub Crafters, Inc. Master Drawing List 101000-MDL, Revision U, dated February 27, 2004, or later FAA approved revision.''| url=http://www.airweb.faa.gov/Regulatory_and_Guidance_Library/rgstc.nsf/0/dc76266b4fa5aa7786256e7b00643d34/$FILE/sa92nw.pdf| date=4 June 2004| publisher=[[Federal Aviation Administration]]| accessdate=2010-03-06}}</ref>
<ref name="stc">{{cite web| title=Supplemental Type Certificate SA92NW ''Installation of Lycoming 0-360 series engine, McCauley, Sensenich Propeller Manufacturing Co., or Sensenich Wood Propeller Co, Inc. propeller and associated hardware per Cub Crafters, Inc. Master Drawing List 101000-MDL, Revision U, dated February 27, 2004, or later FAA approved revision.''| url=http://www.airweb.faa.gov/Regulatory_and_Guidance_Library/rgstc.nsf/0/dc76266b4fa5aa7786256e7b00643d34/$FILE/sa92nw.pdf| date=4 June 2004| publisher=[[Federal Aviation Administration]]| access-date=2010-03-06| archive-date=2011-06-08| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110608055250/http://www.airweb.faa.gov/Regulatory_and_Guidance_Library/rgstc.nsf/0/dc76266b4fa5aa7786256e7b00643d34/$FILE/sa92nw.pdf| url-status=dead}}</ref>
}}
}}
==Bibliography==
* John Andrade, ''U.S. Military Aircraft Designations and Serials since 1909'', Midland Counties Publications, 1979, {{ISBN|0-904597-22-9}}
* John Andrade, ''U.S. Military Aircraft Designations and Serials since 1909'', Midland Counties Publications, 1979, {{ISBN|0-904597-22-9}}
*Peperell, Roger W. and Colin M. Smith. ''Piper Aircraft and their forerunners''. Tonbridge, Kent, England:[[Air-Britain]], 1987, {{ISBN|0-85130-149-5}}
*Peperell, Roger W. and Colin M. Smith. ''Piper Aircraft and their forerunners''. Tonbridge, Kent, England:[[Air-Britain]], 1987, {{ISBN|0-85130-149-5}}
* Steinemann, Peter. "Protector of the Plate". ''[[Air International]]'', Vol. 42, No. 2, February 1992. pp.73–78. {{ISSN|0306-5634}}.
* Steinemann, Peter. "Protector of the Plate". ''[[Air International]]'', Vol. 42, No. 2, February 1992. pp. 73–78. {{ISSN|0306-5634}}.
* [[John W. R. Taylor|Taylor, John W. R.]] ''Jane's All The World's Aircraft 1967–68''. London: Sampson Low, Marston & Company, 1967.
* [[John W. R. Taylor|Taylor, John W. R.]] ''Jane's All The World's Aircraft 1967–68''. London: Sampson Low, Marston & Company, 1967.
* Taylor, John W.R. ''Jane's All The World's Aircraft 1976-77''. London: Jane's Yearbooks, 1976, {{ISBN|0-354-00538-3}}.
* Taylor, John W.R. ''Jane's All The World's Aircraft 1976-77''. London: Jane's Yearbooks, 1976, {{ISBN|0-354-00538-3}}.
* Wheeler, Barry C. [https://www.flightglobal.com/pdfarchive/view/1974/1974%20-%201175.html "World Air Forces 1974"]. ''[[Flight International]]'', Vol. 106, No. 3414. August 15, 1974. pp.167–190.
* Wheeler, Barry C. [https://www.flightglobal.com/pdfarchive/view/1974/1974%20-%201175.html "World Air Forces 1974"]. ''[[Flight International]]'', Vol. 106, No. 3414. August 15, 1974. pp. 167–190.
While based on the design of the earlier Cubs, the addition of an electrical system, flaps (3 notches), and a considerably more powerful engine (150 hp), made it a very different flying experience. Although the "standard" Super Cub was fitted with a 150-horsepower (112 kW) Lycoming engine, it is not uncommon to see them equipped with a 160-horsepower O-320-B2B, or even 180 horsepower (134 kW) Lycoming O-360 powerplant. The high-lift wing and powerful engine made the Super Cub a prime candidate for conversion to either floatplane or skiplane. In addition, the PA-18A (an agricultural version) was produced for applying either dry chemical or liquid spray.
The Super Cub retained the basic "rag and tube" (fabric stretched over a steel tube frame) structure of the earlier J-3 Cub.
Piper PA-18-150 Super Cub floatplanePiper Cub used for weather monitoring and instrument maintenance in Alaska in 1950Super Cub PA-18-150 on floats
The first true "Super" Cubs had flaps, dual fuel tanks, and an O-235 Lycoming engine producing about 108 hp (115 hp for takeoff only). However, a 90 hp Continental variant without flaps and without the optional second wing tank was available. Their empty weight was, on the average, 800–1000 pounds with a gross weight of 1,500 lb. These Cubs would take off in about 400 feet (at gross weight) and land in about 300 feet using flaps. The Super Cub is renowned for its ability to take off and land in very short distances. The first Super Cubs were going to be offered with a unique four-wheel tandem main landing gear designed for landing and takeoff from rough terrain, but this was replaced with conventional landing gear.[2][3] The O-290 Lycoming powered Cubs (135 hp) followed and would take off in about 200 feet (61 m). The landing distance remained the same at about 400 feet (120 m), or 300 feet (91 m) using flaps. With the use of the Lycoming O-320 at 150–160 hp, the Cub's allowable gross weight increased to 1,750 lb while retaining the capability of a mere 200 feet (61 m) required for takeoff.
The PA-18 has developed a very dedicated following in the bush-flying community, and many modifications have been developed for it, to the point where it is quite rare to find an original, completely stock Super Cub. Modifications include extended baggage compartments (reaching farther back into the fuselage, or even two-level baggage compartments in the top and bottom of the rear fuselage), external luggage pods, fuel pods, lumber racks for carrying construction materials into unimproved bush runways. Also the removal of header tanks, larger 24 or even 30 gallon wing fuel tanks, extended main landing gear for better ground clearance of the propeller, strengthened tailwheel springs, the addition of a small third passenger seat in the luggage area and lightweight generators and starters. Also various different mount areas for the battery (to move the weight forward, and reduce tail weight to shorten takeoff distance), various vertical stabilzer shapes to increase surface area, lengthened flaps, various wingtip designs, vortex generators on the leading edge of the wings, movement of the electrical panel from the right wing root to the dashboard to reduce fire hazard during a crash, and even the addition of a constant-speed propeller.
Above all, the most common modification is the addition of "bush wheels" (themselves said to be direct descendants of Alvin Musselman's 1920s-origin "airwheel" tires used on the original Piper J-3), large, soft, low pressure balloon-tires designed to absorb impacts from rocks and boulders, and to not sink into sand or other soft surfaces, ideal for off-runway landings.
A parked Super CubPrototype and production variant powered by a 95 hp Continental C-90-8F piston engine, sometimes known as the PA-18-95.[4]
PA-18-105 Super Cub
Production variant fitted with a 105 hp Lycoming O-235-C1 piston engine and larger tailplane.[4]
PA-18-105 Special
Special variant built in 1952 and 1953 for the Civil Air Patrol as a trainer with horn-balanced elevators and provision for seat parachutes.[4]
PA-18-125 Super Cub
Variant to replace the PA-18-95 with flaps and horn-balanced elevators and a 125 hp Lycoming O-290-D piston engine and either wood or metal controllable-pitch propeller.[4]
PA-18-135 Super Cub
Variant with a 135 hp Lycoming O-290-D piston engine and fitted with two wing tanks as standard.[4]
Experimental variant with a 180 hp Lycoming O-360 engine, one built in 1980 by Piper.[4] Other aircraft have been re-engined under a Supplemental Type Certificate.[5]
PA-18A
Designation for production agricultural aircraft, including cropdusters and sprayer variants and incorporating a slightly different rear fuselage profile to allow fitting of a hopper-tank in the rear seat position.[4]
PA-18S
Designation for production aircraft fitted with floats.[4]
PA-18AS
Designation of a small number of agricultural aircraft fitted with floats.[4]
PA-19 Super Cub
Original designation of the military variant of the PA-18, only three built and all subsequent military production were designated as PA-18s.[4]
Aeromod Loadstar Model 100
Biplane conversion of Super Cub, powered by 135 hp (101 kW) O-290-D engine, designed for improved capability from high-altitude airfields.[6]
SAFAT 01
A Sudanese development / copy built by the SAFAT Aviation Complex at Khartoum.[citation needed]
Military designation of the PA-18 Super Cub for the United States Army, powered by a 95 hp (71 kW) Continental C90-8F piston engine, 838 delivered, at least 156 of which were delivered to other nations under MDAP.[7]
YL-21 Super Cub
Two Super Cub 135s for evaluation by the United States Army.[8]
L-21A Super Cub
Military designation of the Super Cub 125, powered by a 125 hp (92 kW) Avco Lycoming 0-290-II piston engine, 150 delivered.[8]
L-21B Super Cub
Military designation of the Super Cub 135, powered by a 135 hp (101 kW) Avco Lycoming 0-290-D2 piston engine, 584 delivered many to other nations under MDAP, re-designated U-7A in 1962.[8]
TL-21A
A number of L-21As were converted into training aircraft.
^On a taildragger, the optional Whitaker tandem main landing gear was difficult to steer on a paved surface, whereas two large balloon tires provide maneuverability comparable to standard tires while still providing the flotation required on soft surfaces.
.jpg)
.jpg)
