Saxe-Meiningen: Difference between revisions
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{{Infobox Former Country |
{{Infobox Former Country |
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|native_name = |
| native_name = |
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|conventional_long_name = Duchy of Saxe-Meiningen <small>(1680–1918)</small><br /><small>''Herzogtum Sachsen-Meiningen''</small><hr>Free State of Saxe-Meiningen <small>(1918–1920)</small><br /><small>''Freistaat Sachsen-Meiningen''</small> |
| conventional_long_name = Duchy of Saxe-Meiningen <small>(1680–1918)</small><br /><small>''Herzogtum Sachsen-Meiningen''</small><hr>Free State of Saxe-Meiningen <small>(1918–1920)</small><br /><small>''Freistaat Sachsen-Meiningen''</small> |
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|common_name = Saxe-Meiningen |
| common_name = Saxe-Meiningen |
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|era = Early modern period |
| era = [[Early modern period]] |
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|status = Vassal |
| status = Vassal |
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|empire = Holy Roman Empire |
| empire = Holy Roman Empire |
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|status_text = [[States of the Holy Roman Empire|State]] of the [[Holy Roman Empire]], <br>[[States of the Confederation of the Rhine|State]] of the [[Confederation of the Rhine]], <br>[[States of the German Confederation|State]] of the [[German Confederation]], <br>[[States of the North German Confederation|State]] of the [[North German Confederation]], <br>[[States of the German Empire|Constituent state]] of the [[German Empire]] |
| status_text = [[States of the Holy Roman Empire|State]] of the [[Holy Roman Empire]], <br>[[States of the Confederation of the Rhine|State]] of the [[Confederation of the Rhine]], <br>[[States of the German Confederation|State]] of the [[German Confederation]], <br>[[States of the North German Confederation|State]] of the [[North German Confederation]], <br>[[States of the German Empire|Constituent state]] of the [[German Empire]] |
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|year_start = 1680 |
| year_start = 1680 |
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|year_end = 1920 |
| year_end = 1920 |
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|p1 = Saxe-Gotha |
| p1 = Saxe-Gotha |
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| flag_p1 = Coat of arms of Saxony.svg |
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| border_p1 = no |
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| s1 = Thuringia |
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|event_start = Partitioned from [[Saxe-Gotha]] |
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| event_start = Partitioned from [[Saxe-Gotha]] |
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| event1 = Acquired [[Saxe-Hildburghausen]] |
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|date_event1 = 1826 |
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| date_event1 = 1826 |
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| event2 = [[German Revolution]] |
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| date_event2 = 1918 |
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| event_end = Merged into Thuringia |
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⚫ | |||
| image_flag = Flagge Herzogtum Sachsen-Coburg-Gotha (1826-1911).svg |
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|image_coat = Coat of Arms of the Duchy of Saxe-Meiningen-Hildburghausen.svg |
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| image_coat = Coat of Arms of the Duchy of Saxe-Meiningen-Hildburghausen.svg |
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| image_map = Saxe-Meiningen in the German Reich (1871).svg |
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| image_map2 = SMEI.png |
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|government_type = Principality |
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| image_map_caption = Saxe-Meiningen within the German Empire |
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| government_type = [[Duchy]] (1680–1918)<br/>[[Republic]] (1918–1920) |
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|leader1 = [[Bernhard I, Duke of Saxe-Meiningen|Bernhard I]] |
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| title_leader = Duke |
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| leader1 = [[Bernhard I, Duke of Saxe-Meiningen|Bernhard I]] {{small|(first)}} |
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| year_leader1 = 1675–1706 |
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| leader2 = [[Bernhard III Frederick Wilhelm Albrecht Georg, Duke of Saxe-Meiningen|Bernhard III]] {{small|(last)}} |
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| year_leader2 = 1914–1918 |
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|national_anthem = ''[[:de:Meininger Hymne|Vaterlandsgesang der Sachsen-Meininger]]'' |
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| capital = [[Meiningen]] |
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| national_anthem = [[Meiningen Hymn]]<br />(“Brothers sing with a loud sound of joy...”)<br />{{center|[[File:Marsch von Erbprinzessin Charlotte von Sachsen-Meiningen.wav]]}} |
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}} |
}} |
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'''Saxe-Meiningen''' ({{IPAc-en|ˌ|s|æ|k|s|_|ˈ|m|aɪ|n|ɪ|ŋ|ən}}; {{ |
'''Saxe-Meiningen''' ({{IPAc-en|ˌ|s|æ|k|s|_|ˈ|m|aɪ|n|ɪ|ŋ|ən}} {{respell|SAKS|_|MY|ning|ən}}; {{langx|de|Sachsen-Meiningen}} {{IPA|de|ˌzaksn̩ ˈmaɪnɪŋən|}}) was one of the Saxon duchies held by the [[Ernestine duchies|Ernestine]] line of the [[House of Wettin]], located in the southwest of the present-day [[Germany|German]] state of [[Thuringia]]. |
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Established in 1681,<ref>{{CathEncy|wstitle=Saxe-Meiningen}}</ref> by partition of the Ernestine |
Established in 1681,<ref>{{CathEncy|wstitle=Saxe-Meiningen}}</ref> by partition of the Ernestine Duchy of [[Saxe-Gotha]] among the seven sons of deceased Duke [[Ernest I, Duke of Saxe-Gotha|Ernest the Pious]], the Saxe-Meiningen line of the House of Wettin lasted until the end of the German monarchies in 1918.<ref name=Museum>{{cite web|url=http://www.meiningermuseen.de/pages/schloss/personen/herzogliche-familie.php|title=Die herzogliche Familie (German)|publisher=Meininger Museen|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170818085933/http://www.meiningermuseen.de/pages/schloss/personen/herzogliche-familie.php|archive-date=18 August 2017|access-date=10 May 2019}}</ref> |
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==History== |
==History== |
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[[File: |
[[File:GER-TH-SM-Meiningen (Schloss Elisabethenburg, Blick von Osten) — 2009 uploaded 2011-09-24.jpg|thumb|left|[[Elisabethenburg Palace]], residence of the Duchy since 1682]] |
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===House of Wettin=== |
===House of Wettin=== |
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The [[House of Wettin|Wettiner]] had been the rulers of sizeable holdings in today's states of Saxony, Saxony-Anhalt and Thuringia since the Middle Ages. In the ''[[Treaty of Leipzig|Leipziger Teilung]]'' of 1485, the Wettiner were split into two branches named after their founding princes [[Albert III, Duke of Saxony|Albrecht]] and [[Ernest, Elector of Saxony|Ernst]] (''albertinisch'' and ''ernestinisch''). Thuringia was part of the Ernestine holdings of ''Kursachsen'' (the [[Electorate |
The [[House of Wettin|Wettiner]] had been the rulers of sizeable holdings in today's states of [[Saxony]], [[Saxony-Anhalt]] and [[Thuringia]] since the Middle Ages. In the ''[[Treaty of Leipzig|Leipziger Teilung]]'' of 1485, the Wettiner were split into two branches named after their founding princes [[Albert III, Duke of Saxony|Albrecht]] and [[Ernest, Elector of Saxony|Ernst]] (''albertinisch'' and ''ernestinisch''). Thuringia was part of the Ernestine holdings of ''Kursachsen'' (the [[Electorate of Saxony]]). In 1572, the branches [[Saxe-Coburg-Eisenach]] and [[Saxe-Weimar]] were established there. The senior line again split in 1641/41 into three duchies, including the [[Duchy of Saxe-Gotha]].<ref name="Museum"/> |
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[[Ernest I, Duke of Saxe-Gotha|Duke Ernst I]] who founded this duchy with its seat at [[Gotha]] opposed the system of [[primogeniture]]. As a result, on his death in 1675 all of his sons inherited part of his holdings and were supposed to rule under the leadership of his oldest son. In practice, this proved very complicated and brought on three settlements in 1679, 1680 and 1681 that established the following princedoms: Saxe-Gotha ([[Frederick I, Duke of Saxe-Gotha-Altenburg|Friedrich]]), [[Saxe-Coburg]] ([[Albert V, Duke of Saxe-Coburg|Albrecht]]), Saxe-Meiningen (Bernhard), [[Saxe-Eisenberg]] ([[Christian, Duke of Saxe-Eisenberg|Christian]]), [[Saxe-Hildburghausen]] ([[Ernest, Duke of Saxe-Hildburghausen|Ernst]]) and [[Saxe-Saalfeld]] ([[John Ernest IV, Duke of Saxe-Coburg-Saalfeld|Johann Ernst]]).<ref name="Museum"/> |
[[Ernest I, Duke of Saxe-Gotha|Duke Ernst I]] who founded this duchy with its seat at [[Gotha]] opposed the system of [[primogeniture]]. As a result, on his death in 1675 all of his sons inherited part of his holdings and were supposed to rule under the leadership of his oldest son. In practice, this proved very complicated and brought on three settlements in 1679, 1680 and 1681 that established the following princedoms: Saxe-Gotha ([[Frederick I, Duke of Saxe-Gotha-Altenburg|Friedrich]]), [[Saxe-Coburg]] ([[Albert V, Duke of Saxe-Coburg|Albrecht]]), Saxe-Meiningen (Bernhard), [[Saxe-Eisenberg]] ([[Christian, Duke of Saxe-Eisenberg|Christian]]), [[Saxe-Hildburghausen]] ([[Ernest, Duke of Saxe-Hildburghausen|Ernst]]) and [[Saxe-Saalfeld]] ([[John Ernest IV, Duke of Saxe-Coburg-Saalfeld|Johann Ernst]]).<ref name="Museum"/> |
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===Duchy of Saxe-Meiningen=== |
===Duchy of Saxe-Meiningen=== |
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[[Bernhard I, Duke of Saxe-Meiningen|Bernhard]], Ernst I third son, received the town of [[Meiningen]] as well as several other holdings (Wasungen und Salzungen, Maßfeld und Sand, Herrenbreitungen, Herpf, Stepfershausen, Utendorf, Mehlis and the former [[Franconia]]n lands of the extinct [[House of Henneberg]], Henneberg).<ref name="Museum"/> |
[[Bernhard I, Duke of Saxe-Meiningen|Bernhard]], Ernst I's third son, received the town of [[Meiningen]] as well as several other holdings ([[Wasungen]] und Salzungen, Maßfeld und Sand, Herrenbreitungen, Herpf, Stepfershausen, Utendorf, Mehlis and the former [[Franconia]]n lands of the extinct [[House of Henneberg]], Henneberg).<ref name="Museum"/> |
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Bernhard chose the town of Meiningen as his residence and became the first |
Bernhard chose the town of Meiningen as his residence and became the first duke of Saxe-Meiningen. From 1682 Duke Bernhard I had the [[Schloss Elisabethenburg]] built and in 1690 established a court orchestra (''Hofkapelle''), in which [[Johann Ludwig Bach]] later became the ''[[Kapellmeister]]'' (1711). |
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In the reshuffle of Ernestine territories that occurred following the extinction of the [[Saxe-Gotha-Altenburg]] line upon the death of Duke [[Frederick IV, Duke of Saxe-Gotha-Altenburg| |
In the reshuffle of Ernestine territories that occurred following the extinction of the [[Saxe-Gotha-Altenburg]] line upon the death of Duke [[Frederick IV, Duke of Saxe-Gotha-Altenburg|Frederick IV]] in 1825, Duke [[Bernhard II, Duke of Saxe-Meiningen|Bernhard II of Saxe-Meiningen]] received the lands of the former Duchy of Saxe-Hildburghausen as well as the [[Saalfeld]] territory of the former [[Saxe-Coburg-Saalfeld]] duchy. |
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As Bernhard II had supported [[Austrian Empire|Austria]] in the 1866 [[Austro-Prussian War]], the prime minister of victorious [[Kingdom of Prussia|Prussia]], [[Otto von Bismarck]], enforced his |
As Bernhard II had supported [[Austrian Empire|Austria]] in the 1866 [[Austro-Prussian War]], the prime minister of victorious [[Kingdom of Prussia|Prussia]], [[Otto von Bismarck]], enforced his abdication in favour of his son [[George II, Duke of Saxe-Meiningen|George II]], after which Saxe-Meiningen was admitted to join the [[North German Confederation]]. |
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By 1910, the |
By 1910, the duchy had grown to {{cvt|2,468|km2}} and 278,762 inhabitants.<ref name="Museum"/> The ducal summer residence was at [[Altenstein Palace|Altenstein]] Castle. Since 1868, the duchy comprised the ''Kreise'' (districts) of [[Hildburghausen]], [[Sonneberg]] and [[Saalfeld]] as well as the northern [[enclave and exclave|exclaves]] of [[Camburg]] and [[Kranichfeld]]. |
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===End of the Duchy=== |
===End of the Duchy=== |
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* [[Anton Ulrich, Duke of Saxe-Meiningen|Anton Ulrich]] (1746–63), son of Bernhard I |
* [[Anton Ulrich, Duke of Saxe-Meiningen|Anton Ulrich]] (1746–63), son of Bernhard I |
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* [[August Frederick Karl Wilhelm, Duke of Saxe-Meiningen|Karl Wilhelm]] (1763–82), son of Anton Ulrich |
* [[August Frederick Karl Wilhelm, Duke of Saxe-Meiningen|Karl Wilhelm]] (1763–82), son of Anton Ulrich |
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* [[ |
* [[George I, Duke of Saxe-Meiningen|George I]] (1782–1803), son of Anton Ulrich, father of [[Adelaide of Saxe-Meiningen|Queen Adelaide]] |
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* [[Bernhard II, Duke of Saxe-Meiningen|Bernhard II]] (1803–66), son of Georg I |
* [[Bernhard II, Duke of Saxe-Meiningen|Bernhard II]] (1803–66), son of Georg I |
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* [[ |
* [[George II, Duke of Saxe-Meiningen|Georg II]] (1866–1914), son of Bernhard II |
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* [[Bernhard III, Duke of Saxe-Meiningen|Bernhard III]] (1914–18), son of |
* [[Bernhard III, Duke of Saxe-Meiningen|Bernhard III]] (1914–18), son of George II<ref name="Museum"/> |
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Notes: |
Notes: |
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* Friedrich Wilhelm and [[Frederick II, Duke of Saxe-Gotha-Altenburg|Friedrich II of Saxe-Gotha]] reigned as guardians for the minor Karl Friedrich in |
* Friedrich Wilhelm and [[Frederick II, Duke of Saxe-Gotha-Altenburg|Friedrich II of Saxe-Gotha]] reigned as guardians for the minor Karl Friedrich in 1729–1733 |
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* Friedrich Wilhelm and Anton Ulrich reigned jointly in |
* Friedrich Wilhelm and Anton Ulrich reigned jointly in 1743–46 |
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* [[Charlotte Amalie of Hesse-Philippsthal|Charlotte Amalie]] reigned as regent/guardian for the minors Karl Wilhelm und Georg I in |
* [[Charlotte Amalie of Hesse-Philippsthal|Charlotte Amalie]] reigned as regent/guardian for the minors Karl Wilhelm und Georg I in 1763–82 |
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* [[Luise Eleonore of Hohenlohe-Langenburg|Luise Eleonore]] reigned as regent/guardian for the minor Bernhard II in |
* [[Luise Eleonore of Hohenlohe-Langenburg|Luise Eleonore]] reigned as regent/guardian for the minor Bernhard II in 1803–1821 |
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* Dukedom abolished in 1918.<ref name="Museum"/> |
* Dukedom abolished in 1918.<ref name="Museum"/> |
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== Heads of the Ducal House of Saxe-Meiningen, post-monarchy == |
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*[[Bernhard III, Duke of Saxe-Meiningen|Bernhard III]] (1918–1928) |
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*[[Ernst, Prince of Saxe-Meiningen|Prince Ernst]] (1928–1941) |
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*[[Georg, Prince of Saxe-Meiningen|Prince Georg III]] (1941–1946) |
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*[[Bernhard, Prince of Saxe-Meiningen|Prince Bernhard IV]] (1946–1984) |
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*[[Prince Konrad]] (1984–present) |
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==See also== |
==See also== |
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[[Category:1680 establishments in the Holy Roman Empire]] |
[[Category:1680 establishments in the Holy Roman Empire]] |
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[[Category:1918 disestablishments in Germany]] |
[[Category:1918 disestablishments in Germany]] |
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[[Category:Duchy of Saxe-Meiningen| ]] |
Latest revision as of 00:44, 21 October 2024
This article needs additional citations for verification. (May 2007) |
Duchy of Saxe-Meiningen (1680–1918) Herzogtum Sachsen-Meiningen Free State of Saxe-Meiningen (1918–1920) Freistaat Sachsen-Meiningen | |||||||||
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1680–1920 | |||||||||
Anthem: Meiningen Hymn (“Brothers sing with a loud sound of joy...”) | |||||||||
Status | State of the Holy Roman Empire, State of the Confederation of the Rhine, State of the German Confederation, State of the North German Confederation, Constituent state of the German Empire | ||||||||
Capital | Meiningen | ||||||||
Government | Duchy (1680–1918) Republic (1918–1920) | ||||||||
Duke | |||||||||
• 1675–1706 | Bernhard I (first) | ||||||||
• 1914–1918 | Bernhard III (last) | ||||||||
Historical era | Early modern period | ||||||||
• Partitioned from Saxe-Gotha | 1680 | ||||||||
• Acquired Saxe-Hildburghausen | 1826 | ||||||||
1918 | |||||||||
• Merged into Thuringia | 1920 | ||||||||
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Saxe-Meiningen (/ˌsæks ˈmaɪnɪŋən/ SAKS MY-ning-ən; German: Sachsen-Meiningen [ˌzaksn̩ ˈmaɪnɪŋən]) was one of the Saxon duchies held by the Ernestine line of the House of Wettin, located in the southwest of the present-day German state of Thuringia.
Established in 1681,[1] by partition of the Ernestine Duchy of Saxe-Gotha among the seven sons of deceased Duke Ernest the Pious, the Saxe-Meiningen line of the House of Wettin lasted until the end of the German monarchies in 1918.[2]
History
[edit]House of Wettin
[edit]The Wettiner had been the rulers of sizeable holdings in today's states of Saxony, Saxony-Anhalt and Thuringia since the Middle Ages. In the Leipziger Teilung of 1485, the Wettiner were split into two branches named after their founding princes Albrecht and Ernst (albertinisch and ernestinisch). Thuringia was part of the Ernestine holdings of Kursachsen (the Electorate of Saxony). In 1572, the branches Saxe-Coburg-Eisenach and Saxe-Weimar were established there. The senior line again split in 1641/41 into three duchies, including the Duchy of Saxe-Gotha.[2]
Duke Ernst I who founded this duchy with its seat at Gotha opposed the system of primogeniture. As a result, on his death in 1675 all of his sons inherited part of his holdings and were supposed to rule under the leadership of his oldest son. In practice, this proved very complicated and brought on three settlements in 1679, 1680 and 1681 that established the following princedoms: Saxe-Gotha (Friedrich), Saxe-Coburg (Albrecht), Saxe-Meiningen (Bernhard), Saxe-Eisenberg (Christian), Saxe-Hildburghausen (Ernst) and Saxe-Saalfeld (Johann Ernst).[2]
Duchy of Saxe-Meiningen
[edit]Bernhard, Ernst I's third son, received the town of Meiningen as well as several other holdings (Wasungen und Salzungen, Maßfeld und Sand, Herrenbreitungen, Herpf, Stepfershausen, Utendorf, Mehlis and the former Franconian lands of the extinct House of Henneberg, Henneberg).[2]
Bernhard chose the town of Meiningen as his residence and became the first duke of Saxe-Meiningen. From 1682 Duke Bernhard I had the Schloss Elisabethenburg built and in 1690 established a court orchestra (Hofkapelle), in which Johann Ludwig Bach later became the Kapellmeister (1711).
In the reshuffle of Ernestine territories that occurred following the extinction of the Saxe-Gotha-Altenburg line upon the death of Duke Frederick IV in 1825, Duke Bernhard II of Saxe-Meiningen received the lands of the former Duchy of Saxe-Hildburghausen as well as the Saalfeld territory of the former Saxe-Coburg-Saalfeld duchy.
As Bernhard II had supported Austria in the 1866 Austro-Prussian War, the prime minister of victorious Prussia, Otto von Bismarck, enforced his abdication in favour of his son George II, after which Saxe-Meiningen was admitted to join the North German Confederation.
By 1910, the duchy had grown to 2,468 km2 (953 sq mi) and 278,762 inhabitants.[2] The ducal summer residence was at Altenstein Castle. Since 1868, the duchy comprised the Kreise (districts) of Hildburghausen, Sonneberg and Saalfeld as well as the northern exclaves of Camburg and Kranichfeld.
End of the Duchy
[edit]In the German Revolution after World War I, Duke Bernhard III, brother-in-law of Emperor Wilhelm II, was forced to abdicate and his brother Ernst on 11/12 November 1918 refused the succession. The succeeding "Free State of Saxe-Meiningen" was merged into the new state of Thuringia on 1 May 1920.[2]
Dukes of Saxe-Meiningen
[edit]- Bernhard I (1680–1706)
- Ernst Ludwig I (1706–24), son of Bernhard I
- Ernst Ludwig II (1724–29), son of Ernst Ludwig I
- Karl Friedrich (1729–43), son of Ernst Ludwig I
- Friedrich Wilhelm (1743–46), son of Bernhard I
- Anton Ulrich (1746–63), son of Bernhard I
- Karl Wilhelm (1763–82), son of Anton Ulrich
- George I (1782–1803), son of Anton Ulrich, father of Queen Adelaide
- Bernhard II (1803–66), son of Georg I
- Georg II (1866–1914), son of Bernhard II
- Bernhard III (1914–18), son of George II[2]
Notes:
- Friedrich Wilhelm and Friedrich II of Saxe-Gotha reigned as guardians for the minor Karl Friedrich in 1729–1733
- Friedrich Wilhelm and Anton Ulrich reigned jointly in 1743–46
- Charlotte Amalie reigned as regent/guardian for the minors Karl Wilhelm und Georg I in 1763–82
- Luise Eleonore reigned as regent/guardian for the minor Bernhard II in 1803–1821
- Dukedom abolished in 1918.[2]
See also
[edit]References
[edit]- ^ Herbermann, Charles, ed. (1913). Catholic Encyclopedia. New York: Robert Appleton Company. .
- ^ a b c d e f g h "Die herzogliche Familie (German)". Meininger Museen. Archived from the original on 18 August 2017. Retrieved 10 May 2019.
External links
[edit]- Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). . Encyclopædia Britannica (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press.
- States and territories disestablished in 1918
- States of the Confederation of the Rhine
- States of the German Confederation
- States of the North German Confederation
- States of the German Empire
- States of the Weimar Republic
- Ernestine duchies
- Dukes of Saxe-Meiningen
- House of Saxe-Meiningen
- House of Wettin
- South Thuringia
- 1680 establishments in the Holy Roman Empire
- 1918 disestablishments in Germany