Ma Anliang: Difference between revisions

1925	Yunnan–Guangxi War; May Thirtieth Movement
1925–1926	Anti-Fengtian War; Canton–Hong Kong strike
1926	Zhongshan Warship Incident
1926–1928	Northern Expedition; Nanjing–Wuhan Split; Nationalist-Communist Civil War
1927	Nanking incident of 1927
1927	Shanghai Commune of 1927
1927	Shanghai massacre
1927	July 15 Incident
1927–1930	Muslim conflict in Gansu
1928	Jinan incident; Huanggutun incident; Looting of the Eastern Mausoleum; Northeast Flag Replacement
1928–1929	Third Red Spears' uprising in Shandong
1929	Chiang-Gui War; Warlord Rebellion in northeastern Shandong (incl. Beijing Revolt); Sino-Soviet conflict
1930	Central Plains War
1930–1932	Sino-Tibetan War / Qinghai–Tibet War
1931–1935	Kumul Rebellion / Soviet invasion of Xinjiang
1932	Han–Liu War
1932	Two-Liu war
1934	War in Ningxia

1911–1914	Bai Lang Rebellion
1913	Second Revolution
1915	Twenty-One Demands
1915–1916	Empire of China (Yuan Shikai); National Protection War
1916	Death of Yuan Shikai
1917	Manchu Restoration
1917–1922	Constitutional Protection Movement
1917–1929	Golok rebellions
1918–1920	Siberian intervention
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1919–1921	Occupation of Outer Mongolia
1920	Zhili–Anhui War
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1920–1926	Spirit Soldier rebellions
1921	1st National CPC Congress
1921–1922	Washington Naval Conference
1922	First Zhili–Fengtian War
1923–1927	First United Front
1923	Lincheng Outrage
1924	Second Zhili–Fengtian War; Canton Merchants' Corps Uprising; Beijing Coup

Ma Anliang
Ma Anliang
	Pailou arch set up in honor of Ma Anliang
Born	1855; Hezhou, Gansu
Died	November 24, 1918 (aged 62–63); Hezhou, Gansu
Allegiance	Qing dynasty; Republic of China
Years of service	1872–1918
Rank	General
Commands	General of Xinjiang, Colonel of Hezhou
Battles / wars	Dungan revolt (1862–77), Dungan revolt (1895–96), Boxer Rebellion, Xinhai Revolution, Bai Lang Rebellion
Awards	"Second class Wenhu and Chiaho decorations"

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Ma Anliang (simplified Chinese: 马安良; traditional Chinese: 馬安良; pinyin: Mǎ Ānliáng; Wade–Giles: Ma An-liang, French romanization: Ma-ngan-leang,^[2] Xiao'erjing: مَا اًلِیَانْ; 1855 – November 24, 1918) was a Hui born in Hezhou, Gansu, China. He became a general in the Qing dynasty army, and of the Republic of China. His father was Ma Zhan'ao, and his younger brothers were Ma Guoliang^[3] and Ma Suiliang (Ma Sui-liang) 馬遂良. Ma was educated in Chinese and Islamic education.^[4] His Muslim name was Abdul Majid (Chinese: 阿卜都里默直底).

Military career

He defected to Qing in 1872 during the Dungan revolt (1862–77), along with several other Hui Muslims, including his father, Ma Zhan'ao, Ma Haiyan, and Ma Qianling. They belonged to the Huasi menhuan, of the Khafiya Naqshbandi Sufi order.^[5] They assisted the Qing Han Chinese general Zuo Zongtang in suppressing the Muslim revolt. In 1877, his father Ma Zhanao defeated a group of Muslim rebels who continued fighting near Hezhou.^[6]

General Ma Anliang joined the Qing General Zuo Zongtang, in the campaign against the Turkic Muslim rebels under Yaqub Beg. Ma Anliang led an entire army composed of Chinese Muslim troops against Yaqub Beg's Turkic Muslim forces, and defeated him, reconquering Turkestan for China.^[7]

Dong Fuxiang, Ma Anliang and Ma Haiyan were originally called to Beijing during the First Sino-Japanese War in 1894, but the Dungan Revolt (1895) broke out and they were subsequently sent to crush the rebels.

In 1895, he served with the Han Chinese general Tang Yanhe and the Non-Muslim Gansu native, general Dong Fuxiang, assisting them in crushing another Muslim revolt, the Dungan revolt (1895–96).^[8]^[9] His Muslim cavalry defeated Muslim rebels at Oxheart Mountain, and relieved the siege of Hezhou on December 4. He led Hui cavalry troops to slaughter rebel Salar Muslim fighters who had agreed to negotiate unarmed at a banquet by telling them "Disown me as a Muslim if I deceive you.", and received the rank of Xinjiang General, and Hezhou Colonel once the revolt was crushed.^[10] The revolt was led by Ma Yonglin, Ma Wanfu, and Ma Dahan. Ma Dahan was publicly executed.^[11] It was said that Muslim blood stained red red cap of Ma Anliang.^[12]

During that war, in 1895 Ma lifted the siege of Xining (sining) with four ying (ying is a Chinese unit for battalion). Ma was assigned to "Barkul military command" sometime before 1910.^[13]^[14]

During the Hundred Days' Reform in 1898 Dong Fuxiang, Ma Anliang, and Ma Haiyan were called to Beijing and helped put an end to the reform movement along with Ma Fulu and Ma Fuxiang.

In 1900, during the Boxer Rebellion, Ma Anliang, as Tongling of Ho-Chou joined Dong Fuxiang in fighting against the foreigners.^[15]

In 1905, Ma Anliang, in cooperation with the Han Chinese magistrate Yang Zengxin, attempted to arrest and execute the Yihewani (Ikhwan in Arabic) leader Ma Wanfu. Ma Qi, one of Ma Anliang's subordinates, staged a rescue operation and brought Ma Wanfu to Xining.^[16]

Even though he was a Muslim, he and his Muslim troops showed no mercy to Muslims who rebelled against the Qing government, and massacred them.

In 1911, when the Xinhai Revolution erupted, he led over 20 battalions of Hui Muslim troops to defend the Qing dynasty by attacking Shaanxi, which was held by the revolutionaries under Zhang Fenghui. Ma Anliang, Changgeng and Shengyun failed to capture Shaanxi from the revolutionaries.^[17] When the Qing emperor Puyi abdicated, Ma agreed to join the new Republic of China government under the Kuomintang.^[18]

Hui General Ma Anliang abandoned the Qing cause upon the Qing abdication in the Xinhai Revolution while the Manchu governor general Shengyun was enraged at the revolution.^[19]^[20]

Pro-revolution Hui Muslims like Shaanxi Governor Ma Yugui and Beijing Imam Wang Kuan persuaded Qing Hui general Ma Anliang to stop fighting, telling him as Muslims not to kill each other for the sake of the Qing monarchists and side with the republican revolutionaries instead. Ma Anliang then agreed to abandon the Qing under the combination of Yuan Shikai's actions and these messages from other Hui.^[21]

In October 1903, in Ili, Ma Anliang served as "Brigade-General". In April 1912 he became "Commander-in-Chief" of Gansu.^[22]

Political and religious orientation

Ma Anliang fought against the Bai Lang Rebellion, and attacked the Xidaotang (西道堂) Muslim organization. He was suspicious of the Republicanism of the Xidaotang, since Ma was a conservative and a monarchist and supported Yuan Shikai. Ma arranged for the Xidaotang founder Ma Qixi and his family to be shot dead. Han and Hui soldiers under the Hui generals Ma Anliang and Ma Qi united to fight against Bai Lang's bandit army.^[23] ^[24]^[25]

In 1914, Ma Anliang tried to exterminate the "New New Sect", the Xidaotang and its leader Ma Qixi (his Arabic name was Ersa (Jesus), he was known as "Prophet Jesus" to westerners).^[26]^[27]

General Ma Anliang was the de facto senior leader of all Muslims in northwestern China from the beginning of the Republican era in 1912 until he died. He was succeeding by General Ma Fuxiang in this position.^[28]

Ma Anliang was considered "reactionary", while the learned "scholar" General Ma Fuxiang was considered "progressive".^[29]

In 1917 Ma Anliang ordered his younger brother Ma Guoliang to suppress a rebellion of Tibetans in Xunhua who rebelled because of taxes Ma Anliang imposed on them. Ma Anliang did not report it to the central government in Beijing and was reprimanded for it, and Ma Qi was sent by the government to investigate the case and suppress the rebellion.^[30]

He died in Hezhou (Hochow) on November 24, 1918.^[31]^[32] After his death, Ma Anliang was praised by American Vice-Consul at Kalgan, Rodney Gilbert in the Herald for keeping peace in Gansu, which he maintained by his willingness to fight against his fellow Muslims.^[33] Ma Anliang was also praised for protecting "his people from sectarian strife and opium".^[34]

Ma Fuxiang effectively took Ma Anliang's place as de facto leader of Muslims in northwest China when Ma Anliang died in 1918.^[35]^[36]

Family

His father was Ma Zhan'ao and his brother was Ma Guoliang.

He had 5 sons, Ma Tingxiang (Ma T'ing-hsiang) (馬廷勷) (3rd son), Ma Tingxian (Ma T'ing-hsien) (馬廷賢) (4th son), and 3 other unknown children. Ma Tingxian was executed in 1962 by the Peoples' Court.^[37] Ma Tingxiang was Ma Anliang's third son. He was executed by Feng Yuxiang after first rebelling against Feng and the Guominjun, defecting to Chiang Kaishek and the Kuomintang after Chiang and Feng went to war against each other, and finally after Chiang dismissed Ma from his posts, attempted to flee and was captured by Feng. Ma Tingxiang and his Muslim army had committed numerous atrocities against Tibetan Buddhists in Chone, Chone Monastery, Taozhou and Labrang Monastery during the rebellion.^[38]

Peerage

Yuan Shikai made Ma Anliang a Baron of the First Rank (一等男; Yī děng nán) of the Empire of China (1915–16).

References

^ Henry George Wandesforde Woodhead, Henry Thurburn Montague Bell (1969). The China year book, Part 2. North China Daily News & Herald. p. 841. Retrieved 2011-06-05.[1]
^ Heylen, Ann (2004). Chronique Du Toumet-Ortos: Looking Through the Lens of Joseph Van Oost, Missionary in Inner Mongolia (1915-1921). Vol. 16 of Louvain Chinese studies (illustrated ed.). Leuven University Press. p. 373. ISBN 9058674185. Retrieved 24 April 2014.
^ Jonathan Neaman Lipman (2004). Familiar strangers: a history of Muslims in Northwest China. Seattle: University of Washington Press. p. 168. ISBN 0-295-97644-6. Retrieved 2010-06-28.
^ Jonathan Neaman Lipman (2004). Familiar strangers: a history of Muslims in Northwest China. Seattle: University of Washington Press. p. 206. ISBN 0-295-97644-6. Retrieved 2010-06-28.
^ Michael Dillon (1999). China's Muslim Hui community: migration, settlement and sects. Richmond: Curzon Press. p. 140. ISBN 0-7007-1026-4. Retrieved 2010-06-28.
^ Jonathan Neaman Lipman (2004). Familiar strangers: a history of Muslims in Northwest China. Seattle: University of Washington Press. p. 167. ISBN 0-295-97644-6. Retrieved 2010-06-28.
^ Lanny B. Fields (1978). Tso Tsung-tʼang and the Muslims: statecraft in northwest China, 1868-1880. Limestone Press. p. 81. ISBN 0-919642-85-3. Retrieved 2010-06-28.
^ Michael Dillon (1999). China's Muslim Hui community: migration, settlement and sects. Richmond: Curzon Press. p. 136. ISBN 9780700710263.
^ Jonathan Neaman Lipman (2004). Familiar strangers: a history of Muslims in Northwest China. Seattle: University of Washington Press. p. 168. ISBN 0-295-97644-6. Retrieved 2010-06-28.
^ Michael Dillon (1999). China's Muslim Hui Community: Migration, Settlement and Sects. Psychology Press. pp. 72–. ISBN 978-0-7007-1026-3.
^ Papers from the Conference on Chinese Local Elites and Patterns of Dominance, Banff, August 20–24, 1987, Volume 3 Papers from the Conference on Chinese Local Elites and Patterns of Dominance, Banff, August 20–24, 1987, Joint Committee on Chinese Studies (U.S.). Ann Arbor. 1987. p. 29.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
^ Ma Tong, Zhongguo Yisilan... shilue, p 245
^ University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign. Center for Asian Studies (1979). Chinese Republican studies newsletter, Volumes 5-7. p. 35. Retrieved 2011-06-06.[2]
^ Chinese Republican Studies Newsletter. Vol. 1–8. Center for Asian Studies, University of Illinois. 1975. p. 171. Retrieved 24 April 2014.[3]
^ M. Th. Houtsma, A. J. Wensinck (1993). E.J. Brill's first encyclopaedia of Islam 1913-1936. Stanford BRILL. p. 850. ISBN 90-04-09796-1. Retrieved 2010-06-28.
^ Jonathan Neaman Lipman (2004). Familiar strangers: a history of Muslims in Northwest China. Seattle: University of Washington Press. p. 207. ISBN 0-295-97644-6. Retrieved 2010-06-28.
^ LIPMAN, JONATHAN N. (1997). "5 / Strategies of Integration Muslims in New China". Familiar Strangers : A History of Muslims in Northwest China. University of Washington Press. pp. 181, 182. ISBN 0-295-97644-6.
^ Jonathan Neaman Lipman (2004). Familiar strangers: a history of Muslims in Northwest China. Seattle: University of Washington Press. p. 170. ISBN 0-295-97644-6. Retrieved 2010-06-28.
^ Lipman, Jonathan N. (2011). Familiar Strangers: A History of Muslims in Northwest China. Studies on Ethnic Groups in China. University of Washington Press. p. 170. ISBN 978-0295800554. Ma Anliang attacked Shaanxi successfully, and Yuan Shikai took the invasion seriously enough to alert eastern troops to move against him.
^ Shan, Patrick Fuliang (2018). Yuan Shikai: A Reappraisal. Contemporary Chinese Studies. UBC Press. p. 201. ISBN 978-0774837811. On his order, Wang was executed.66 According to Yuan Shikai, the most important ... to arrest bad elements and protect the people (chubao'anliang), ...
^ Israeli, Raphael (2017). The Muslim Midwest in Modern China: The Tale of the Hui Communities in Gansu (Lanzhou, Linxia, and Lintan) and in Yunnan (Kunming and Dali). Wipf and Stock Publishers. pp. 71, 72. ISBN 978-1532637544. This message by Wang may have contributed to breaking the resistance of Ma Anliang, who had in any case, come under strong pressure of Yuan Shikai's ...
^ Henry George Wandesforde Woodhead, Henry Thurburn Montague Bell (1969). The China year book, Part 2. North China Daily News & Herald. p. 841. Retrieved 2011-06-05.[4]
^ Jonathan Neaman Lipman (2004). Familiar strangers: a history of Muslims in Northwest China. Seattle: University of Washington Press. pp. 191, 194. ISBN 0-295-97644-6. Retrieved 2010-06-28.
^ Michael Dillon (1999). China's Muslim Hui community: migration, settlement and sects. Richmond: Curzon Press. p. 144. ISBN 0-7007-1026-4. Retrieved 2010-06-28.
^ Dru C. Gladney (1996). Muslim Chinese: ethnic nationalism in the People's Republic. Cambridge Massachusetts: Harvard Univ Asia Center. p. 58. ISBN 0-674-59497-5. Retrieved 2010-06-28.
^ Samuel Marinus Zwemer, ed. (1920). The Moslem World. Vol. 10. New York: Christian Literature Society for India, Hartford Seminary Foundation. p. 381. Retrieved 2011-06-06.
^ The Far Eastern review, engineering, finance, commerce. Vol. 15. 1919. p. 587. Retrieved 2011-06-06.
^ Henry George Wandesforde Woodhead; Henry Thurburn Montague Bell (1926). The China year book, Part 2. North China Daily News & Herald. p. 1076. Retrieved 2011-06-06.
^ The Far Eastern review, engineering, finance, commerce. Vol. 15. 1919. p. 588. Retrieved 2011-06-06.
^ 赵颂尧，马安良其人与民初的甘肃政争，西北民族大学学报(哲学社会科学版) 1989年第02期
^ The Far Eastern review, engineering, finance, commerce. Vol. 15. 1919. p. 587. Retrieved 2011-06-06.
^ Samuel Marinus Zwemer, ed. (1920). The Moslem World. Vol. 10. New York: Christian Literature Society for India, Hartford Seminary Foundation. p. 378. Retrieved 2011-06-06.
^ Lipman, Jonathan Neaman (1980). The border world of Gansu, 1895-1935. Stanford University. p. 209. Retrieved 24 April 2014.
^ Fleisher, Benjamin Wilfried, ed. (1922). The Trans-Pacific, Volume 6. B. W. Fleisher. p. 47. Retrieved 24 April 2014.
^ Travels Of A Consular Officer In North-West China. CUP Archive. 1921. p. vi. Retrieved 24 April 2014.
^ Chinese Republican Studies Newsletter. Vol. 1–8. Center for Asian Studies, University of Illinois. 1975. p. 171. Retrieved 24 April 2014.
^ Michael Dillon (1999). China's Muslim Hui community: migration, settlement and sects. Richmond: Curzon Press. p. 115. ISBN 0-7007-1026-4. Retrieved 2010-06-28.
^ Mueggler, Erik (2011). The Paper Road: Archive and Experience in the Botanical Exploration of West China and Tibet. A Philip e Lilienthal Book in Asian Studies, ACLS Humanities E-Book (illustrated ed.). University of California Press. p. 230. ISBN 978-0520269026.

This article incorporates text from The Moslem World, Volume 10, by Christian Literature Society for India, Hartford Seminary Foundation, a publication from 1920, now in the public domain in the United States.

External links

Ma Clique (in Chinese)

[1] Henry George Wandesforde Woodhead, Henry Thurburn Montague Bell (1969). The China year book, Part 2. North China Daily News & Herald. p. 841. Retrieved 2011-06-05.[1]

[2] Heylen, Ann (2004). Chronique Du Toumet-Ortos: Looking Through the Lens of Joseph Van Oost, Missionary in Inner Mongolia (1915-1921). Vol. 16 of Louvain Chinese studies (illustrated ed.). Leuven University Press. p. 373. ISBN 9058674185. Retrieved 24 April 2014.

[3] Jonathan Neaman Lipman (2004). Familiar strangers: a history of Muslims in Northwest China. Seattle: University of Washington Press. p. 168. ISBN 0-295-97644-6. Retrieved 2010-06-28.

[4] Jonathan Neaman Lipman (2004). Familiar strangers: a history of Muslims in Northwest China. Seattle: University of Washington Press. p. 206. ISBN 0-295-97644-6. Retrieved 2010-06-28.

[5] Michael Dillon (1999). China's Muslim Hui community: migration, settlement and sects. Richmond: Curzon Press. p. 140. ISBN 0-7007-1026-4. Retrieved 2010-06-28.

[6] Jonathan Neaman Lipman (2004). Familiar strangers: a history of Muslims in Northwest China. Seattle: University of Washington Press. p. 167. ISBN 0-295-97644-6. Retrieved 2010-06-28.

[7] Lanny B. Fields (1978). Tso Tsung-tʼang and the Muslims: statecraft in northwest China, 1868-1880. Limestone Press. p. 81. ISBN 0-919642-85-3. Retrieved 2010-06-28.

[8] Michael Dillon (1999). China's Muslim Hui community: migration, settlement and sects. Richmond: Curzon Press. p. 136. ISBN 9780700710263.

[9] Jonathan Neaman Lipman (2004). Familiar strangers: a history of Muslims in Northwest China. Seattle: University of Washington Press. p. 168. ISBN 0-295-97644-6. Retrieved 2010-06-28.

[Dillon1999-10] Michael Dillon (1999). China's Muslim Hui Community: Migration, Settlement and Sects. Psychology Press. pp. 72–. ISBN 978-0-7007-1026-3.

[11] Papers from the Conference on Chinese Local Elites and Patterns of Dominance, Banff, August 20–24, 1987, Volume 3 Papers from the Conference on Chinese Local Elites and Patterns of Dominance, Banff, August 20–24, 1987, Joint Committee on Chinese Studies (U.S.). Ann Arbor. 1987. p. 29.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)

[12] Ma Tong, Zhongguo Yisilan... shilue, p 245

[13] University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign. Center for Asian Studies (1979). Chinese Republican studies newsletter, Volumes 5-7. p. 35. Retrieved 2011-06-06.[2]

[14] Chinese Republican Studies Newsletter. Vol. 1–8. Center for Asian Studies, University of Illinois. 1975. p. 171. Retrieved 24 April 2014.[3]

[15] M. Th. Houtsma, A. J. Wensinck (1993). E.J. Brill's first encyclopaedia of Islam 1913-1936. Stanford BRILL. p. 850. ISBN 90-04-09796-1. Retrieved 2010-06-28.

[16] Jonathan Neaman Lipman (2004). Familiar strangers: a history of Muslims in Northwest China. Seattle: University of Washington Press. p. 207. ISBN 0-295-97644-6. Retrieved 2010-06-28.

[17] LIPMAN, JONATHAN N. (1997). "5 / Strategies of Integration Muslims in New China". Familiar Strangers : A History of Muslims in Northwest China. University of Washington Press. pp. 181, 182. ISBN 0-295-97644-6.

[18] Jonathan Neaman Lipman (2004). Familiar strangers: a history of Muslims in Northwest China. Seattle: University of Washington Press. p. 170. ISBN 0-295-97644-6. Retrieved 2010-06-28.

[19] Lipman, Jonathan N. (2011). Familiar Strangers: A History of Muslims in Northwest China. Studies on Ethnic Groups in China. University of Washington Press. p. 170. ISBN 978-0295800554. Ma Anliang attacked Shaanxi successfully, and Yuan Shikai took the invasion seriously enough to alert eastern troops to move against him.

[20] Shan, Patrick Fuliang (2018). Yuan Shikai: A Reappraisal. Contemporary Chinese Studies. UBC Press. p. 201. ISBN 978-0774837811. On his order, Wang was executed.66 According to Yuan Shikai, the most important ... to arrest bad elements and protect the people (chubao'anliang), ...

[21] Israeli, Raphael (2017). The Muslim Midwest in Modern China: The Tale of the Hui Communities in Gansu (Lanzhou, Linxia, and Lintan) and in Yunnan (Kunming and Dali). Wipf and Stock Publishers. pp. 71, 72. ISBN 978-1532637544. This message by Wang may have contributed to breaking the resistance of Ma Anliang, who had in any case, come under strong pressure of Yuan Shikai's ...

[22] Henry George Wandesforde Woodhead, Henry Thurburn Montague Bell (1969). The China year book, Part 2. North China Daily News & Herald. p. 841. Retrieved 2011-06-05.[4]

[23] Jonathan Neaman Lipman (2004). Familiar strangers: a history of Muslims in Northwest China. Seattle: University of Washington Press. pp. 191, 194. ISBN 0-295-97644-6. Retrieved 2010-06-28.

[24] Michael Dillon (1999). China's Muslim Hui community: migration, settlement and sects. Richmond: Curzon Press. p. 144. ISBN 0-7007-1026-4. Retrieved 2010-06-28.

[25] Dru C. Gladney (1996). Muslim Chinese: ethnic nationalism in the People's Republic. Cambridge Massachusetts: Harvard Univ Asia Center. p. 58. ISBN 0-674-59497-5. Retrieved 2010-06-28.

[26] Samuel Marinus Zwemer, ed. (1920). The Moslem World. Vol. 10. New York: Christian Literature Society for India, Hartford Seminary Foundation. p. 381. Retrieved 2011-06-06.

[27] The Far Eastern review, engineering, finance, commerce. Vol. 15. 1919. p. 587. Retrieved 2011-06-06.

[28] Henry George Wandesforde Woodhead; Henry Thurburn Montague Bell (1926). The China year book, Part 2. North China Daily News & Herald. p. 1076. Retrieved 2011-06-06.

[29] The Far Eastern review, engineering, finance, commerce. Vol. 15. 1919. p. 588. Retrieved 2011-06-06.

[zsy-30] 赵颂尧，马安良其人与民初的甘肃政争，西北民族大学学报(哲学社会科学版) 1989年第02期

[31] The Far Eastern review, engineering, finance, commerce. Vol. 15. 1919. p. 587. Retrieved 2011-06-06.

[32] Samuel Marinus Zwemer, ed. (1920). The Moslem World. Vol. 10. New York: Christian Literature Society for India, Hartford Seminary Foundation. p. 378. Retrieved 2011-06-06.

[33] Lipman, Jonathan Neaman (1980). The border world of Gansu, 1895-1935. Stanford University. p. 209. Retrieved 24 April 2014.

[34] Fleisher, Benjamin Wilfried, ed. (1922). The Trans-Pacific, Volume 6. B. W. Fleisher. p. 47. Retrieved 24 April 2014.

[35] Travels Of A Consular Officer In North-West China. CUP Archive. 1921. p. vi. Retrieved 24 April 2014.

[36] Chinese Republican Studies Newsletter. Vol. 1–8. Center for Asian Studies, University of Illinois. 1975. p. 171. Retrieved 24 April 2014.

[37] Michael Dillon (1999). China's Muslim Hui community: migration, settlement and sects. Richmond: Curzon Press. p. 115. ISBN 0-7007-1026-4. Retrieved 2010-06-28.

[38] Mueggler, Erik (2011). The Paper Road: Archive and Experience in the Botanical Exploration of West China and Tibet. A Philip e Lilienthal Book in Asian Studies, ACLS Humanities E-Book (illustrated ed.). University of California Press. p. 230. ISBN 978-0520269026.

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@@ Line 1: / Line 1: @@
+{{Short description|Qing dynasty army general (1855–1918)}}
 {{Infobox military person
-|name=Ma Anliang |birth_date= {{birth year|1855}}
+| name          = Ma Anliang
-|death_date= {{death date and age|1918|11|24|1855}}
+| birth_date    = {{birth date text|1855}}
-|birth_place=[[Linxia City|Hezhou]], [[Gansu]]
+| death_date    = {{death date and age|1918|11|24|1855}}
-|death_place=[[Linxia City|Hezhou]], [[Gansu]]
+| birth_place   = [[Linxia City|Hezhou]], [[Gansu]]
-|image=Ma Anliang pailou arch.jpg
+| death_place   = [[Linxia City|Hezhou]], [[Gansu]]
-|caption=[[Paifang|Pailou]] arch set up in honor of Ma Anliang
+| image         = Ma Anliang pailou arch.jpg
-|nickname=
+| caption       = [[Paifang|Pailou]] arch set up in honor of Ma Anliang
-|allegiance= [[File:Flag of the Qing Dynasty (1889-1912).svg|20px|Flag of the Qing dynasty]] [[Qing dynasty]]<br>[[File:Flag of the Republic of China 1912-1928.svg|20px|Flag of the Republic of China]] [[Republic of China (1912–1949)|Republic of China]]
+| nickname      =
-|serviceyears=1872-1918
+| allegiance    = [[File:Flag of the Qing Dynasty (1889-1912).svg|20px|Flag of the Qing dynasty]] [[Qing dynasty]]<br>[[File:Flag of the Republic of China 1912-1928.svg|20px|Flag of the Republic of China]] [[Republic of China (1912–1949)|Republic of China]]
-|rank= [[General officer|General]]
+| serviceyears  = 1872–1918
-|commands=General of [[Xinjiang]], [[Colonel]] of [[Linxia City|Hezhou]]
+| rank          = [[General officer|General]]
-|unit=
+| commands      = General of [[Xinjiang]], [[Colonel]] of [[Linxia City|Hezhou]]
-|battles=[[Dungan revolt (1862–77)]], [[Dungan revolt (1895–96)]], [[Boxer Rebellion]], [[Xinhai Revolution]], [[Bai Lang Rebellion]]
+| unit          =
-| religion=Sufi [[Islam]]
+| battles       = [[Dungan revolt (1862–77)]], [[Dungan revolt (1895–96)]], [[Boxer Rebellion]], [[Xinhai Revolution]], [[Bai Lang Rebellion]]
-|awards="Second class Wenhu and Chiaho decorations"<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?ei=n2vsTcSEOI6itgeuqdGgAQ&ct=result&id=Tb8ZAAAAIAAJ&dq=Ma+Fu-hsiang%2C+%28%24y+fi%5Efll%5E%29.+%E2%80%94+Kansu.+Brigade-General.+Paiikun%2C+New+Dominion.+March.+1909.+Acting+Chief+Executive+Officer%2C+Kokonor%2C+July-+August%2C+1912.+Commander+of+Guards+Division.+Altai%2C+October+10.+1912.+Was+Military+Commissioner+of&q=chief+kokonor+ma+an-liang|title=The China year book, Part 2|author=Henry George Wandesforde Woodhead, Henry Thurburn Montague Bell|year=1969|publisher=North China Daily News & Herald|location=|page=841|isbn=|accessdate=2011-06-05}}[https://books.google.com/books?ei=n2vsTcSEOI6itgeuqdGgAQ&ct=result&id=Tb8ZAAAAIAAJ&dq=Ma+Fu-hsiang%2C+%28%24y+fi%5Efll%5E%29.+%E2%80%94+Kansu.+Brigade-General.+Paiikun%2C+New+Dominion.+March.+1909.+Acting+Chief+Executive+Officer%2C+Kokonor%2C+July-+August%2C+1912.+Commander+of+Guards+Division.+Altai%2C+October+10.+1912.+Was+Military+Commissioner+of&q=chief+kokonor]</ref>
+| religion      = Sufi [[Islam]]
-|laterwork=
+| awards        = "Second class Wenhu and Chiaho decorations"<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Tb8ZAAAAIAAJ&q=chief+kokonor+ma+an-liang|title=The China year book, Part 2|author=Henry George Wandesforde Woodhead, Henry Thurburn Montague Bell|year=1969|publisher=North China Daily News & Herald|page=841|access-date=2011-06-05}}[https://books.google.com/books?id=Tb8ZAAAAIAAJ&q=chief+kokonor]</ref>
-}}
+| laterwork     =
-{{Chinese name|[[Ma (surname)|Ma]]}}
+}}
+{{family name hatnote|[[Ma (surname)|Ma]]|lang=Chinese}}
-'''Ma Anliang''' ({{zh||s=马安良|t=馬安良|p=Mǎ Ānliáng|w=Ma An-liang}}, French romanization: Ma-ngan-leang,<ref>{{cite book|title=Chronique Du Toumet-Ortos: Looking Through the Lens of Joseph Van Oost, Missionary in Inner Mongolia (1915-1921)|editor-first=|editor-last=|first=Ann|last=Heylen|volume=Volume 16 of Louvain Chinese studies|edition=illustrated|year=2004|publisher=Leuven University Press|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=WSl5cl_wt24C&pg=PA373#v=onepage&q&f=false|page=373|isbn=9058674185|accessdate=24 April 2014| ref=harv }}</ref> [[Xiao'erjing]]: {{lang|zh-Arab|ﻣَﺎ  ءًا ﻟِﯿْﺎ}}; 1855&nbsp;– November 24, 1918) was a [[Hui people|Hui]] born in [[Linxia City|Hezhou]], [[Gansu]], China. He became a general in the Qing dynasty army, and of the [[Republic of China (1912–49)|Republic of China]]. His father was [[Ma Zhan'ao]], and his younger brothers were [[Ma Guoliang]]<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=90CN0vtxdY0C&pg=PA168&dq=ma+anliang's+brother+ma+guoliang&cd=1#v=onepage&q=ma%20anliang's%20brother%20ma%20guoliang&f=false|title=Familiar strangers: a history of Muslims in Northwest China|author=Jonathan Neaman Lipman|year=2004|publisher=University of Washington Press|location=Seattle|page=168|isbn=0-295-97644-6|accessdate=2010-06-28}}</ref> and Ma Suiliang (Ma Sui-liang) 馬遂良.<ref>[http://nccur.lib.nccu.edu.tw/bitstream/140.119/33588/11/15301511.pdf 甘、寧、青三馬家族世系簡表]</ref> Ma was educated in Chinese and Islamic education.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=90CN0vtxdY0C&pg=PA191&lpg=PA191&dq=ma+anliang&source=bl&ots=gMwLIuA1os&sig=_jvjrRYqFMl0ciCf6gbsX_ptfgs&hl=en&ei=pcIWTMbaCsHflgfS2OivCw&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=3&ved=0CB8Q6AEwAg#v=snippet&q=trained%20in%20both%20the%20muslim%20and%20chinese%20curricula%20ma%20anliang&f=false|title=Familiar strangers: a history of Muslims in Northwest China|author=Jonathan Neaman Lipman|year=2004|publisher=University of Washington Press|location=Seattle|page=206|isbn=0-295-97644-6|accessdate=2010-06-28}}</ref> His Muslim name was Abdul Majid 阿卜都里默直底.
+'''Ma Anliang''' ({{zh||s=马安良|t=馬安良|p=Mǎ Ānliáng|w=Ma An-liang}}, French romanization: Ma-ngan-leang,<ref>{{cite book|title=Chronique Du Toumet-Ortos: Looking Through the Lens of Joseph Van Oost, Missionary in Inner Mongolia (1915-1921)|first=Ann|last=Heylen|volume=16 of Louvain Chinese studies|edition=illustrated|year=2004|publisher=Leuven University Press|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=WSl5cl_wt24C&pg=PA373|page=373|isbn=9058674185|access-date=24 April 2014}}</ref> [[Xiao'erjing]]: {{lang|zh-Arab|مَا اًلِیَانْ}}; 1855&nbsp;– November 24, 1918) was a [[Hui people|Hui]] born in [[Linxia City|Hezhou]], [[Gansu]], China. He became a general in the Qing dynasty army, and of the [[Republic of China (1912–49)|Republic of China]]. His father was [[Ma Zhan'ao]], and his younger brothers were [[Ma Guoliang]]<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=90CN0vtxdY0C&q=ma+anliang%27s+brother+ma+guoliang&pg=PA168|title=Familiar strangers: a history of Muslims in Northwest China|author=Jonathan Neaman Lipman|year=2004|publisher=University of Washington Press|location=Seattle|page=168|isbn=0-295-97644-6|access-date=2010-06-28}}</ref> and Ma Suiliang (Ma Sui-liang) 馬遂良. Ma was educated in Chinese and Islamic education.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=90CN0vtxdY0C&q=trained+in+both+the+muslim+and+chinese+curricula+ma+anliang&pg=PA191|title=Familiar strangers: a history of Muslims in Northwest China|author=Jonathan Neaman Lipman|year=2004|publisher=University of Washington Press|location=Seattle|page=206|isbn=0-295-97644-6|access-date=2010-06-28}}</ref> His Muslim name was Abdul Majid ({{lang-zh|阿卜都里默直底}}).
 {{Islam and China|figures}}
 ==Military career==
-He defected to Qing in 1872 during the [[Dungan revolt (1862–77)]], along with several other Hui Muslims, including his father, [[Ma Zhan'ao]], [[Ma Haiyan]], and [[Ma Qianling]]. They belonged to the Huasi [[menhuan]], of the [[Khafiya]] [[Naqshbandi]] [[Sufi]] order.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hUEswLE4SWUC&pg=PA72&dq=ma+anliang&hl=en&ei=nMIWTOy1JoT6lweJyPGHDA&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=2&ved=0CC8Q6AEwAQ#v=snippet&q=ma%20anliang%20who%20was%20a%20follower%20of%20the%20multicoloured%20mosque%20menhuan&f=false|title=China's Muslim Hui community: migration, settlement and sects|author=Michael Dillon|year=1999|publisher=Curzon Press|location=Richmond|page=140|isbn=0-7007-1026-4|accessdate=2010-06-28}}</ref> They assisted the Qing [[Han Chinese]] general [[Zuo Zongtang]] in suppressing the Muslim revolt. In 1877, his father Ma Zhanao defeated a group of Muslim rebels who continued fighting near [[Linxia City|Hezhou]].<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=90CN0vtxdY0C&pg=PA191&lpg=PA191&dq=ma+anliang&source=bl&ots=gMwLIuA1os&sig=_jvjrRYqFMl0ciCf6gbsX_ptfgs&hl=en&ei=pcIWTMbaCsHflgfS2OivCw&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=3&ved=0CB8Q6AEwAg#v=snippet&q=diehard%20rebels&f=false|title=Familiar strangers: a history of Muslims in Northwest China|author=Jonathan Neaman Lipman|year=2004|publisher=University of Washington Press|location=Seattle|page=167|isbn=0-295-97644-6|accessdate=2010-06-28}}</ref>
+He defected to Qing in 1872 during the [[Dungan revolt (1862–77)]], along with several other Hui Muslims, including his father, [[Ma Zhan'ao]], [[Ma Haiyan]], and [[Ma Qianling]]. They belonged to the Huasi [[menhuan]], of the [[Khafiya]] [[Naqshbandi]] [[Sufi]] order.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hUEswLE4SWUC&q=ma+anliang+who+was+a+follower+of+the+multicoloured+mosque+menhuan&pg=PA72|title=China's Muslim Hui community: migration, settlement and sects|author=Michael Dillon|year=1999|publisher=Curzon Press|location=Richmond|page=140|isbn=0-7007-1026-4|access-date=2010-06-28}}</ref> They assisted the Qing [[Han Chinese]] general [[Zuo Zongtang]] in suppressing the Muslim revolt. In 1877, his father Ma Zhanao defeated a group of Muslim rebels who continued fighting near [[Linxia City|Hezhou]].<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=90CN0vtxdY0C&q=diehard+rebels&pg=PA191|title=Familiar strangers: a history of Muslims in Northwest China|author=Jonathan Neaman Lipman|year=2004|publisher=University of Washington Press|location=Seattle|page=167|isbn=0-295-97644-6|access-date=2010-06-28}}</ref>
-General Ma Anliang joined the Qing General [[Zuo Zongtang]], in the campaign against the Turkic Muslim rebels under [[Yaqub Beg]]. Ma Anliang led an entire army composed of Chinese Muslim troops against Yaqub Beg's Turkic Muslim forces, and defeated him, reconquering Turkestan for China.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_e8vAQAAIAAJ&q=Ma+Chan-ao'+s+son,+Ma+An-liang,+fought+for+the+Chinese+in+the+campaigns+against+Sining+and+Suchow+then+later+in+Chinese+Turkestan.+Ma's&dq=Ma+Chan-ao'+s+son,+Ma+An-liang,+fought+for+the+Chinese+in+the+campaigns+against+Sining+and+Suchow+then+later+in+Chinese+Turkestan.+Ma's&hl=en&ei=eEqxTPaUG4H48Abx8pWfCQ&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=1&ved=0CCoQ6AEwAA|title=Tso Tsung-tʼang and the Muslims: statecraft in northwest China, 1868-1880|author=Lanny B. Fields|year=1978|publisher=Limestone Press|location=|page=81|isbn=0-919642-85-3|accessdate=2010-06-28}}</ref>
+General Ma Anliang joined the Qing General [[Zuo Zongtang]], in the campaign against the Turkic Muslim rebels under [[Yakub Beg of Yettishar|Yaqub Beg]]. Ma Anliang led an entire army composed of Chinese Muslim troops against Yaqub Beg's Turkic Muslim forces, and defeated him, reconquering Turkestan for China.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_e8vAQAAIAAJ&q=Ma+Chan-ao'+s+son,+Ma+An-liang,+fought+for+the+Chinese+in+the+campaigns+against+Sining+and+Suchow+then+later+in+Chinese+Turkestan.+Ma's|title=Tso Tsung-tʼang and the Muslims: statecraft in northwest China, 1868-1880|author=Lanny B. Fields|year=1978|publisher=Limestone Press|page=81|isbn=0-919642-85-3|access-date=2010-06-28}}</ref>
-[[Dong Fuxiang]], Ma Anliang and [[Ma Haiyan]] were originally called to Beijing during the [[First Sino-Japanese War]] in 1894, but the [[Dungan Revolt (1895)]] broke out and they were subsequently sent to crush the rebels.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.360doc.com/content/10/0526/12/1256060_29592130.shtml |title=董福祥与西北马家军阀的的故事 - 360Doc个人图书馆 |access-date=2014-10-30 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181214121754/http://www.360doc.com/content/10/0526/12/1256060_29592130.shtml |archive-date=2018-12-14 |url-status=dead }}</ref>
+[[Dong Fuxiang]], Ma Anliang and [[Ma Haiyan]] were originally called to Beijing during the [[First Sino-Japanese War]] in 1894, but the [[Dungan Revolt (1895)]] broke out and they were subsequently sent to crush the rebels.
-In 1895, he served with the Han Chinese general [[Tang Yanhe]] and the Muslim general [[Dong Fuxiang]], assisting them in crushing another Muslim revolt, the [[Dungan revolt (1895–96)]].<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hUEswLE4SWUC&pg=PA72&dq=ma+anliang&hl=en&ei=nMIWTOy1JoT6lweJyPGHDA&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=2&ved=0CC8Q6AEwAQ#v=snippet&q=tang%20yanhe&f=false|title=China's Muslim Hui community: migration, settlement and sects|author=Michael Dillon|year=1999|publisher=Curzon Press|location=Richmond|page=136}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=90CN0vtxdY0C&pg=PA168&dq=ma+anliang's+brother+ma+guoliang&cd=1#v=snippet&q=commanded%20by%20tang%20yanhe&f=false|title=Familiar strangers: a history of Muslims in Northwest China|author=Jonathan Neaman Lipman|year=2004|publisher=University of Washington Press|location=Seattle|page=168|isbn=0-295-97644-6|accessdate=2010-06-28}}</ref>
+In 1895, he served with the Han Chinese general [[Tang Yanhe]] and the Non-Muslim Gansu native, general [[Dong Fuxiang]], assisting them in crushing another Muslim revolt, the [[Dungan revolt (1895–96)]].<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hUEswLE4SWUC&q=tang+yanhe&pg=PA72|title=China's Muslim Hui community: migration, settlement and sects|author=Michael Dillon|year=1999|publisher=Curzon Press|location=Richmond|page=136|isbn=9780700710263}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=90CN0vtxdY0C&q=commanded+by+tang+yanhe&pg=PA168|title=Familiar strangers: a history of Muslims in Northwest China|author=Jonathan Neaman Lipman|year=2004|publisher=University of Washington Press|location=Seattle|page=168|isbn=0-295-97644-6|access-date=2010-06-28}}</ref>
-His Muslim cavalry defeated Muslim rebels at Oxheart Mountain, and relieved the siege of Hezhou on December 4. He led Hui cavalry troops to slaughter rebel Salar Muslim fighters who had agreed to negotiate unarmed at a banquet by telling them ''"Disown me as a Muslim if I deceive you."'', and received the rank of [[Xinjiang]] [[General]], and [[Hezhou]] [[Colonel]] once the revolt was crushed.<ref name="Dillon1999">{{cite book|author=Michael Dillon|title=China's Muslim Hui Community: Migration, Settlement and Sects|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hUEswLE4SWUC&pg=PA72&lpg=PA72&dq=ma+anliang+disown+me&source=bl&ots=H97TpGGegS&sig=6rfHICHoZplLKQnLtUbrKiAU8Kg&hl=en&ei=1N4WTNvMNML_lgfuxZ2qCw&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=1&ved=0CBQQ6AEwAA#v=onepage&q=Disown%20me%20as%20a%20Muslim%20if%20I%20deceive%20you&f=false|year=1999|publisher=Psychology Press|isbn=978-0-7007-1026-3|pages=72–}}</ref> The revolt was led by [[Ma Yonglin]], [[Ma Wanfu]], and [[Ma Dahan]]. Ma Dahan was publicly executed.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?ei=nMIWTOy1JoT6lweJyPGHDA&ct=result&id=lSxYAAAAMAAJ&dq=ma+anliang&q=ma+anliang|title=Papers from the Conference on Chinese Local Elites and Patterns of Dominance, Banff, August 20–24, 1987, Volume 3 Papers from the Conference on Chinese Local Elites and Patterns of Dominance, Banff, August 20–24, 1987, Joint Committee on Chinese Studies (U.S.)|author=|year=1987|publisher=|location=Ann Arbor|page=29}}</ref> It was said that Muslim blood stained red red cap of Ma Anliang.<ref>Ma Tong, Zhongguo Yisilan... shilue, p 245</ref>
+His Muslim cavalry defeated Muslim rebels at Oxheart Mountain, and relieved the siege of Hezhou on December 4. He led Hui cavalry troops to slaughter rebel Salar Muslim fighters who had agreed to negotiate unarmed at a banquet by telling them ''"Disown me as a Muslim if I deceive you."'', and received the rank of [[Xinjiang]] [[General]], and [[Hezhou]] [[Colonel]] once the revolt was crushed.<ref name="Dillon1999">{{cite book|author=Michael Dillon|title=China's Muslim Hui Community: Migration, Settlement and Sects|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hUEswLE4SWUC&q=Disown+me+as+a+Muslim+if+I+deceive+you&pg=PA72|year=1999|publisher=Psychology Press|isbn=978-0-7007-1026-3|pages=72–}}</ref> The revolt was led by [[Ma Yonglin]], [[Ma Wanfu]], and [[Ma Dahan]]. Ma Dahan was publicly executed.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lSxYAAAAMAAJ&q=ma+anliang|title=Papers from the Conference on Chinese Local Elites and Patterns of Dominance, Banff, August 20–24, 1987, Volume 3 Papers from the Conference on Chinese Local Elites and Patterns of Dominance, Banff, August 20–24, 1987, Joint Committee on Chinese Studies (U.S.)|year=1987|location=Ann Arbor|page=29}}</ref> It was said that Muslim blood stained red red cap of Ma Anliang.<ref>Ma Tong, Zhongguo Yisilan... shilue, p 245</ref>
-During that war, in 1895 Ma lifted the siege of Xining (sining) with four ying (ying is a Chinese unit for battalion). Ma was assigned to "Barkul military command" sometime before 1910.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?ei=NnjsTZ2MHcnw0gHfwa12&ct=result&id=NNAMAQAAMAAJ&dq=Thus+Ma+An-liang%2C+the+leading+figure+in+Kansu+from+1912+to+his+death+in+November+1919%2C+had+led+four+ying+to+the+relief+of+Sining+in+1895.+In+1910+we+find+him+promoted+from+the+Barkul+military+command%2C+perhaps+the+key+cavalry+posting+in&q=an-liang|title=Chinese Republican studies newsletter, Volumes 5-7|author=University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign. Center for Asian Studies|editors=|year=1979|publisher=|volume=|location=|isbn=|page=35|accessdate=2011-06-06}}[https://books.google.com/books?id=NNAMAQAAMAAJ&q=Thus+Ma+An-liang,+the+leading+figure+in+Kansu+from+1912+to+his+death+in+November+1919,+had+led+four+ying+to+the+relief+of+Sining+in+1895.+In+1910+we+find+him+promoted+from+the+Barkul+military+command,+perhaps+the+key+cavalry+posting+in&dq=Thus+Ma+An-liang,+the+leading+figure+in+Kansu+from+1912+to+his+death+in+November+1919,+had+led+four+ying+to+the+relief+of+Sining+in+1895.+In+1910+we+find+him+promoted+from+the+Barkul+military+command,+perhaps+the+key+cavalry+posting+in&hl=en&ei=NnjsTZ2MHcnw0gHfwa12&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=1&ved=0CCoQ6AEwAA]</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=Chinese Republican Studies Newsletter |volume=1–8 |year=1975 |publisher=Center for Asian Studies, University of Illinois |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4RUiAQAAMAAJ&q=ma+fu+hsiang+opium&dq=ma+fu+hsiang+opium&hl=en&sa=X&ei=mc0pUcqkBIr09gSH8IDQAg&ved=0CC8Q6AEwADgK|page=171 |access-date=24 April 2014| ref=harv }}[https://books.google.com/books?id=4RUiAQAAMAAJ&q=Thus+Ma+An-liang,+the+leading+figure+in+Kansu+from+1912+to+his+death+in+November+1919,+had+led+four+ying+to+the+relief+of+Sining+in+1895.+In+1910+we+find+him+promoted+from+the+Barkul+military+command,+perhaps+the+key+cavalry+posting+in&dq=Thus+Ma+An-liang,+the+leading+figure+in+Kansu+from+1912+to+his+death+in+November+1919,+had+led+four+ying+to+the+relief+of+Sining+in+1895.+In+1910+we+find+him+promoted+from+the+Barkul+military+command,+perhaps+the+key+cavalry+posting+in&hl=en&sa=X&ei=Mb5RVO-0J8HIsASA3ILQBg&ved=0CB4Q6AEwAA]</ref>
+During that war, in 1895 Ma lifted the siege of Xining (sining) with four ying (ying is a Chinese unit for battalion). Ma was assigned to "Barkul military command" sometime before 1910.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NNAMAQAAMAAJ&q=an-liang|title=Chinese Republican studies newsletter, Volumes 5-7|author=University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign. Center for Asian Studies|year=1979|page=35|access-date=2011-06-06}}[https://books.google.com/books?id=NNAMAQAAMAAJ&q=Thus+Ma+An-liang,+the+leading+figure+in+Kansu+from+1912+to+his+death+in+November+1919,+had+led+four+ying+to+the+relief+of+Sining+in+1895.+In+1910+we+find+him+promoted+from+the+Barkul+military+command,+perhaps+the+key+cavalry+posting+in]</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=Chinese Republican Studies Newsletter |volume=1–8 |year=1975 |publisher=Center for Asian Studies, University of Illinois |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4RUiAQAAMAAJ&q=ma+fu+hsiang+opium|page=171 |access-date=24 April 2014}}[https://books.google.com/books?id=4RUiAQAAMAAJ&q=Thus+Ma+An-liang,+the+leading+figure+in+Kansu+from+1912+to+his+death+in+November+1919,+had+led+four+ying+to+the+relief+of+Sining+in+1895.+In+1910+we+find+him+promoted+from+the+Barkul+military+command,+perhaps+the+key+cavalry+posting+in]</ref>
-During the [[Hundred Days' Reform]] in 1898 Dong Fuxiang, Ma Anliang, and Ma Haiyan were called to Beijing and helped put an end to the reform movement along with [[Ma Fulu]] and [[Ma Fuxiang]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.360doc.com/content/10/0526/12/1256060_29592130.shtml |title=董福祥与西北马家军阀的的故事 - 360Doc个人图书馆 |access-date=2014-10-30 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181214121754/http://www.360doc.com/content/10/0526/12/1256060_29592130.shtml |archive-date=2018-12-14 |url-status=dead }}</ref>
+During the [[Hundred Days' Reform]] in 1898 Dong Fuxiang, Ma Anliang, and Ma Haiyan were called to Beijing and helped put an end to the reform movement along with [[Ma Fulu]] and [[Ma Fuxiang]].
-In 1900, during the [[Boxer Rebellion]], Ma Anliang, as Tongling of Ho-Chou joined [[Dong Fuxiang]] in fighting against the foreigners.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rezD7rvuf9YC&pg=PA850&lpg=PA850&dq=ma+fu-hsiang&source=bl&ots=DXkl1IbFV2&sig=0WAFe8G6PxzD5t2PBulETB8HgRo&hl=en&ei=m3gzTOrKKMKblgeO9MTECw&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=9&ved=0CDAQ6AEwCA#v=onepage&q=ma%20fu-hsiang&f=false|title=E.J. Brill's first encyclopaedia of Islam 1913-1936|author=M. Th. Houtsma, A. J. Wensinck|year=1993|publisher=Stanford BRILL|location=|page=850|isbn=90-04-09796-1|accessdate=2010-06-28}}</ref>
+In 1900, during the [[Boxer Rebellion]], Ma Anliang, as Tongling of Ho-Chou joined [[Dong Fuxiang]] in fighting against the foreigners.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rezD7rvuf9YC&q=ma+fu-hsiang&pg=PA850|title=E.J. Brill's first encyclopaedia of Islam 1913-1936|author=M. Th. Houtsma, A. J. Wensinck|year=1993|publisher=Stanford BRILL|page=850|isbn=90-04-09796-1|access-date=2010-06-28}}</ref>
-In 1905, Ma Anliang, in cooperation with the Han Chinese magistrate [[Yang Zengxin]], attempted to arrest and execute the [[Yihewani]] ([[Ikhwan]] in Arabic) leader [[Ma Wanfu]]. [[Ma Qi]], one of Ma Anliang's subordinates, staged a rescue operation and brought Ma Wanfu to Xining.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=90CN0vtxdY0C&pg=PA168&dq=ma+anliang's+brother+ma+guoliang&cd=1#v=onepage&q=yang%20zengxin%20ma%20anliang&f=false|title=Familiar strangers: a history of Muslims in Northwest China|author=Jonathan Neaman Lipman|year=2004|publisher=University of Washington Press|location=Seattle|page=207|isbn=0-295-97644-6|accessdate=2010-06-28}}</ref>
+In 1905, Ma Anliang, in cooperation with the Han Chinese magistrate [[Yang Zengxin]], attempted to arrest and execute the [[Yihewani]] ([[Ikhwan]] in Arabic) leader [[Ma Wanfu]]. [[Ma Qi]], one of Ma Anliang's subordinates, staged a rescue operation and brought Ma Wanfu to Xining.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=90CN0vtxdY0C&q=yang+zengxin+ma+anliang&pg=PA168|title=Familiar strangers: a history of Muslims in Northwest China|author=Jonathan Neaman Lipman|year=2004|publisher=University of Washington Press|location=Seattle|page=207|isbn=0-295-97644-6|access-date=2010-06-28}}</ref>
 Even though he was a Muslim, he and his Muslim troops showed no mercy to Muslims who rebelled against the [[Qing]] government, and massacred them.
-In 1911, when the [[Xinhai Revolution]] erupted, he led over 20 battalions of [[Hui people|Hui]] Muslim troops to defend the [[Qing dynasty]] by attacking [[Shaanxi]], which was held by the revolutionaries under Zhang Fenghui. He defeated the revolutionaries in combat, but then when the Qing emperor [[Puyi]] abdicated, Ma agreed to join the new [[Republic of China (1912–1949)|Republic of China]] government under the [[Kuomintang]].<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=90CN0vtxdY0C&pg=PA168&dq=ma+anliang's+brother+ma+guoliang&cd=1#v=snippet&q=twenty%20battalions%20of%20loyal%20muslim%20braves&f=false|title=Familiar strangers: a history of Muslims in Northwest China|author=Jonathan Neaman Lipman|year=2004|publisher=University of Washington Press|location=Seattle|page=170|isbn=0-295-97644-6|accessdate=2010-06-28}}</ref>
+In 1911, when the [[Xinhai Revolution]] erupted, he led over 20 battalions of [[Hui people|Hui]] Muslim troops to defend the [[Qing dynasty]] by attacking [[Shaanxi]], which was held by the revolutionaries under Zhang Fenghui. Ma Anliang, Changgeng and Shengyun failed to capture Shaanxi from the revolutionaries.<ref>{{cite book |last1=LIPMAN |first1=JONATHAN N. |title=Familiar Strangers : A History of Muslims in Northwest China |date=1997 |publisher=University of Washington Press |isbn=0-295-97644-6 |url=https://uw.manifoldapp.org/read/untitled-d0cd7d04-9c70-4b20-addf-d25c69fefe8d/section/5f9725f2-69f8-4c19-9886-44718871d414 |pages=181, 182|chapter=5 / Strategies of Integration Muslims in New China}}</ref> When the Qing emperor [[Puyi]] abdicated, Ma agreed to join the new [[Republic of China (1912–1949)|Republic of China]] government under the [[Kuomintang]].<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=90CN0vtxdY0C&q=twenty+battalions+of+loyal+muslim+braves&pg=PA168|title=Familiar strangers: a history of Muslims in Northwest China|author=Jonathan Neaman Lipman|year=2004|publisher=University of Washington Press|location=Seattle|page=170|isbn=0-295-97644-6|access-date=2010-06-28}}</ref>
+Hui General Ma Anliang abandoned the Qing cause upon the Qing abdication in the Xinhai Revolution while the Manchu governor general Shengyun was enraged at the revolution.<ref>{{cite book |last= Lipman|first=Jonathan N. |author-link= |date=2011 |title=Familiar Strangers: A History of Muslims in Northwest China |series=Studies on Ethnic Groups in China|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Y8Nzux7z6KAC&dq=anliang+yuan+shikai&pg=PA170 |location= |publisher=University of Washington Press |page= 170 |isbn=978-0295800554|quote=Ma Anliang attacked Shaanxi successfully, and Yuan Shikai took the invasion seriously enough to alert eastern troops to move against him.}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=Shan |first=Patrick Fuliang |author-link= |date=2018 |title=Yuan Shikai: A Reappraisal |series=Contemporary Chinese Studies |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=E1JtDwAAQBAJ&dq=anliang+yuan+shikai&pg=PA201 |location= |publisher=UBC Press |page=201 |isbn=978-0774837811|quote=On his order, Wang was executed.66 According to Yuan Shikai, the most important ... to arrest bad elements and protect the people (chubao'anliang), ...}}</ref>
-In October 1903, in [[Yining City|Ili]], Ma Anliang served as "Brigade-General". In April 1912 he became "Commander-in-Chief" of Gansu.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?ei=n2vsTcSEOI6itgeuqdGgAQ&ct=result&id=Tb8ZAAAAIAAJ&dq=Ma+Fu-hsiang%2C+%28%24y+fi%5Efll%5E%29.+%E2%80%94+Kansu.+Brigade-General.+Paiikun%2C+New+Dominion.+March.+1909.+Acting+Chief+Executive+Officer%2C+Kokonor%2C+July-+August%2C+1912.+Commander+of+Guards+Division.+Altai%2C+October+10.+1912.+Was+Military+Commissioner+of&q=chief+kokonor+ma+an-liang|title=The China year book, Part 2|author=Henry George Wandesforde Woodhead, Henry Thurburn Montague Bell|year=1969|publisher=North China Daily News & Herald|location=|page=841|isbn=|accessdate=2011-06-05}}[https://books.google.com/books?ei=n2vsTcSEOI6itgeuqdGgAQ&ct=result&id=Tb8ZAAAAIAAJ&dq=Ma+Fu-hsiang%2C+%28%24y+fi%5Efll%5E%29.+%E2%80%94+Kansu.+Brigade-General.+Paiikun%2C+New+Dominion.+March.+1909.+Acting+Chief+Executive+Officer%2C+Kokonor%2C+July-+August%2C+1912.+Commander+of+Guards+Division.+Altai%2C+October+10.+1912.+Was+Military+Commissioner+of&q=chief+kokonor]</ref>
+Pro-revolution Hui Muslims like Shaanxi Governor Ma Yugui and Beijing Imam Wang Kuan persuaded Qing Hui general Ma Anliang to stop fighting, telling him as Muslims not to kill each other for the sake of the Qing monarchists and side with the republican revolutionaries instead. Ma Anliang then agreed to abandon the Qing under the combination of Yuan Shikai's actions and these messages from other Hui.<ref>{{cite book |pages=71, 72 |last=Israeli |first=Raphael |author-link= |date=2017 |title=The Muslim Midwest in Modern China: The Tale of the Hui Communities in Gansu (Lanzhou, Linxia, and Lintan) and in Yunnan (Kunming and Dali)|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=r-tFDwAAQBAJ&dq=anliang+yuan+shikai&pg=PA72 |archive-url= |archive-date= |location= |publisher=Wipf and Stock Publishers |isbn=978-1532637544|quote=This message by Wang may have contributed to breaking the resistance of Ma Anliang, who had in any case, come under strong pressure of Yuan Shikai's ...}}</ref>
+In October 1903, in [[Yining City|Ili]], Ma Anliang served as "Brigade-General". In April 1912 he became "Commander-in-Chief" of Gansu.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Tb8ZAAAAIAAJ&q=chief+kokonor+ma+an-liang|title=The China year book, Part 2|author=Henry George Wandesforde Woodhead, Henry Thurburn Montague Bell|year=1969|publisher=North China Daily News & Herald|page=841|access-date=2011-06-05}}[https://books.google.com/books?id=Tb8ZAAAAIAAJ&q=chief+kokonor]</ref>
 == Political and religious orientation ==
-Ma Anliang fought against the [[Bai Lang Rebellion]], and attacked the [[Xidaotang]] ({{lang|zh-Hans|西道堂}}) Muslim organization. He was suspicious of the Republicanism of the Xidaotang, since Ma was a conservative and a [[monarchist]] and supported [[Yuan Shikai]]. Ma arranged for the Xidaotang founder [[Ma Qixi]] and his family to be shot dead. [[Han Chinese|Han]] and [[Hui people|Hui]] soldiers under the Hui generals Ma Anliang and Ma Qi united to fight against Bai Lang's bandit army.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=90CN0vtxdY0C&pg=PA168&dq=ma+anliang's+brother+ma+guoliang&cd=1#v=snippet&q=bai%20lang%20ma%20anliang%20invasion%20gansu&f=false|title=Familiar strangers: a history of Muslims in Northwest China|author=Jonathan Neaman Lipman|year=2004|publisher=University of Washington Press|location=Seattle|pages=191, 194|isbn=0-295-97644-6|accessdate=2010-06-28}}</ref>
+Ma Anliang fought against the [[Bai Lang Rebellion]], and attacked the [[Xidaotang]] ({{lang|zh-Hans|西道堂}}) Muslim organization. He was suspicious of the Republicanism of the Xidaotang, since Ma was a conservative and a [[monarchist]] and supported [[Yuan Shikai]]. Ma arranged for the Xidaotang founder [[Ma Qixi]] and his family to be shot dead. [[Han Chinese|Han]] and [[Hui people|Hui]] soldiers under the Hui generals Ma Anliang and Ma Qi united to fight against Bai Lang's bandit army.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=90CN0vtxdY0C&q=bai+lang+ma+anliang+invasion+gansu&pg=PA168|title=Familiar strangers: a history of Muslims in Northwest China|author=Jonathan Neaman Lipman|year=2004|publisher=University of Washington Press|location=Seattle|pages=191, 194|isbn=0-295-97644-6|access-date=2010-06-28}}</ref>
-<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hUEswLE4SWUC&pg=PA72&dq=ma+anliang&hl=en&ei=nMIWTOy1JoT6lweJyPGHDA&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=2&ved=0CC8Q6AEwAQ#v=snippet&q=bai%20lang%20ma%20anliang&f=false|title=China's Muslim Hui community: migration, settlement and sects|author=Michael Dillon|year=1999|publisher=Curzon Press|location=Richmond|page=144|isbn=0-7007-1026-4|accessdate=2010-06-28}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_hJ9aht6nZQC&pg=PA60&lpg=PA60&dq=ma+anliang&source=bl&ots=exryaHzj7h&sig=Nmi_iAIjv1V79fxcinQvSFe1PYw&hl=en&ei=eicZTOKcBcGblgee98i5Cw&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=11&ved=0CDwQ6AEwCg#v=onepage&q=ma%20anliang%20bai%20lang&f=false|title=Muslim Chinese: ethnic nationalism in the People's Republic|author=Dru C. Gladney|year=1996|publisher=Harvard Univ Asia Center|location=Cambridge Massachusetts|page=58|isbn=0-674-59497-5|accessdate=2010-06-28}}</ref>
+<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hUEswLE4SWUC&q=bai+lang+ma+anliang&pg=PA72|title=China's Muslim Hui community: migration, settlement and sects|author=Michael Dillon|year=1999|publisher=Curzon Press|location=Richmond|page=144|isbn=0-7007-1026-4|access-date=2010-06-28}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_hJ9aht6nZQC&q=ma+anliang+bai+lang&pg=PA60|title=Muslim Chinese: ethnic nationalism in the People's Republic|author=Dru C. Gladney|year=1996|publisher=Harvard Univ Asia Center|location=Cambridge Massachusetts|page=58|isbn=0-674-59497-5|access-date=2010-06-28}}</ref>
-In 1914, Ma Anliang tried to exterminate the "New New Sect", the [[Xidaotang]] and its leader [[Ma Qixi]] (his Arabic name was Ersa (Jesus), he was known as "Prophet Jesus" to westerners).<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=u5soAAAAYAAJ&dq=ma+an-liang+died+november&q=ma+an+liang+new+new+sect+1914#v=onepage&q=ma%20an%20liang%20jesus&f=false|title=The Moslem World |volume=10 |publisher=Christian Literature Society for India, Hartford Seminary Foundation |editor=Samuel Marinus Zwemer |year=1920 |location=New York |page=381 |access-date=2011-06-06}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?ei=NGPsTez6JuHW0QHs0rCVAQ&ct=result&id=Yn9CAQAAIAAJ&dq=The+most+prominent+leader+in+this+progressive+group+i6+General+Ma+Fu-hsiang%2C+the+Hu+Chun+Shih+at+Ninghsia+and+a&q=an-liang|title=The Far Eastern review, engineering, finance, commerce |volume=15 |year=1919 |page=587 |access-date=2011-06-06}}</ref>
+In 1914, Ma Anliang tried to exterminate the "New New Sect", the [[Xidaotang]] and its leader [[Ma Qixi]] (his Arabic name was Ersa (Jesus), he was known as "Prophet Jesus" to westerners).<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=u5soAAAAYAAJ&q=ma+an+liang+jesus|title=The Moslem World |volume=10 |publisher=Christian Literature Society for India, Hartford Seminary Foundation |editor=Samuel Marinus Zwemer |year=1920 |location=New York |page=381 |access-date=2011-06-06}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Yn9CAQAAIAAJ&q=an-liang|title=The Far Eastern review, engineering, finance, commerce |volume=15 |year=1919 |page=587 |access-date=2011-06-06}}</ref>
-General Ma Anliang was the de facto senior leader of all Muslims in northwestern China from the beginning of the Republican era in 1912 until he died. He was succeeding by General [[Ma Fuxiang]] in this position.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5fEHAQAAIAAJ&q=ma+an-liang+died+november&dq=ma+an-liang+died+november&hl=en&ei=7mPsTdSBIIL50gG7p8TDAQ&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=6&ved=0CEsQ6AEwBQ|title=The China year book, Part 2 |author=Henry George Wandesforde Woodhead |author2=Henry Thurburn Montague Bell |year=1926 |publisher=North China Daily News & Herald |page=1076 |access-date=2011-06-06}}</ref>
+General Ma Anliang was the de facto senior leader of all Muslims in northwestern China from the beginning of the Republican era in 1912 until he died. He was succeeding by General [[Ma Fuxiang]] in this position.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5fEHAQAAIAAJ&q=ma+an-liang+died+november|title=The China year book, Part 2 |author=Henry George Wandesforde Woodhead |author2=Henry Thurburn Montague Bell |year=1926 |publisher=North China Daily News & Herald |page=1076 |access-date=2011-06-06}}</ref>
-Ma Anliang was considered "reactionary", while the learned "scholar" General [[Ma Fuxiang]] was considered "progressive".<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Yn9CAQAAIAAJ&q=The+most+prominent+leader+in+this+progressive+group+i6+General+Ma+Fu-hsiang,+the+Hu+Chun+Shih+at+Ninghsia+and+a+Chinese+scholar+of+no+mean+ability.+The+most+powerful+of+the+reactionaries+was+Ma+An-liang,+the+once+all-+powerful+chief+who&dq=The+most+prominent+leader+in+this+progressive+group+i6+General+Ma+Fu-hsiang,+the+Hu+Chun+Shih+at+Ninghsia+and+a+Chinese+scholar+of+no+mean+ability.+The+most+powerful+of+the+reactionaries+was+Ma+An-liang,+the+once+all-+powerful+chief+who&hl=en&ei=-XfsTZKyA9O4tweyir2CDA&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=1&ved=0CCoQ6AEwAA|title=The Far Eastern review, engineering, finance, commerce |volume=15 |year=1919 |page=588 |access-date=2011-06-06}}</ref>
+Ma Anliang was considered "reactionary", while the learned "scholar" General [[Ma Fuxiang]] was considered "progressive".<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Yn9CAQAAIAAJ&q=The+most+prominent+leader+in+this+progressive+group+i6+General+Ma+Fu-hsiang,+the+Hu+Chun+Shih+at+Ninghsia+and+a+Chinese+scholar+of+no+mean+ability.+The+most+powerful+of+the+reactionaries+was+Ma+An-liang,+the+once+all-+powerful+chief+who|title=The Far Eastern review, engineering, finance, commerce |volume=15 |year=1919 |page=588 |access-date=2011-06-06}}</ref>
 In 1917 Ma Anliang ordered his younger brother [[Ma Guoliang]] to suppress a rebellion of Tibetans in [[Xunhua]] who rebelled because of taxes Ma Anliang imposed on them. Ma Anliang did not report it to the central government in Beijing and was reprimanded for it, and [[Ma Qi]] was sent by the government to investigate the case and suppress the rebellion.<ref name=zsy>赵颂尧，马安良其人与民初的甘肃政争，西北民族大学学报(哲学社会科学版) 1989年第02期</ref>
-He died in [[Linxia City|Hezhou]] (Hochow) on November 24, 1918.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Yn9CAQAAIAAJ&q=The+Story+of+Ma+An-liang+The+one+Mohammedan+name+which+is+fairly+familiar+to+all+who+keep+in+touch+with+Chinese+affairs+is+that+of+Ma+An-liang,+an+aged+military+leader+who+died+in+Hochow+on+November+24th+of+last+year+and+who.+for+a&dq=The+Story+of+Ma+An-liang+The+one+Mohammedan+name+which+is+fairly+familiar+to+all+who+keep+in+touch+with+Chinese+affairs+is+that+of+Ma+An-liang,+an+aged+military+leader+who+died+in+Hochow+on+November+24th+of+last+year+and+who.+for+a&hl=en&ei=bXjsTeT3ENO3tgekr6S1Cw&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=1&ved=0CDAQ6AEwAA|title=The Far Eastern review, engineering, finance, commerce |volume=15 |year=1919 |page=587 |access-date=2011-06-06}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=u5soAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA378&dq=ma+an-liang+died+november&hl=en&ei=7mPsTdSBIIL50gG7p8TDAQ&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=3&ved=0CDsQ6AEwAg#v=onepage&q=ma%20an-liang%20died%20november&f=false|title=The Moslem World |volume=10 |publisher=Christian Literature Society for India, Hartford Seminary Foundation |editor=Samuel Marinus Zwemer |year=1920 |location=New York |page=378 |access-date=2011-06-06}}</ref> After his death, Ma Anliang was praised by American Vice-Consul at Kalgan, Rodney Gilbert in the ''Herald'' for keeping peace in Gansu, which he maintained by his willingness to fight against his fellow Muslims.<ref>{{cite book|title=The border world of Gansu, 1895-1935|first=Jonathan Neaman|last=Lipman|volume=|edition=|year=1980|publisher=Stanford University|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=w8REAQAAIAAJ&q=ma+fuxiang&dq=ma+fuxiang&hl=en&sa=X&ei=Hi6kUNmIH5O60QGz94D4Bw&ved=0CC8Q6AEwADgo|page=209|isbn=|accessdate=24 April 2014| ref=harv }}</ref> Ma Anliang was also praised for protecting "his people from sectarian strife and opium".<ref>{{cite book|title=The Trans-Pacific, Volume 6|author=|first=|last=|editor-first=Benjamin Wilfried|editor-last=Fleisher|others=|volume=|edition=|year=1922|publisher=B. W. Fleisher.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hBvnAAAAMAAJ&q=ma+fu+hsiang+opium&dq=ma+fu+hsiang+opium&hl=en&sa=X&ei=mc0pUcqkBIr09gSH8IDQAg&ved=0CE4Q6AEwBjgK|page=47|isbn=|accessdate=24 April 2014| ref=harv }}</ref>
+He died in [[Linxia City|Hezhou]] (Hochow) on November 24, 1918.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Yn9CAQAAIAAJ&q=The+Story+of+Ma+An-liang+The+one+Mohammedan+name+which+is+fairly+familiar+to+all+who+keep+in+touch+with+Chinese+affairs+is+that+of+Ma+An-liang,+an+aged+military+leader+who+died+in+Hochow+on+November+24th+of+last+year+and+who.+for+a|title=The Far Eastern review, engineering, finance, commerce |volume=15 |year=1919 |page=587 |access-date=2011-06-06}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=u5soAAAAYAAJ&q=ma+an-liang+died+november&pg=PA378|title=The Moslem World |volume=10 |publisher=Christian Literature Society for India, Hartford Seminary Foundation |editor=Samuel Marinus Zwemer |year=1920 |location=New York |page=378 |access-date=2011-06-06}}</ref> After his death, Ma Anliang was praised by American Vice-Consul at Kalgan, Rodney Gilbert in the ''Herald'' for keeping peace in Gansu, which he maintained by his willingness to fight against his fellow Muslims.<ref>{{cite book|title=The border world of Gansu, 1895-1935|first=Jonathan Neaman|last=Lipman|year=1980|publisher=Stanford University|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=w8REAQAAIAAJ&q=ma+fuxiang|page=209|access-date=24 April 2014}}</ref> Ma Anliang was also praised for protecting "his people from sectarian strife and opium".<ref>{{cite book|title=The Trans-Pacific, Volume 6|editor-first=Benjamin Wilfried|editor-last=Fleisher|year=1922|publisher=B. W. Fleisher.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hBvnAAAAMAAJ&q=ma+fu+hsiang+opium|page=47|access-date=24 April 2014}}</ref>
-Ma Fuxiang effectively took Ma Anliang's place as de facto leader of Muslims in northwest China when Ma Anliang died in 1918.<ref>{{cite book|title=Travels Of A Consular Officer In North-West China|year=1921|author=|first=|last=|editor-first=|editor-last=|others=|volume=|edition=|publisher=CUP Archive|url=https://archive.org/details/consularoffic00teicuoft|page=vi|isbn=|accessdate=24 April 2014| ref=harv }}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=Chinese Republican Studies Newsletter |volume=1–8 |year=1975 |publisher=Center for Asian Studies, University of Illinois |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4RUiAQAAMAAJ&q=ma+fu+hsiang+opium&dq=ma+fu+hsiang+opium&hl=en&sa=X&ei=mc0pUcqkBIr09gSH8IDQAg&ved=0CC8Q6AEwADgK |page=171 |access-date=24 April 2014| ref=harv }}</ref>
+Ma Fuxiang effectively took Ma Anliang's place as de facto leader of Muslims in northwest China when Ma Anliang died in 1918.<ref>{{cite book|title=Travels Of A Consular Officer In North-West China|year=1921|publisher=CUP Archive|url=https://archive.org/details/consularoffic00teicuoft|page=vi|access-date=24 April 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=Chinese Republican Studies Newsletter |volume=1–8 |year=1975 |publisher=Center for Asian Studies, University of Illinois |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4RUiAQAAMAAJ&q=ma+fu+hsiang+opium |page=171 |access-date=24 April 2014}}</ref>
 [[File:Ma Anliang Tomb.jpg|thumb|right|260px|Tomb of Ma Anliang]]
@@ Line 67: / Line 74: @@
 His father was [[Ma Zhan'ao]] and his brother was [[Ma Guoliang]].
-He had 5 sons, [[Ma Tingxiang]] ([[Ma T'ing-hsiang]]) ({{lang|zh|馬廷勷}}) (3rd son), [[Ma Tingxian]] (Ma T'ing-hsien) ({{lang|zh|馬廷賢}}) (4th son),<ref>[http://nccur.lib.nccu.edu.tw/bitstream/140.119/33588/11/15301511.pdf 甘、寧、青三馬家族世系簡表]</ref> and 3 other unknown children. Ma Tingxian was executed in 1962 by the Peoples' Court.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hUEswLE4SWUC&pg=PA72&dq=ma+anliang&hl=en&ei=nMIWTOy1JoT6lweJyPGHDA&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=2&ved=0CC8Q6AEwAQ#v=snippet&q=ma%20tingran&f=false|title=China's Muslim Hui community: migration, settlement and sects|author=Michael Dillon|year=1999|publisher=Curzon Press|location=Richmond|page=115|isbn=0-7007-1026-4|accessdate=2010-06-28}}</ref> Ma Tingxiang was Ma Anliang's third son. He was executed by [[Feng Yuxiang]] after [[Muslim conflict in Gansu (1927–30)|first rebelling against]] Feng and the [[Guominjun]], defecting to Chiang Kaishek and the Kuomintang after Chiang and Feng went to war against each other, and finally after Chiang dismissed Ma from his posts, attempted to flee and was captured by Feng.
+He had 5 sons, [[Ma Tingxiang]] ([[Ma T'ing-hsiang]]) ({{lang|zh|馬廷勷}}) (3rd son), [[Ma Tingxian]] (Ma T'ing-hsien) ({{lang|zh|馬廷賢}}) (4th son), and 3 other unknown children. Ma Tingxian was executed in 1962 by the Peoples' Court.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hUEswLE4SWUC&q=ma+tingran&pg=PA72|title=China's Muslim Hui community: migration, settlement and sects|author=Michael Dillon|year=1999|publisher=Curzon Press|location=Richmond|page=115|isbn=0-7007-1026-4|access-date=2010-06-28}}</ref> Ma Tingxiang was Ma Anliang's third son. He was executed by [[Feng Yuxiang]] after [[Muslim conflict in Gansu (1927–30)|first rebelling against]] Feng and the [[Guominjun]], defecting to Chiang Kaishek and the Kuomintang after Chiang and Feng went to war against each other, and finally after Chiang dismissed Ma from his posts, attempted to flee and was captured by Feng. Ma Tingxiang and his Muslim army had committed numerous atrocities against Tibetan Buddhists in [[Jonê County#Historical Tibetan Yang Surname Zhouni Tusi|Chone]], [[Chone Monastery]], [[Táozhōu|Taozhou]] and [[Labrang Monastery]] during the rebellion.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Mueggler |first1=Erik |title=The Paper Road: Archive and Experience in the Botanical Exploration of West China and Tibet |date=2011 |publisher=University of California Press |series=A Philip e Lilienthal Book in Asian Studies, ACLS Humanities E-Book |isbn=978-0520269026 |page=230 |edition=illustrated |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ruBVaZet9t8C&dq=tibetan+yang+jiqing&pg=PA230}}</ref>
 ==Peerage==
@@ Line 78: / Line 85: @@
 {{reflist}}
 *{{PD-old-text|title=The Moslem World, Volume 10|year=1920|author=Christian Literature Society for India, Hartford Seminary Foundation}}
-{{wikiquote|Ma Anliang}}
-{{commons category|Ma Anliang}}
 ==External links==
+{{commons category|Ma Anliang}}
+{{wikiquote|Ma Anliang}}
 * [http://www.2499cn.com/majiajunfa1.htm Ma Clique (in Chinese)]
@@ Line 87: / Line 94: @@
 {{DEFAULTSORT:Ma Anliang}}
-[[Category:19th-century Chinese people]]
+[[Category:19th-century Chinese military personnel]]
 [[Category:20th-century Chinese people]]
 [[Category:1855 births]]
@@ Line 98: / Line 105: @@
 [[Category:Chinese Sufis]]
 [[Category:People from Linxia]]
-[[Category:Republic of China people born during Qing]]
 [[Category:Empire of China (1915–1916)]]
+[[Category:Qing dynasty Muslims]]