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Changed short description to "proposed clade of animals". I lack a deep understanding of this controversy, but it seems obvious there's not a consensus for its existence.
 
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{{short description|Clade of animals}}
{{short description|Proposed clade of animals}}
{{Automatic taxobox
{{Automatic taxobox
| fossil_range = [[Ediacaran]] - [[Holocene|Present]], {{fossilrange|558|0}}
| fossil_range = [[Ediacaran]] - [[Holocene|Present]], {{fossilrange|558|0}}
| image = <imagemap> File:Nephrozoa collage.png|220px
| image = Animal_diversity_October_2007.jpg
rect 1 1 400 300 [[Echinoderm]]ata
| image_caption = Diversity of nephrozoans
rect 400 1 800 300 [[Chordate|Chordata]]
⚫
| display_parents = 3
⚫
rect 1 300 400 600 [[Ecdysozoa]]
⚫
| taxon = Nephrozoa
rect 400 300 800 600 [[Hemichordata]]
⚫
| authority = [[Jondelius]] [[et al.]] , 2002
⚫
rect 1 600 400 900 [[Lophotrochozoa]]
⚫
| subdivision_ranks = Phyla
rect 400 600 800 900 [[Platyzoa]]
⚫
| subdivision = * ''[[Ikaria wariootia|Ikaria]]'' [[extinction|†]]
</imagemap>
⚫
* '''Superphylum [[Deuterostomia]]'''
⚫
| display_parents = 3
⚫
| taxon = Nephrozoa
⚫
| authority = [[Ulf Jondelius|Jondelius]] ''[[et al.]]'', 2002
⚫
| subdivision_ranks = Subdivisions
| subdivision =
⚫
* ''[[Ikaria wariootia|Ikaria]]'' [[extinction|†]]
⚫
* [[Deuterostomia]]
** [[Chordata]]
** [[Chordata]]
**[[Ambulacraria]] (?)
**[[Ambulacraria]]
*** [[Hemichordata]]
* [[Protostomia]]
*** [[Echinodermata]]
** [[Ecdysozoa]]
⚫
** [[Spiralia]]
* '''[[Protostomia]] (unranked)'''
⚫
| synonyms = Eubilateria <small>[[Peter Ax|Ax]], 1987</small>
⚫
** '''Superphylum [[Ecdysozoa]]'''
*** [[Kinorhyncha]]
*** [[Loricifera]]
*** [[Priapulida]]
*** [[Nematoda]]
*** [[Nematomorpha]]
*** [[Onychophora]]
*** [[Tardigrada]]
*** [[Arthropoda]]
⚫
** '''[[Spiralia]] (unranked)'''
*** '''Superphylum [[Platyzoa]]'''
**** [[Platyhelminthes]]
**** [[Gastrotricha]]
**** [[Chaetognatha]]
**** [[Rotifera]]
**** [[Acanthocephala]]
**** [[Gnathostomulida]]
**** [[Micrognathozoa]]
**** [[Cycliophora]]
⚫
*** '''Superphylum [[Lophotrochozoa]]'''
**** [[Hyolitha]] [[extinction|†]]
**** [[Nemertea]]
**** [[Phoronida]]
**** [[Bryozoa]]
**** [[Entoprocta]]
**** [[Brachiopoda]]
**** [[Mollusca]]
**** [[Annelida]]
⚫
| synonyms = ''Eubilateria'' <small>[[Peter Ax]], 1987</small>
}}
}}


'''Nephrozoa''' is a major [[clade]] of [[bilateria]]ns, divided into the [[protostome]]s and the [[deuterostome]]s, containing almost all [[animal]] phyla and over a million extant species. Its [[Sister group|sister clade]] is the [[Xenacoelomorpha]]. The [[Ambulacraria]] (conventionally deuterostomes) was formerly{{dubious|date=May 2021}} thought to be sister to the Xenacoelomorpha, forming the [[Xenambulacraria]] as basal Deuterostomes, or basal Bilateria invalidating Nephrozoa and Deuterostomes in earlier studies.<ref name="PhilippePoustka2019">{{cite journal | last1=Philippe | first1=Hervé | last2=Poustka | first2=Albert J. | last3=Chiodin | first3=Marta | last4=Hoff | first4=Katharina J. | last5=Dessimoz | first5=Christophe | last6=Tomiczek| first6=Bartlomiej | last7=Schiffer | first7=Philipp H. | display-authors=etal | title=Mitigating Anticipated Effects of Systematic Errors Supports Sister-Group Relationship between Xenacoelomorpha and Ambulacraria| journal=Current Biology| volume=29| issue=11| year=2019 | pages=1818–1826.e6| issn=0960-9822 | doi=10.1016/j.cub.2019.04.009| pmid=31104936| hdl=21.11116/0000-0004-DC4B-1 | s2cid=155104811 | hdl-access=free}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last=Marlétaz|first=Ferdinand |date=2019-06-17 |title=Zoology: Worming into the Origin of Bilaterians |url=https://www.cell.com/current-biology/abstract/S0960-9822(19)30539-1 |journal=Current Biology |volume=29 |issue=12 |pages=R577–R579 |doi=10.1016/j.cub.2019.05.006 |issn=0960-9822 |pmid=31211978 |doi-access=free}}</ref><ref name="Kapli_2020">{{cite journal |last1=Kapli |first1=Paschalia |last2=Telford |first2=Maximilian J. |title=Topology-dependent asymmetry in systematic errors affects phylogenetic placement of Ctenophora and Xenacoelomorpha |journal=Science Advances |date=11 Dec 2020 |volume=6 |issue=10 |doi=10.1126/sciadv.abc5162 |url=https://advances.sciencemag.org/content/6/50/eabc5162 |access-date=17 December 2020|doi-access=free }}</ref> The [[coelom]], the [[Gastrointestinal tract|digestive tract]] and excretory organs, and nerve cords developed in the Nephrozoa.<ref>{{Cite journal | last1=Cannon | first1=Johanna Taylor | last2=Vellutini | first2=Bruno Cossermelli | last3=Smith | first3=Julian | last4=Ronquist | first4=Fredrik | last5=Jondelius | first5=Ulf | last6=Hejnol | first6=Andreas | title=Xenacoelomorpha is the sister group to Nephrozoa | year=2016 | journal=Nature | volume=530 | issue=7588 | pages=89–93 | doi=10.1038/nature16520| pmid=26842059 | bibcode=2016Natur.530...89C | s2cid=205247296 | url=http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:nrm:diva-1844 }}</ref> It has been argued that, because protonephridia are only found in protostomes, they cannot be considered a [[synapomorphy]] of this group. This would make Nephrozoa an improper name, leaving '''Eubilateria''' as this clade's name.<ref>{{Cite journal |date=September 2012 |title=Animal Evolution: Interrelationships of the Living Phyla. Third Edition. By Claus Nielsen. Oxford and New York: Oxford University Press {{text|ISBN}}: 978-0-19-960602-3 (hc); 978-0-19-960603-0 (pb). 2012. |journal=The Quarterly Review of Biology |volume=87|issue=3|pages=258 |doi=10.1086/666815 |issn=0033-5770}}</ref>
'''Nephrozoa''' is a proposed major [[clade]] of [[bilateria]]n [[animal]]s. It includes all bilaterians other than [[Xenacoelomorpha]]. It contrasts with the [[Xenambulacraria]] hypothesis, which instead posits that Xenacoelomorpha is most closely related to [[Ambulacraria]].<ref name="PhilippePoustka2019">{{cite journal |last1=Philippe |first1=Hervé |last2=Poustka |first2=Albert J. |last3=Chiodin |first3=Marta |last4=Hoff |first4=Katharina J. |last5=Dessimoz |first5=Christophe |last6=Tomiczek |first6=Bartlomiej |last7=Schiffer |first7=Philipp H. |display-authors=etal |year=2019 |title=Mitigating Anticipated Effects of Systematic Errors Supports Sister-Group Relationship between Xenacoelomorpha and Ambulacraria |journal=Current Biology |volume=29 |issue=11 |pages=1818–1826.e6 |doi=10.1016/j.cub.2019.04.009 |issn=0960-9822 |pmid=31104936 |s2cid=155104811 |hdl-access=free |hdl=21.11116/0000-0004-DC4B-1}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Marlétaz |first=Ferdinand |date=2019-06-17 |title=Zoology: Worming into the Origin of Bilaterians |journal=Current Biology |volume=29 |issue=12 |pages=R577–R579 |doi=10.1016/j.cub.2019.05.006 |issn=0960-9822 |pmid=31211978 |doi-access=free}}</ref><ref name="Kapli_2020">{{cite journal |last1=Kapli |first1=Paschalia |last2=Telford |first2=Maximilian J. |date=11 Dec 2020 |title=Topology-dependent asymmetry in systematic errors affects phylogenetic placement of Ctenophora and Xenacoelomorpha |journal=Science Advances |volume=6 |issue=10 |pages=eabc5162 |doi=10.1126/sciadv.abc5162 |pmc=7732190 |pmid=33310849 |doi-access=free}}</ref><ref name="telford">{{Cite journal |last1=Kapli |first1=Paschalia |last2=Natsidis |first2=Paschalis |last3=Leite |first3=Daniel J. |last4=Fursman |first4=Maximilian |last5=Jeffrie |first5=Nadia |last6=Rahman |first6=Imran A. |last7=Philippe |first7=Hervé |last8=Copley |first8=Richard R. |last9=Telford |first9=Maximilian J. |date=2021-03-19 |title=Lack of support for Deuterostomia prompts reinterpretation of the first Bilateria |journal=Science Advances |language=en |volume=7 |issue=12 |pages=eabe2741 |bibcode=2021SciA....7.2741K |doi=10.1126/sciadv.abe2741 |issn=2375-2548 |pmc=7978419 |pmid=33741592}}</ref><ref name="gnathifera">{{Cite journal |last1=Marlétaz |first1=Ferdinand |last2=Peijnenburg |first2=Katja T.C.A. |last3=Goto |first3=Taichiro |last4=Satoh |first4=Noriyuki |last5=Rokhsar |first5=Daniel S. |date=2019-01-21 |title=A New Spiralian Phylogeny Places the Enigmatic Arrow Worms among Gnathiferans |journal=Current Biology |language=en |volume=29 |issue=2 |pages=312–318.e3 |doi=10.1016/j.cub.2018.11.042 |pmid=30639106 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Which hypothesis is correct is controversial. Authors supporting the Xenambulacraria hypothesis have suggested that the genetic evidence used to support Nephrozoa may be due to systematic error.<ref name="PhilippePoustka2019" />

[[Chordates]] (which include all the [[vertebrates]]) are deuterostomes.<ref name=Erwin20002>{{cite journal | author1=Erwin, Douglas H. |author2=Eric H. Davidson |date=1 July 2002 | title=The last common bilaterian ancestor | journal=Development | volume=129 | pages=3021–3032 | url=https://dev.biologists.org/content/129/13/3021.long | pmid=12070079 | issue=13}}</ref> It seems very likely that the {{ma|555|million year old}} ''[[Kimberella]]'' was a protostome.<ref name=Fedonkin2007>{{The Rise and Fall of the Ediacaran Biota | New data on ''Kimberella'', the Vendian mollusc-like organism (White sea region, Russia): palaeoecological and evolutionary implications | Fedonkin, M.A.; Simonetta, A; Ivantsov, A.Y. | 157 | 179 |12}}</ref><ref name=Butterfield2006>{{cite journal | author = Butterfield, N.J. | date = December 2006 | title = Hooking some stem-group "worms": fossil lophotrochozoans in the Burgess Shale | journal = BioEssays | volume = 28 | issue = 12 | pages = 1161–6 | doi = 10.1002/bies.20507 | pmid = 17120226 | s2cid = 29130876 }}</ref> If so, this means that the protostome and deuterostome lineages must have split some time before ''Kimberella'' appeared — at least {{ma|558}}, and hence well before the start of the Cambrian {{ma|Cambrian}}.<ref name=Erwin20002 />


Below is a proposed [[phylogenetic tree]] of Nephrozoa:


{{Clade
{{Clade
|label1=[[Bilateria]]
|label1=[[Bilateria]]
|1={{clade
|1={{clade
|1=[[Xenacoelomorpha]] [[File:Proporus sp.png|60 px]]
|1=[[Xenacoelomorpha]] [[File:Proporus sp. (no background).png|55 px]]
|label2='''Nephrozoa''' |sublabel2=650 mya
|label2='''Nephrozoa''' |sublabel2=650 mya
|2={{clade
|2={{clade
|label1=[[Deuterostomia]]
|label1=[[Deuterostomia]]
|1={{clade
|1={{clade
|sublabel1=525 mya<!--Chordates-->
|sublabel1=540 mya<!--Chordates-->
|1=[[Chordata]] [[File:Cyprinus carpio3.jpg|60 px]]
|1=[[Chordata]] [[File:Cyprin carpi 090613-0329 tdp.png|60 px]]
|label2=[[Ambulacraria]]
|label2=[[Ambulacraria]]
|2={{clade
|2={{clade
|1=[[Echinodermata]] [[File:Portugal 20140812-DSC01434 (21371237591).jpg|80 px]]
|1=[[Echinodermata]] [[File:Echinaster serpentarius (USNM E28192) 001.png|50 px]]
|2=[[Hemichordata]] [[File:Balanoglossus by Spengel 1893.png|45px]]
|2=[[Hemichordata]] [[File:Saccoglossus kowalevskii by Spengel 1893.png|45px]]
}}
}}
}}
}}
|label2 =[[Protostomia]] |sublabel2=610 mya
|label2 =[[Protostomia]] |sublabel2=610 mya
|2={{clade
|2={{clade
|1=[[Ecdysozoa]] [[File:Long nosed weevil edit.jpg|60 px]]
|1=[[Ecdysozoa]] [[File:Aptostichus simus Monterey County.jpg|60px]]
|2=[[Spiralia]] [[File:Grapevinesnail 01.jpg|60 px]]
|2=[[Spiralia]] <span style="{{MirrorH}}">[[File:Grapevinesnail 01a.jpg|60px]]</span>
}}
}}
}}
}}
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==Further reading==
==Further reading==


* {{cite journal | last=Balavoine | first=G. | title=EVOLUTION: One or Three Cambrian Radiations? | journal=Science | date=17 April 1998 | lay-url=http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/doi/10.1126/science.280.5362.397 | doi=10.1126/science.280.5362.397 | issn=0036-8075 | volume=280 | issue=5362 | pages=397–398 | s2cid=84468701 | url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/235232347 |ref=none}}
* {{cite journal | last=Balavoine | first=G. | title=EVOLUTION: One or Three Cambrian Radiations? | journal=Science | date=17 April 1998 | doi=10.1126/science.280.5362.397 | issn=0036-8075 | volume=280 | issue=5362 | pages=397–398 | s2cid=84468701 | url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/235232347 |ref=none}}
* {{cite journal | last1=Bourlat | first1=S | last2=Nielsen | first2=C | last3=Economou | first3=A | last4=Telford | first4=M | title=Testing the new animal phylogeny: A phylum level molecular analysis of the animal kingdom | journal=Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution | date=October 2008 |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/23160823 | doi=10.1016/j.ympev.2008.07.008 | pmid=18692145 | issn=1055-7903 | volume=49 | issue=1 | pages=23–31 |ref=none}}
* {{cite journal | last1=Bourlat | first1=S | last2=Nielsen | first2=C | last3=Economou | first3=A | last4=Telford | first4=M | title=Testing the new animal phylogeny: A phylum level molecular analysis of the animal kingdom | journal=Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution | date=October 2008 |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/23160823 | doi=10.1016/j.ympev.2008.07.008 | pmid=18692145 | issn=1055-7903 | volume=49 | issue=1 | pages=23–31 |ref=none}}
* {{cite journal | last1=Jondelius | first1=Ulf | last2=Ruiz-Trillo | first2=Inaki | last3=Baguna | first3=Jaume | last4=Riutort | first4=Marta | title=The Nemertodermatida are basal bilaterians and not members of the Platyhelminthes | journal=Zoologica Scripta | date=April 2002 | doi=10.1046/j.1463-6409.2002.00090.x | issn=0300-3256 | volume=31 | issue=2 | pages=201–215 |ref=none}}
* {{cite journal | last1=Jondelius | first1=Ulf | last2=Ruiz-Trillo | first2=Inaki | last3=Baguna | first3=Jaume | last4=Riutort | first4=Marta | title=The Nemertodermatida are basal bilaterians and not members of the Platyhelminthes | journal=Zoologica Scripta | date=April 2002 | doi=10.1046/j.1463-6409.2002.00090.x | issn=0300-3256 | volume=31 | issue=2 | pages=201–215 | s2cid=84015834 |ref=none}}


==External links==
==External links==
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{{Taxonbar|from=Q3059449}}
{{Taxonbar|from=Q3059449}}


[[Category:Nephrozoa| ]]
[[Category:Bilaterians]]
[[Category:Bilaterians]]
[[Category:Ediacaran first appearances]]
[[Category:Ediacaran first appearances]]

{{animal-stub}}

{{zoology-stub}}
{{zoology-stub}}

Latest revision as of 09:27, 31 October 2024

Nephrozoa
Temporal range: Ediacaran - Present, 558–0 Ma
EchinodermChordataEcdysozoaHemichordataLophotrochozoaPlatyzoa
Scientific classification Edit this classification
Domain: Eukaryota
Kingdom: Animalia
Subkingdom: Eumetazoa
Clade: ParaHoxozoa
Clade: Bilateria
Clade: Nephrozoa
Jondelius et al., 2002
Subdivisions
Synonyms

Eubilateria Ax, 1987

Nephrozoa is a proposed major clade of bilaterian animals. It includes all bilaterians other than Xenacoelomorpha. It contrasts with the Xenambulacraria hypothesis, which instead posits that Xenacoelomorpha is most closely related to Ambulacraria.[1][2][3][4][5] Which hypothesis is correct is controversial. Authors supporting the Xenambulacraria hypothesis have suggested that the genetic evidence used to support Nephrozoa may be due to systematic error.[1]

Below is a proposed phylogenetic tree of Nephrozoa:

Bilateria

References

[edit]
  1. ^ a b Philippe, Hervé; Poustka, Albert J.; Chiodin, Marta; Hoff, Katharina J.; Dessimoz, Christophe; Tomiczek, Bartlomiej; Schiffer, Philipp H.; et al. (2019). "Mitigating Anticipated Effects of Systematic Errors Supports Sister-Group Relationship between Xenacoelomorpha and Ambulacraria". Current Biology. 29 (11): 1818–1826.e6. doi:10.1016/j.cub.2019.04.009. hdl:21.11116/0000-0004-DC4B-1. ISSN 0960-9822. PMID 31104936. S2CID 155104811.
  2. ^ Marlétaz, Ferdinand (2019-06-17). "Zoology: Worming into the Origin of Bilaterians". Current Biology. 29 (12): R577 – R579. doi:10.1016/j.cub.2019.05.006. ISSN 0960-9822. PMID 31211978.
  3. ^ Kapli, Paschalia; Telford, Maximilian J. (11 Dec 2020). "Topology-dependent asymmetry in systematic errors affects phylogenetic placement of Ctenophora and Xenacoelomorpha". Science Advances. 6 (10): eabc5162. doi:10.1126/sciadv.abc5162. PMC 7732190. PMID 33310849.
  4. ^ Kapli, Paschalia; Natsidis, Paschalis; Leite, Daniel J.; Fursman, Maximilian; Jeffrie, Nadia; Rahman, Imran A.; Philippe, Hervé; Copley, Richard R.; Telford, Maximilian J. (2021-03-19). "Lack of support for Deuterostomia prompts reinterpretation of the first Bilateria". Science Advances. 7 (12): eabe2741. Bibcode:2021SciA....7.2741K. doi:10.1126/sciadv.abe2741. ISSN 2375-2548. PMC 7978419. PMID 33741592.
  5. ^ Marlétaz, Ferdinand; Peijnenburg, Katja T.C.A.; Goto, Taichiro; Satoh, Noriyuki; Rokhsar, Daniel S. (2019-01-21). "A New Spiralian Phylogeny Places the Enigmatic Arrow Worms among Gnathiferans". Current Biology. 29 (2): 312–318.e3. doi:10.1016/j.cub.2018.11.042. PMID 30639106.

Further reading

[edit]
[edit]


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