Arwald: Difference between revisions
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Arwald was killed during the West Saxon invasion, and his two younger brothers fled to mainland Britain where they were betrayed by those there and captured by Cædwalla's forces.{{sfn|Kirby|2000|pp=120-121}}{{sfn|Sellar|1907|loc=Book 4, chapter 16}} It is unclear how old the brothers were at this time but the use of {{lang|la|puer}} to describe them suggests an age around 7-14.{{sfn|Lemke|2018|pp=136-137}} Cædwalla, who had been wounded during the fighting, ordered them to be executed but Cynibert, a bishop from [[Hreutford]], convinced him to have the boys baptised first. Bede records that these were the first from the island were [[Salvation in Christianity|saved]].{{sfn|Kirby|2000|pp=120-121}}{{sfn|Sellar|1907|loc=Book 4, chapter 16}} He then writes that when "the executioner came, they joyfully underwent the temporal death, through which they did not doubt they were to pass to the life of the soul, which is everlasting" and that Christianity was then imposed on Wight.{{sfn|Sellar|1907|loc=Book 4, chapter 16}}{{refn|group=note|The original text in Latin is as follows: "Moxque illi instante carnifice mortem laeti subiere temporalem, per quam se ad uitam animae perpetuam non dubitabant esse transituros"{{sfn|Bede_Latin|}}}} After taking control of Wight, he upheld his former oath, giving large estates to Wilfrid and from this point onwards, the inhabitants were under West Saxon domination, being administered in Church matters by the [[bishop of Winchester]] by 731.{{sfn|Kirby|2000|pp=6,120-121}} |
Arwald was killed during the West Saxon invasion, and his two younger brothers fled to mainland Britain where they were betrayed by those there and captured by Cædwalla's forces.{{sfn|Kirby|2000|pp=120-121}}{{sfn|Sellar|1907|loc=Book 4, chapter 16}} It is unclear how old the brothers were at this time but the use of {{lang|la|puer}} to describe them suggests an age around 7-14.{{sfn|Lemke|2018|pp=136-137}} Cædwalla, who had been wounded during the fighting, ordered them to be executed but Cynibert, a bishop from [[Hreutford]], convinced him to have the boys baptised first. Bede records that these were the first from the island were [[Salvation in Christianity|saved]].{{sfn|Kirby|2000|pp=120-121}}{{sfn|Sellar|1907|loc=Book 4, chapter 16}} He then writes that when "the executioner came, they joyfully underwent the temporal death, through which they did not doubt they were to pass to the life of the soul, which is everlasting" and that Christianity was then imposed on Wight.{{sfn|Sellar|1907|loc=Book 4, chapter 16}}{{refn|group=note|The original text in Latin is as follows: "Moxque illi instante carnifice mortem laeti subiere temporalem, per quam se ad uitam animae perpetuam non dubitabant esse transituros"{{sfn|Bede_Latin|}}}} After taking control of Wight, he upheld his former oath, giving large estates to Wilfrid and from this point onwards, the inhabitants were under West Saxon domination, being administered in Church matters by the [[bishop of Winchester]] by 731.{{sfn|Kirby|2000|pp=6,120-121}} |
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Bede describes Arwald's brothers as "among the first fruits of the island who believed".{{sfn|Lemke|2018|pp=136-137}} They are now venerated as saints, however as their names are unknown they are called collectively "St. Arwald" after their father. Their feast day is 22 April.<ref>[http://orthodoxengland.org.uk/stdapr.htm "April"], Latin Saints of the Orthodox Patriarchate of Rome</ref> |
Bede describes Arwald's brothers as "among the first fruits of the island who believed".{{sfn|Lemke|2018|pp=136-137}} They are now venerated as saints, however as their names are unknown they are called collectively "St. Arwald" after their father. Their feast day is 22 April.<ref>[http://orthodoxengland.org.uk/stdapr.htm "April"], Latin Saints of the Orthodox Patriarchate of Rome</ref><ref>[http://catholicsaints.info/book-of-saints-arwald/ Monks of Ramsgate]. "Arwald". ''Book of Saints'', 1921. CatholicSaints.Info. 1 August 2012</ref>{{Better source needed|date=October 2024}} It has been suggested that the brothers were depicted by Bede as willingly being killed and receiving a heavenly reward in order to appease those who sympathised with Arwald's family, which had no recorded survivors of the conquest.{{sfn|Lemke|2018|pp=136-137}} |
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==Modern influence== |
==Modern influence== |
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Arwald is portrayed as the pagan antagonist to the Christian Caedwalla in the fiction book ''Caedwalla'' by [[Frank Cowper]] (1888).<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.gutenberg.org/files/53726/53726-h/53726-h.html |title=Cædwalla |publisher=Gutenberg.org |date=2016-12-12 |accessdate=2021-02-06}}</ref> |
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In 2020, a community of Isle of Wight [[Modern druidry|druids]] held a ceremony at the [[The Longstone, Mottistone|Longstone]] near [[Brighstone]] which was recorded as a podcast.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://soundcloud.com/user-854620272/ceremony-for-king-arwald-2020 |title=Ceremony for King Arwald |date=2020 |website=soundcloud.com|access-date=2021-02-06}}</ref> |
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The king has inspired works of art such as a sculpture of a mask of Arwald by Nigel George, displayed at the Quay Arts Centre in [[Newport, Isle of Wight|Newport]] as part of an Isle of Wight Hidden Heroes exhibition. This is now on permanent display at Newport Roman Villa.<ref>{{cite web|author=First name |url=https://iwhiddenheroes.org.uk/stec_event/isle-of-wight-hidden-heroes-at-quay-arts-2/ |title=Isle of Wight Hidden Heroes at Quay Arts – Isle of Wight Hidden Heroes |publisher=Iwhiddenheroes.org.uk |date= |accessdate=2021-02-06}}</ref> He is further the subject of modern fiction books such as ''Caedwalla'' by [[Frank Cowper]] (1888), in which he is portrayed as the pagan antagonist to the Christian Caedwalla, and Jan Harper Whale's ''Wihtwara Trilogy''.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.gutenberg.org/files/53726/53726-h/53726-h.html |title=Cædwalla |publisher=Gutenberg.org |date=2016-12-12 |accessdate=2021-02-06}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.the-wihtwara.co.uk/ |title=wihtwara |publisher=wihtwara |date= |accessdate=2021-02-06}}</ref> ''Arwald's Kingdom; Tales from the Isle of Wight'' (2018) by Mark Francis is a book of poetry, stories and hiking around the island.<ref>{{cite book|author=jan bayliss |title=Arwald's Kingdom: ~ Tales from the Isle of Wight: Amazon.co.uk: Francis, Mark, guys, & some dead: 9781540776266: Books |date=2019-03-29 |id={{ASIN|1540776263|country=uk}} }}</ref> |
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==Notes== |
==Notes== |
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* {{cite book |last1=Kirby |first1=David Peter| author-link= David Peter Kirby |title=The earliest English kings |date=2000 |publisher=Routledge |location=London; New York |isbn=9780415242110 |edition=Rev.}} |
* {{cite book |last1=Kirby |first1=David Peter| author-link= David Peter Kirby |title=The earliest English kings |date=2000 |publisher=Routledge |location=London; New York |isbn=9780415242110 |edition=Rev.}} |
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* {{cite |
* {{cite book |last1=Lemke |first1=Andreas |title=Childhood & Adolescence in Anglo-Saxon Literary Culture |chapter=6. Children and the Conversion of the Anglo-Saxons in Bede's Historia ecclesiastica gentis Anglorum |date=1 March 2018 |pages=120–138 |doi=10.3138/9781487514433-009 |chapter-url=https://www.degruyter.com/document/doi/10.3138/9781487514433-009/html |publisher=University of Toronto Press |isbn=978-1-4875-1443-3 |language=en}} |
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* {{Cite book |last=Yorke |first=Barbara |title=Wessex in the Early Middle Ages|location=London |publisher=Routledge |year=1997 |
* {{Cite book |last=Yorke |first=Barbara |title=Wessex in the Early Middle Ages|location=London |publisher=Routledge |year=1997 |isbn=0-415-16639-X}} |
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Latest revision as of 16:30, 4 December 2024
Arwald[note 1] (died 686 CE) was the last heathen Anglo-Saxon king and the last king of the Wihtwara, a people group that inhabited the Isle of Wight. He was killed by Cædwalla of Wessex during an invasion of his kingdom, at which point the island was Christianised. During the invasion, his two brothers were baptised before also being killed and are now venerated as saints.
Invasion of Wihtwara
[edit]According to Anglo-Saxon Chronicle A, Wihtwara was invaded by Cædwalla of Wessex invaded in 686 during the rule of Arwald. Bede's Ecclesiastical History of the English People states that at the time of this the island's whole population was heathen and the invader sought to slaughter every inhabitant of Wihtwara without mercy and to populate the island afresh with West Saxons. He also promised that if he was successful in conquering the island, he would give a fourth of it to the Church.[2]
Arwald was killed during the West Saxon invasion, and his two younger brothers fled to mainland Britain where they were betrayed by those there and captured by Cædwalla's forces.[2][3] It is unclear how old the brothers were at this time but the use of puer to describe them suggests an age around 7-14.[4] Cædwalla, who had been wounded during the fighting, ordered them to be executed but Cynibert, a bishop from Hreutford, convinced him to have the boys baptised first. Bede records that these were the first from the island were saved.[2][3] He then writes that when "the executioner came, they joyfully underwent the temporal death, through which they did not doubt they were to pass to the life of the soul, which is everlasting" and that Christianity was then imposed on Wight.[3][note 2] After taking control of Wight, he upheld his former oath, giving large estates to Wilfrid and from this point onwards, the inhabitants were under West Saxon domination, being administered in Church matters by the bishop of Winchester by 731.[6]
Bede describes Arwald's brothers as "among the first fruits of the island who believed".[4] They are now venerated as saints, however as their names are unknown they are called collectively "St. Arwald" after their father. Their feast day is 22 April.[7][8][better source needed] It has been suggested that the brothers were depicted by Bede as willingly being killed and receiving a heavenly reward in order to appease those who sympathised with Arwald's family, which had no recorded survivors of the conquest.[4]
Modern influence
[edit]Arwald is portrayed as the pagan antagonist to the Christian Caedwalla in the fiction book Caedwalla by Frank Cowper (1888).[9]
Notes
[edit]- ^ This name may have been "Aruald",[1] "Arwald" or "Atwald" – Bede's script is often difficult to read. PASE has "Arwald"
- ^ The original text in Latin is as follows: "Moxque illi instante carnifice mortem laeti subiere temporalem, per quam se ad uitam animae perpetuam non dubitabant esse transituros"[5]
References
[edit]- ^ Yorke 1997, p. 66.
- ^ a b c Kirby 2000, pp. 120–121.
- ^ a b c Sellar 1907, Book 4, chapter 16.
- ^ a b c Lemke 2018, pp. 136–137.
- ^ Bede_Latin.
- ^ Kirby 2000, pp. 6, 120–121.
- ^ "April", Latin Saints of the Orthodox Patriarchate of Rome
- ^ Monks of Ramsgate. "Arwald". Book of Saints, 1921. CatholicSaints.Info. 1 August 2012
- ^ "Cædwalla". Gutenberg.org. 12 December 2016. Retrieved 6 February 2021.
Bibliography
[edit]Primary
[edit]- Bede: Book IV.
- Sellar (1907). Bede's Ecclesiastical History of England - Christian Classics Ethereal Library. London: George Bell and Sons.
- Eddius Stephanus, Vita Wilfridi
Secondary
[edit]- Kirby, David Peter (2000). The earliest English kings (Rev. ed.). London; New York: Routledge. ISBN 9780415242110.
- Lemke, Andreas (1 March 2018). "6. Children and the Conversion of the Anglo-Saxons in Bede's Historia ecclesiastica gentis Anglorum". Childhood & Adolescence in Anglo-Saxon Literary Culture. University of Toronto Press. pp. 120–138. doi:10.3138/9781487514433-009. ISBN 978-1-4875-1443-3.
- Yorke, Barbara (1997). Wessex in the Early Middle Ages. London: Routledge. ISBN 0-415-16639-X.