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{{Short description|1919 military flying boat family}}
{{For|the post-World War II twin-engine airliner|Vickers VC.1 Viking}}
{{For|the post-World War II twin-engine airliner|Vickers VC.1 Viking}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2017}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2017}}
{{Use British English|date=September 2017}}
{{Use British English|date=September 2017}}
<!-- This article is a part of [[Wikipedia:WikiProject Aircraft]]. Please see [[Wikipedia:WikiProject Aircraft/page content]] for recommended layout. -->
<!-- This article is a part of [[Wikipedia:WikiProject Aircraft]]. Please see [[Wikipedia:WikiProject Aircraft/page content]] for recommended layout. -->
{|{{Infobox Aircraft Begin
{{Infobox aircraft
|name = Viking/Vulture/Vanellus
|name = Viking/Vulture/Vanellus
|image = Vickers Viking left quarter view.jpg
|image = Vickers Viking left quarter view.jpg
|caption = The Vickers Viking prototype in 1919
|caption = The Vickers Viking prototype in 1919
}}{{Infobox Aircraft Type
|type = Biplane amphibian
|type = Biplane amphibian
|manufacturer = [[Vickers]] / [[Canadian Vickers]]
|manufacturer = [[Vickers]] / [[Canadian Vickers]]
|designer =
|designer =
|first flight = [[1919 in aviation|1919]]
|first_flight = [[1919 in aviation|1919]]
|introduced =
|introduction =
|retired =
|retired =
|status =
|status =
|primary user = <!--please list only one-->
|primary_user = <!--please list only one-->
|more users = <!--up to three more. please separate with <br />.-->
|more_users = <!--up to three more. please separate with <br />.-->
|produced = [[1919 in aviation|1919]]–[[1923 in aviation|1923]]
|produced = [[1919 in aviation|1919]]–[[1923 in aviation|1923]]
|number built = 31 (Viking)<br>2 (Vulture)<br>1 (Vanellus)
|number_built = 31 (Viking)<br>2 (Vulture)<br>1 (Vanellus)
|unit cost =
|unit cost =
|variants with their own articles =
|variants =
}}
}}
|}


The '''Vickers Viking''' was a [[United Kingdom|British]] single-engine [[amphibious aircraft]] designed for military use shortly after [[World War I]]. Later versions of the aircraft were known as the '''Vickers Vulture''' and '''Vickers Vanellus'''.
The '''Vickers Viking''' was a British single-engine [[amphibious aircraft]] designed for military use shortly after [[World War I]]. Later versions of the aircraft were known as the '''Vickers Vulture''' and '''Vickers Vanellus'''.


==Design and development==
==Design and development==
[[File:Vickers Viking IV flying boat G-CYEZ of the RCAF1926.jpg|right|thumb|A Vickers Viking IV of the [[Royal Canadian Air Force]] in 1926]]
Research on [[Vickers]]' first amphibious aircraft type began in December [[1918 in aviation|1918]] with tests of alternative fuselage/hull designs occurring in an experimental tank at [[St Albans]] in [[Hertfordshire]], England. A prototype, registered G-EAOV, was a five-seat cabin [[biplane]] with a [[Pusher configuration|pusher]] propeller driven by a [[Rolls-Royce Falcon]] water-cooled [[V12 engine|V 12]] engine. Sir [[John Alcock (aviator)|John Alcock]] died taking this aircraft to the [[Paris Air Show|Paris exhibition]] on 18 December 1919, whilst trying to land at Côte d'Evrard, near [[Rouen]], [[Normandy]] in foggy weather.<ref name="Andrews Vickers p112-3">Andrews and Morgan 1988, pp. 112–113.</ref><ref>[http://www.flightglobal.com/pdfarchive/view/1919/1919%20-%201644.html "The Death of Sir John Alcock".] ''[[Flight International|Flight]]'', 25 December 1919, p. 1646.</ref>
[[File:Vickers Viking right quarter view.jpg|left|thumb|A [[Royal Air Force]] Vickers Viking V]]
[[File:Vickers Viking right quarter view.jpg|thumb|A [[Royal Air Force]] Vickers Viking V]]
[[File:Vickers Vulture.jpg|thumb|Vickers Vulture]]
[[File:Vickers Viking IV flying boat G-CYEZ of the RCAF1926.jpg|right|thumb|A Vickers Viking IV of the [[Royal Canadian Air Force]] in 1926]] [[File:Vickers Vulture.jpg|left|thumb|<center>Vickers Vulture</center>]] [[File:Vickers Vanellus.jpg|right|thumb|<center>Vickers Vanellus</center>]]
[[File:Vickers Vanellus.jpg|right|thumb|Vickers Vanellus]]

Research on [[Vickers]]' first amphibious aircraft type began in December [[1918 in aviation|1918]] with tests of alternative fuselage/hull designs occurring in an experimental tank at [[St Albans]] in [[Hertfordshire]], England. A prototype, registered G-EAOV, was a five-seat cabin [[biplane]] with a [[Pusher configuration|pusher]] propeller driven by a [[Rolls-Royce Falcon]] water-cooled [[V12 engine|V 12]] engine. Sir [[John Alcock (aviator)|John Alcock]] died taking this aircraft to the [[Paris Air Show|Paris exhibition]] on 18 December 1919, whilst trying to land at Côte d'Evrard, near [[Rouen]], [[Normandy]] in foggy weather.<ref name="Andrews Vickers p112-3">Andrews and Morgan 1988, pp. 112–113.</ref><ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20170921095522/https://www.flightglobal.com/pdfarchive/view/1919/1919%20-%201644.html "The Death of Sir John Alcock".] ''[[Flight International|Flight]]'', 25 December 1919, p. 1646.</ref>

The next example, G-EASC, known as the '''Viking II''', had a greater wing span and a 360&nbsp;hp [[Rolls-Royce Eagle]] VIII motor. The '''Viking III''' machine, piloted by Captain Stan Cockerell, won first prize in the amphibian class in [[Air Ministry]] competitions held in September and October, 1920.
The next example, G-EASC, known as the '''Viking II''', had a greater wing span and a 360&nbsp;hp [[Rolls-Royce Eagle]] VIII motor. The '''Viking III''' machine, piloted by Captain Stan Cockerell, won first prize in the amphibian class in [[Air Ministry]] competitions held in September and October, 1920.


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A further development with a redesigned wing structure using the 450&nbsp;hp (340&nbsp;kW) [[Napier Lion]] would have been the '''Viking VI''' (Vickers designation '''Type 78''') but known as the '''Vulture I'''. A second with a Rolls-Royce Eagle IX (360&nbsp;hp, 270&nbsp;kW) was the '''Type 95 Vulture II'''. Both Vultures were used for an unsuccessful around the world attempt in 1924 after the Eagle engine of the Vulture II was replaced with a Lion. With registration G-EBHO, the first set off from [[Calshot Seaplane Base]] on 25 March 1924, the other was shipped as a spare machine to [[Tokyo]]. After mechanical difficulties in earlier stages G-EBHO crashed at [[Akyab]] where it was replaced by G-EBGO on 25 June. Encountering heavy fog on the [[Siberian]] side of the [[Bering Sea]] G-EBGO crashed. Vickers salvaged a large proportion.
A further development with a redesigned wing structure using the 450&nbsp;hp (340&nbsp;kW) [[Napier Lion]] would have been the '''Viking VI''' (Vickers designation '''Type 78''') but known as the '''Vulture I'''. A second with a Rolls-Royce Eagle IX (360&nbsp;hp, 270&nbsp;kW) was the '''Type 95 Vulture II'''. Both Vultures were used for an unsuccessful around the world attempt in 1924 after the Eagle engine of the Vulture II was replaced with a Lion. With registration G-EBHO, the first set off from [[Calshot Seaplane Base]] on 25 March 1924, the other was shipped as a spare machine to [[Tokyo]]. After mechanical difficulties in earlier stages G-EBHO crashed at [[Akyab]] where it was replaced by G-EBGO on 25 June. Encountering heavy fog on the [[Siberian]] side of the [[Bering Sea]] G-EBGO crashed. Vickers salvaged a large proportion.


The Viking Mark VII ("Type 83" in Vickers numbering) was a development of the Vulture, a three-seat open-cockpit fleet spotter to [[Air Ministry specification]] 46/22 given the service name '''[[Vanellus]]''' when taken on for evaluation by the RAF against the [[Supermarine Seagull (1921)|Supermarine Seagull]] design.
The Viking Mark VII ("Type 83" in Vickers numbering) was a development of the Vulture, a three-seat open-cockpit fleet spotter to [[Air Ministry specification]] 46/22 given the service name "Vanellus" when taken on for evaluation by the RAF against the [[Supermarine Seagull (1921)|Supermarine Seagull]] design.


==Operational history==
==Operational history==
The last Viking amphibians were built during 1923, but the name was re-used for the twin-engine [[Vickers VC.1 Viking|VC.1 Viking]] [[airliner]] some 22 years later, which saw service as the [[Vickers Valetta|Valetta]] with the [[Royal Air Force|RAF]] and other air arms. Some Viking amphibians were built by [[Canadian Vickers]] Limited, a subsidiary company in [[Montreal]] with no previous aircraft manufacturing experience. Their involvement with the Viking led to a future line of indigenous flying boats beginning with the [[Canadian Vickers Vedette]] which borrowed heavily on the earlier design.<ref>Molson and Taylor 1982, p. 174.</ref>
The last Viking amphibians were built during 1923, but the name was re-used for the twin-engine [[Vickers VC.1 Viking|VC.1 Viking]] [[airliner]] some 22 years later, which saw service as the [[Vickers Valetta|Valetta]] with the [[Royal Air Force|RAF]] and other air arms. [[Canadian Vickers]] Limited, a subsidiary company in [[Montreal]] with no previous aircraft manufacturing experience, assembled two Viking IV amphibians and built a further six for the [[Royal Canadian Air Force]] . Their involvement with the Viking led to a future line of indigenous flying boats beginning with the [[Canadian Vickers Vedette]].<ref>Molson and Taylor 1982, p. 174.</ref>


No Vikings survive today although a full-size replica built for the film ''[[The People That Time Forgot (film)|The People That Time Forgot]]'' (1977) is displayed at [[Brooklands Museum]] in Surrey.
No Vikings survive today although a full-size replica built for the film ''[[The People That Time Forgot (film)|The People That Time Forgot]]'' (1977) is displayed at [[Brooklands Museum]] in Surrey.
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==Operators==
==Operators==
;{{ARG}}
;{{ARG}}
* [[Argentine Naval Aviation]] – four Type 84 (Viking IV) delivered in 1923, supplemented by two ex-civil Viking IVs in 1925.<ref name="Rivasp11"/>
* [[Argentine Air Force]]
* [[Argentine Naval Aviation]] – four Type 84 (Viking IV) delivered in 1923.
* The River Plate Aviation Company (''Compañia Rio Platense de Aviación'') – Two Type 73 c/n 19 and c/n 20 (both Viking IVs) delivered in 1923. Sold to Argentine Navy in 1925.<ref name="Rivasp11">Rivas 2019, p. 11</ref>
* River Plate Aviation Company – two Type 73 (Viking IV) delivered in 1923.
;{{flag|Canada|1921}}
;{{flag|Canada|1921}}
* Laurentide Air Services – One Type 69 (Viking IV) delivered in 1922.
* [[Laurentide Air Services]] – One Type 69 (Viking IV) delivered in 1922.
* [[Royal Canadian Air Force]] – two Type 85 (Viking IV) delivered in 1923 followed by six built in Canada by Canadian Vickers at Montreal.<ref>Molson and Taylor 1982, pp. 447–448.</ref>
* [[Royal Canadian Air Force]] – two Type 85 (Viking IV) delivered in 1923 followed by six built in Canada by Canadian Vickers The at Montreal.<ref>Molson and Taylor 1982, pp. 447–448.</ref>
;{{FRA}}
;{{FRA}}
* [[French Navy]] – One Type 54 (Viking IV) delivered in 1921 with civilian markings.
* [[French Navy]] – One Type 54 (Viking IV) delivered in 1921 with civilian markings.
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;{{UK}}
;{{UK}}
* [[Royal Air Force]] – two Type 59 (Viking V) delivered in 1922 for tropical trials with [[No. 70 Squadron RAF]].
* [[Royal Air Force]] – two Type 59 (Viking V) delivered in 1922 for tropical trials with [[No. 70 Squadron RAF]].
* [[Royal Navy]] – one Viking III delivered in 1921, one Vanellus delivered 1925

;{{USA}}
;{{USA}}
* [[United States Navy]] – one aircraft purchased by the US Navy in 1921.
* [[United States Navy]] – one Type 58 (Viking IV) purchased by the US Navy in 1921 and delivered in 1923.
* One Type 58 (Viking IV) delivered to the United States government in 1923.


==Specifications (Viking IV)==
==Specifications (Viking IV)==
{{Aircraft specifications|
{{Aircraft specs
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<!-- please answer the following questions -->
|plane or copter?=plane
|jet or prop?=prop
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|ref=British Flying Boats<ref name="London p266-7">London 2003, pp. 266–267.</ref>
|ref=British Flying Boats<ref name="London p266-7">London 2003, pp. 266–267.</ref>
|prime units?=imp
|crew=One: pilot
<!--
General characteristics
-->
|genhide=

|crew=1
|capacity=3 passengers
|capacity=3 passengers
|length main=34 ft 2 in
|length m=
|length alt=10.42 m
|length ft=34
|length in=2
|span main=50 ft 0 in
|span alt=15.24 m
|span m=
|span ft=50
|height main=14 ft 0 in
|span in=0
|height alt=4.27 m
|height m=
|area main=635 ft²
|height ft=14
|area alt=59.0 m²
|height in=0
|empty weight main=4,040 lb
|wing area sqm=
|empty weight alt=1,836 kg
|wing area sqft=635
|loaded weight main=5,790 lb
|loaded weight alt=2,632 kg
|empty weight kg=
|max takeoff weight main=
|empty weight lb=4040
|max takeoff weight alt=
|gross weight kg=
|gross weight lb=5790
|engine (prop)=[[Napier Lion]]
|fuel capacity=
|type of prop=12-cylinder water-cooled [[W engine|broad arrow]] piston engine
<!--
|number of props=1
Powerplant
|power main=450 hp
-->
|power alt=336 kW
|eng1 number=1
|max speed main=113 mph
|eng1 name=[[Napier Lion]]
|max speed alt=98 knots, 182 km/h
|eng1 type=12-cylinder water-cooled [[W engine|broad arrow]] piston engine
|cruise speed main=91 mph
|eng1 kw=<!-- prop engines -->
|cruise speed alt=79 knots, 147 km/h
|eng1 hp=450<!-- prop engines -->
|range main=925 mi

|range alt=804 [[nautical mile|nmi]], 1,489 km
|prop blade number=<!-- propeller aircraft -->
|range more=(long range tanks)
|prop name=
|prop dia m=<!-- propeller aircraft -->
|prop dia ft=<!-- propeller aircraft -->
|prop dia in=<!-- propeller aircraft -->

<!--
Performance
-->
|perfhide=

|max speed kmh=
|max speed mph=113
|max speed kts=
|max speed mach=<!-- supersonic aircraft -->
|cruise speed kmh=<!-- if max speed unknown -->
|cruise speed mph=91<!-- if max speed unknown -->
|cruise speed kts=
|range km=
|range miles=925
|range nmi=
|range note=(with long range tanks)
|endurance=4 hr 45 min
|endurance=4 hr 45 min
|ceiling main=
|ceiling m=
|ceiling alt=
|ceiling ft=
|climb rate main=
|climb rate ms=
|climb rate alt=
|climb rate ftmin=
|more performance=*'''Climb to 3,000 ft (915 m):''' 3.2 min<ref name="Andrews Vickers p129">Andrews and Morgan 1988, p. 129.</ref>
|time to altitude=3.2 min to {{convert|3000|ft|m|abbr=on}}<ref name="Andrews Vickers p129">Andrews and Morgan 1988, p. 129.</ref>
|more performance=
|loading main=9.12 lb/ft²

|loading alt=44.6 kg/m²
|avionics=
|power/mass main=0.078 hp/lb
|power/mass alt=0.13 kW/kg
}}
}}


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|related=<!-- related developments -->
|related=<!-- related developments -->
|similar aircraft=<!-- similar or comparable aircraft -->
|similar aircraft=<!-- similar or comparable aircraft -->
* [[Saunders Kittiwake]]
* [[SIAI S.16]]
* [[Supermarine Commercial Amphibian]]
* [[Supermarine Sea Eagle]]
* [[Supermarine Seagull (1921)|Supermarine Seagull]]
|lists=<!-- related lists -->
|lists=<!-- related lists -->
* [[List of aircraft of the Royal Air Force]]
* [[List of aircraft of the Royal Air Force]]
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{{Reflist}}
{{Reflist}}
;Bibliography
;Bibliography

{{refbegin}}
* Andrews, C.F. and E.B. Morgan. ''Vickers Aircraft since 1908''. London: Putnam, 1988. {{ISBN|0-85177-815-1}}.
* Andrews, C.F. and E.B. Morgan. ''Vickers Aircraft since 1908''. London: Putnam, 1988. {{ISBN|0-85177-815-1}}.
* London, Peter. ''British Flying Boats''. Stroud, UK: Sutton Publishing, 2003. {{ISBN|0-7509-2695-3}}.
* London, Peter. ''British Flying Boats''. Stroud, UK: Sutton Publishing, 2003. {{ISBN|0-7509-2695-3}}.
* Milberry, Larry. ''Aviation in Canada.'' Toronto: McGraw-Hill Ryerson Ltd., 1979. {{ISBN|0-07-082778-8}}.
* Milberry, Larry. ''Aviation in Canada.'' Toronto: McGraw-Hill Ryerson Ltd., 1979. {{ISBN|0-07-082778-8}}.
* Molson, Ken M. and Harold A. Taylor. ''Canadian Aircraft Since 1909''. Stittsville, Ontario: Canada's Wings, Inc., 1982. {{ISBN|0-920002-11-0}}.
* Molson, Ken M. and Harold A. Taylor. ''Canadian Aircraft Since 1909''. Stittsville, Ontario: Canada's Wings, Inc., 1982. {{ISBN|0-920002-11-0}}.
* Rivas, Santiago. ''British Combat Aircraft in Latin America''. Manchester, UK: Crécy Publishing, 2019. {{ISBN|978-1-90210-957-2}}.
{{refend}}


==External links==
==External links==
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{{Vickers aircraft}}
{{Vickers aircraft}}
{{Canadian Vickers aircraft}}
{{Canadian Vickers aircraft}}
{{Aircraft manufactured in Canada}}
{{wwi-air}}


[[Category:Vickers aircraft|Viking]]
[[Category:Vickers aircraft|Viking]]
[[Category:British military utility aircraft 1910–1919]]
[[Category:1910s British military utility aircraft]]
[[Category:Flying boats]]
[[Category:Flying boats]]
[[Category:Amphibious aircraft]]
[[Category:Amphibious aircraft]]
[[Category:Pusher aircraft]]
[[Category:Biplanes]]
[[Category:Single-engined pusher aircraft]]
[[Category:Single-engined pusher aircraft]]
[[Category:Biplanes]]
[[Category:Aircraft first flown in 1919]]
[[Category:Aircraft first flown in 1919]]
[[Category:Aircraft with fixed conventional landing gear]]
[[Category:Single-engined piston aircraft]]

Latest revision as of 11:18, 9 December 2024

For the post-World War II twin-engine airliner, see Vickers VC.1 Viking.

Viking/Vulture/Vanellus
The Vickers Viking prototype in 1919
General information
TypeBiplane amphibian
ManufacturerVickers / Canadian Vickers
Number built31 (Viking)
2 (Vulture)
1 (Vanellus)
History
Manufactured1919–1923
First flight1919

The Vickers Viking was a British single-engine amphibious aircraft designed for military use shortly after World War I. Later versions of the aircraft were known as the Vickers Vulture and Vickers Vanellus.

Design and development

[edit]
A Vickers Viking IV of the Royal Canadian Air Force in 1926
A Royal Air Force Vickers Viking V
Vickers Vulture
Vickers Vanellus

Research on Vickers' first amphibious aircraft type began in December 1918 with tests of alternative fuselage/hull designs occurring in an experimental tank at St Albans in Hertfordshire, England. A prototype, registered G-EAOV, was a five-seat cabin biplane with a pusher propeller driven by a Rolls-Royce Falcon water-cooled V 12 engine. Sir John Alcock died taking this aircraft to the Paris exhibition on 18 December 1919, whilst trying to land at Côte d'Evrard, near Rouen, Normandy in foggy weather.[1][2]

The next example, G-EASC, known as the Viking II, had a greater wing span and a 360 hp Rolls-Royce Eagle VIII motor. The Viking III machine, piloted by Captain Stan Cockerell, won first prize in the amphibian class in Air Ministry competitions held in September and October, 1920.

The Type 54 Viking IV incorporated further refinements and had a wider cabin above a hull one foot wider, an example being G-EBBZ in which Ross Smith and J.M. Bennett (partners in the 1919 England to Australia flight) died on 13 April 1922 just outside the Brooklands racetrack near Weybridge in Surrey. Most of these Mark IV Vikings had a Napier Lion engine.[3]

The next version was the Viking V; two were built for the RAF for service in Iraq.

A further development with a redesigned wing structure using the 450 hp (340 kW) Napier Lion would have been the Viking VI (Vickers designation Type 78) but known as the Vulture I. A second with a Rolls-Royce Eagle IX (360 hp, 270 kW) was the Type 95 Vulture II. Both Vultures were used for an unsuccessful around the world attempt in 1924 after the Eagle engine of the Vulture II was replaced with a Lion. With registration G-EBHO, the first set off from Calshot Seaplane Base on 25 March 1924, the other was shipped as a spare machine to Tokyo. After mechanical difficulties in earlier stages G-EBHO crashed at Akyab where it was replaced by G-EBGO on 25 June. Encountering heavy fog on the Siberian side of the Bering Sea G-EBGO crashed. Vickers salvaged a large proportion.

The Viking Mark VII ("Type 83" in Vickers numbering) was a development of the Vulture, a three-seat open-cockpit fleet spotter to Air Ministry specification 46/22 given the service name "Vanellus" when taken on for evaluation by the RAF against the Supermarine Seagull design.

Operational history

[edit]

The last Viking amphibians were built during 1923, but the name was re-used for the twin-engine VC.1 Viking airliner some 22 years later, which saw service as the Valetta with the RAF and other air arms. Canadian Vickers Limited, a subsidiary company in Montreal with no previous aircraft manufacturing experience, assembled two Viking IV amphibians and built a further six for the Royal Canadian Air Force . Their involvement with the Viking led to a future line of indigenous flying boats beginning with the Canadian Vickers Vedette.[4]

No Vikings survive today although a full-size replica built for the film The People That Time Forgot (1977) is displayed at Brooklands Museum in Surrey.

Operators

[edit]
 Argentina
  • Argentine Naval Aviation – four Type 84 (Viking IV) delivered in 1923, supplemented by two ex-civil Viking IVs in 1925.[5]
  • The River Plate Aviation Company (Compañia Rio Platense de Aviación) – Two Type 73 c/n 19 and c/n 20 (both Viking IVs) delivered in 1923. Sold to Argentine Navy in 1925.[5]
 Canada
 France
  • French Navy – One Type 54 (Viking IV) delivered in 1921 with civilian markings.
 Japan
Vickers Viking IV at Langley
 Netherlands
 Russian SFSR
  • One Type 64 (Viking IV) ordered by the Russian Trade Delegation delivered in 1922.
 United Kingdom
 United States
  • United States Navy – one Type 58 (Viking IV) purchased by the US Navy in 1921 and delivered in 1923.

Specifications (Viking IV)

[edit]

Data from British Flying Boats[7]

General characteristics

  • Crew: 1
  • Capacity: 3 passengers
  • Length: 34 ft 2 in (10.41 m)
  • Wingspan: 50 ft 0 in (15.24 m)
  • Height: 14 ft 0 in (4.27 m)
  • Wing area: 635 sq ft (59.0 m2)
  • Empty weight: 4,040 lb (1,833 kg)
  • Gross weight: 5,790 lb (2,626 kg)
  • Powerplant: 1 × Napier Lion 12-cylinder water-cooled broad arrow piston engine, 450 hp (340 kW)

Performance

  • Maximum speed: 113 mph (182 km/h, 98 kn)
  • Cruise speed: 91 mph (146 km/h, 79 kn)
  • Range: 925 mi (1,489 km, 804 nmi) (with long range tanks)
  • Endurance: 4 hr 45 min
  • Time to altitude: 3.2 min to 3,000 ft (910 m)[8]

See also

[edit]

Aircraft of comparable role, configuration, and era

Related lists

References

[edit]
Notes
  1. ^ Andrews and Morgan 1988, pp. 112–113.
  2. ^ "The Death of Sir John Alcock". Flight, 25 December 1919, p. 1646.
  3. ^ Milberry 1979, p. 30.
  4. ^ Molson and Taylor 1982, p. 174.
  5. ^ a b Rivas 2019, p. 11
  6. ^ Molson and Taylor 1982, pp. 447–448.
  7. ^ London 2003, pp. 266–267.
  8. ^ Andrews and Morgan 1988, p. 129.
Bibliography
  • Andrews, C.F. and E.B. Morgan. Vickers Aircraft since 1908. London: Putnam, 1988. ISBN 0-85177-815-1.
  • London, Peter. British Flying Boats. Stroud, UK: Sutton Publishing, 2003. ISBN 0-7509-2695-3.
  • Milberry, Larry. Aviation in Canada. Toronto: McGraw-Hill Ryerson Ltd., 1979. ISBN 0-07-082778-8.
  • Molson, Ken M. and Harold A. Taylor. Canadian Aircraft Since 1909. Stittsville, Ontario: Canada's Wings, Inc., 1982. ISBN 0-920002-11-0.
  • Rivas, Santiago. British Combat Aircraft in Latin America. Manchester, UK: Crécy Publishing, 2019. ISBN 978-1-90210-957-2.
[edit]
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