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Am2900 is a family of integrated circuits (ICs) created in 1975 by Advanced Micro Devices (AMD). They were constructed with bipolar devices, in a bit-slice topology, and were designed to be used as modular components each representing a different aspect of a computer control unit (CCU). By using the bit slicing technique, the Am2900 family was able to implement a CCU with data, addresses, and instructions to be any multiple of 4 bits by multiplying the number of ICs. One major problem with this modular technique was that it required a larger number of ICs to implement what could be done on a single CPU IC. The Am2901 chip included an arithmetic logic unit (ALU) and 16 4-bit processor register slices, and was the "core" of the series. It could count using 4 bits and implement binary operations as well as various bit-shifting operations. The Am2909 was a 4-bit-slice address sequencer that could generate 4-bit addresses on a single chip, and by using n of them, it was able to generate 4n-bit addresses. It had a stack that could store a microprogram counter up to 4 nest levels, as well as a stack pointer.^[1]

The 2901 and some other chips in the family were second sourced by an unusually large number of other manufacturers, starting with Motorola and then Raytheon – both in 1975 – and also Cypress Semiconductor, National Semiconductor, NEC, Thomson, and Signetics. In the Soviet Union and later Russia the Am2900 family was manufactured as the 1804 series (with e.g. the Am2901 designated as KR1804VS1 / Russian: КР1804ВС1)^[2]^[3]^[4] which was known to be in production in 2016.^[5]

Computers made with Am2900-family chips

There are probably many more, but here are some known machines using these parts:

The Apollo Computer Tern family: DN460, DN660 and DSP160. All used the same system board emulating the Motorola 68010 instruction set.^[6]
The Itek Advanced Technology Airborne Computer (ATAC) used on the Galileo Attitude and Articulation Control Computer System and some Navy aircraft had a 16-register, 16-bit word width assembled from 4-bit-wide 2900 series processors. Four special instructions were added to the Galileo version of the ATAC, and later some chips were replaced with radiation-hardened 2901 chips.^[7]
Data General Nova 4, which obtained 16-bit word width using four Am2901 ALUs in parallel. The floating point board has 15 Am2901 ALUs on it.^[8]
Digital Equipment Corporation (DEC) PDP-11 models PDP-11/34 FP11-A^[9]^[10] and PDP-11/44 FP11-F^[11] floating-point options.^[12]
The DEC VAX 11/730, which used eight Am2901s in the CPU.^[13]
Hewlett-Packard 1000 A-series model A600 used four Am2901 ALUs for its 16-bit processor^[14]
The Xerox Dandelion, the machine used in the Xerox Star and Xerox 1108 Lisp machine.^[15]
Several models of the GEC 4000 series minicomputers: 4060, 4150, 4160 (four Am2901 each, 16-bit ALU), and 4090 and all 418x and 419x systems (eighteen Am2901 each, 32-bit integer ALU or 8-bit exponent, 64-bit Double Precision floating point ALU).^[16]
The DEC KS10 PDP-10 model.^[17]
The UCSD Pascal P-machine processor designed at NCR by Joel McCormack.
A number of MAI Basic Four machines.^[18]
The Tektronix 4052 graphics system computer.
The SM-1420, Soviet clone of PDP-11, used Soviet clone of Am2901 (4 ICs in the CPU and 16 ICs in the FPU) ^[19] perhaps also used in others.^[20]
The Lilith computer designed at ETH Zürich by Niklaus Wirth.
Atari's vector graphics arcade machines Battlezone and Red Baron both used four Am2901 ICs in their "math box" auxiliary circuit boards. Tempest had no "math box."
Atari's raster graphics arcade machine I, Robot, the first commercial game featuring filled polygons,^[21] included a math processor built around four Am2901 chips.^[22]
Pixar Image Computer, 4 Channel Processors each with 4 Am2900's
Eventide H949 Harmonizer; four Am2901 chips (and several microcode PROMs) are used to generate addresses and generate reference voltages for the DAC system – audio was not processed in the 2901 ALU section.
Many Siemens Teleperm and S5 PLCs used for industrial control were built using the 2900 series.
The AT&T 3B20D used eight Am2901's in its ALU.^[23]
Geac Computer Corporation 2000, 6000, 8000, and 9000 were all based on 4 x Am2901 chips. The GEAC 9500 was based on the Am29101. The GEAC 2000 was used in pharmacies. The other models were used in library, banking, and insurance automation. The 2000 was a single processor unit. The 6000 and 8000 contained four processors, each dedicated to one of comms, disk, tape, or program processing. The 8000 had local processor memory whereas the 6000 did not. The 9000 and 9500 were AMP systems with up to 8 CPU modules.
Later iterations of the Ferranti Argus 700 e.g. the 700F and 700G, used Am2901 devices, as did as some of the A700 peripheral channel controllers for e.g. hard and floppy disc drives
The High Level Hardware Limited Orion, a user-microcodable minicomputer running Unix.^[24]
The 168/E, developed in the late 1970s at the SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory to execute a subset of the IBM 360/370 instructions.^[25]
Warrex Centurion, an 8-bit minicomputer built by Warrex Computer Corporation (later just Centurion), a Texas based company from the late 1970s to the 1980s. The Am2909 and Am2911 microprogram sequencers and the Am2901 ALU were used in the CPU6 variant.^[26]
The PerkinElmer Computer Systems Division utilized Am2900 devices in the ALU of their 3200 series supermini computers.

Members of the Am2900 family

The Am2900 Family Data Book lists:^[27]

Am2901 – 4-bit bit-slice ALU and processor register set (1975)
Am2902 – Look-Ahead Carry Generator
Am2903 – 4-bit-slice ALU, with hardware multiply
Am2904 – Status and Shift Control Unit
Am2905 – Bus Transceiver
Am2906 – Bus Transceiver with Parity
Am2907 – Bus Transceiver with Parity
Am2908 – Bus Transceiver with Parity
Am2909 – 4-bit-slice address sequencer
Am2910 – Microprogram Controller
Am2911 – 4-bit-slice address sequencer
Am2912 – Bus Transceiver
Am2913 – Priority Interrupt Expander
Am2914 – Priority Interrupt Controller
Am2915 – Quad 3-State Bus Transceiver
Am2916 – Quad 3-State Bus Transceiver
Am2917 – Quad 3-State Bus Transceiver
Am2918 – Instruction Register, Quad D Register
Am2919 – Instruction Register, Quad Register
Am2920 – Octal D-Type Flip-Flop
Am2921 – 1-to-8 Decoder
Am2922 – 8-Input Multiplexer (MUX)
Am2923 – 8-Input MUX
Am2924 – 3-Line to 8-Line Decoder
Am2925 – System Clock Generator and Driver
Am2926 – Schottky 3-State Quad Bus Driver
Am2927/Am2928 – Quad 3-State Bus Transceiver
Am2929 – Schottky 3-State Quad Bus Driver
Am2930 – Main Memory Program Control
Am2932 – Main Memory Program Control
Am2940 – Direct Memory Addressing (DMA) Generator
Am2942 – Programmable Timer/Counter/DMA Generator
Am2946/Am2947 – Octal 3-State Bidirectional Bus Transceiver
Am2948/Am2949 – Octal 3-State Bidirectional Bus Transceiver
Am2950/Am2951 – 8-bit Bidirectional I/O Ports
Am2954/Am2955 – Octal Registers
Am2956/Am2957 – Octal Latches
Am2958/Am2959 – Octal Buffers/Line Drivers/Line Receivers
Am2960 – Cascadable 16-bit Error Detection and Correction Unit
Am2961/Am2962 – 4-bit Error Correction Multiple Bus Buffers
Am2964 – Dynamic Memory Controller
Am2965/Am2966 – Octal Dynamic Memory Driver

Many of these chips also have 7400 series numbers such as the 74F2960 / Am2960.

References

^ HAYES, JOHN P. (1978). Computer Architecture and Organization. p. 371. ISBN 0-07-027363-4.
^ "AMD 2901 bit-slice processor family". cpu-world.com. Retrieved August 26, 2014.
^ "Soviet microprocessors, microcontrollers, FPU chips and their western analogs". CPU-world. Retrieved 24 March 2016.
^ Козак, Виктор Романович (24 May 2014). "Номенклатура отечественных микросхем" [Nomenclature of domestic integrated circuits] (in Russian). Retrieved 24 March 2016.
^ "Каталог изделий" [Product catalog] (PDF) (in Russian). Voronezh: OAO "VZPP-S". p. 20. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2020-09-15. Retrieved 30 May 2016.
^ "apollo :: brochures :: DN440 460 Brochure 1983". 1983.
^ "Computers in Spaceflight: The NASA Experience". Distributed Computing On Board Voyager and Galileo. NASA. Retrieved August 26, 2014.
^ "Data General NOVA4/X recovered from Bakersfield". January 17, 2005. Archived from the original on 17 July 2011. Retrieved July 11, 2011.
^ "Photo of DEC11-34". CPU museum web site. Archived from the original on 2011-07-08. Retrieved July 11, 2011.
^ FP11-A Floating-point Processor Technical Manual (PDF). DEC. May 1978. p. 7-1. EK-FP11A-TM-002.
^ "FP11-F Floating-point Processor Technical Manual" (PDF). DEC. November 1979. p. 5-4. EK-FP11F-TM-002.
^ John Holden. "Production PDP-11 Models". University of Sydney School of Psychology. Archived from the original on 25 July 2011. Retrieved July 11, 2011.
^ VAX-11/730 Central Processing Unit Technical Description (PDF). Digital Equipment Corporation. 1982. p. 1-4. EK-KA730-TO-001.
^ "A New Series of High-Performance Real-Time Computers" (PDF). Hewlett-Packard Journal. 35 (2): 3–6. February 1984.
^ Nathan Lineback. "Xerox Star". Nathan's Toasty Technology page. Archived from the original on 18 July 2011. Retrieved July 11, 2011.
^ Andrew Gabriel (1997). "GEC 4000 series processors". Archived from the original on 19 July 2011. Retrieved July 11, 2011.
^ Klaus Michael Indlekofer (November 11, 2002). "Computer Architectures". K.M.I. - the site. Archived from the original on 17 July 2011. Retrieved July 11, 2011.
^ "Field Information Bulletin 113". March 28, 1988. Archived from the original on 2011-07-07. Retrieved July 11, 2011.
^ Семененко, В.А.; Ступин, Ю.В. (1993). Справочник по электронной вычислительной технике (in Russian). Машиностроение. p. 124. ISBN 5-217-02090-3.
^ "Part VII: Advanced Micro Devices Am2901, a few bits at a time". Great Microprocessors of the Past and Present. Russian Supercomputer Software Department. 1998. Archived from the original on June 16, 2009. Retrieved July 11, 2011.
^ Mark J. P. Wolf (2012). Encyclopedia of Video Games: M-Z. Bloomsbury Academic. ISBN 9780313379369.
^ Dan Boris. "I-Robot Tech Page".
^ Rolund, M. W.; Beckett, J. T.; Harms, D. A. (January 1983). "3B20D Central Processing Unit". The Bell System Technical Journal. 1.1.2 Data manipulation unit. 62 (1): 193. doi:10.1002/j.1538-7305.1983.tb04390.x. S2CID 8952660.
^ "Orion A High Performance Computer" (PDF).
^ "Microprocessors in Physics Experiments at SLAC" (PDF).
^ "Welcome to the Centurion Computer wiki!". GitHub. Retrieved February 20, 2023.
^ "The Am2900 Family Data Book with Related Support Circuits" (PDF). AM-PUB003. Advanced Micro Devices. 1979. Retrieved May 6, 2022.

External links

Introduction to Designing with the Am2900 Family of Microprogramable Bipolar Devices Vol 1 Bitsavers' PDF document archive
Introduction to Designing with the Am2900 Family of Microprogramable Bipolar Devices Vol 2 Bitsavers' PDF document archive
Am29C300/29300 1988 Data Book (PDF). AMD. 1988.
CPU-World – photos of 2900 Family ICs
Bit-Slice Design: Controllers and ALUs – an introduction to the Am2900 family
Bit-Sliced Microprocessor of the Am2900 Family: The Am2901/2909

[1] HAYES, JOHN P. (1978). Computer Architecture and Organization. p. 371. ISBN 0-07-027363-4.

[2] "AMD 2901 bit-slice processor family". cpu-world.com. Retrieved August 26, 2014.

[cpuworld-3] "Soviet microprocessors, microcontrollers, FPU chips and their western analogs". CPU-world. Retrieved 24 March 2016.

[kozak1800-4] Козак, Виктор Романович (24 May 2014). "Номенклатура отечественных микросхем" [Nomenclature of domestic integrated circuits] (in Russian). Retrieved 24 March 2016.

[vzpp-5] "Каталог изделий" [Product catalog] (PDF) (in Russian). Voronezh: OAO "VZPP-S". p. 20. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2020-09-15. Retrieved 30 May 2016.

[6] "apollo :: brochures :: DN440 460 Brochure 1983". 1983.

[7] "Computers in Spaceflight: The NASA Experience". Distributed Computing On Board Voyager and Galileo. NASA. Retrieved August 26, 2014.

[8] "Data General NOVA4/X recovered from Bakersfield". January 17, 2005. Archived from the original on 17 July 2011. Retrieved July 11, 2011.

[9] "Photo of DEC11-34". CPU museum web site. Archived from the original on 2011-07-08. Retrieved July 11, 2011.

[10] FP11-A Floating-point Processor Technical Manual (PDF). DEC. May 1978. p. 7-1. EK-FP11A-TM-002.

[11] "FP11-F Floating-point Processor Technical Manual" (PDF). DEC. November 1979. p. 5-4. EK-FP11F-TM-002.

[12] John Holden. "Production PDP-11 Models". University of Sydney School of Psychology. Archived from the original on 25 July 2011. Retrieved July 11, 2011.

[13] VAX-11/730 Central Processing Unit Technical Description (PDF). Digital Equipment Corporation. 1982. p. 1-4. EK-KA730-TO-001.

[14] "A New Series of High-Performance Real-Time Computers" (PDF). Hewlett-Packard Journal. 35 (2): 3–6. February 1984.

[15] Nathan Lineback. "Xerox Star". Nathan's Toasty Technology page. Archived from the original on 18 July 2011. Retrieved July 11, 2011.

[16] Andrew Gabriel (1997). "GEC 4000 series processors". Archived from the original on 19 July 2011. Retrieved July 11, 2011.

[17] Klaus Michael Indlekofer (November 11, 2002). "Computer Architectures". K.M.I. - the site. Archived from the original on 17 July 2011. Retrieved July 11, 2011.

[18] "Field Information Bulletin 113". March 28, 1988. Archived from the original on 2011-07-07. Retrieved July 11, 2011.

[19] Семененко, В.А.; Ступин, Ю.В. (1993). Справочник по электронной вычислительной технике (in Russian). Машиностроение. p. 124. ISBN 5-217-02090-3.

[20] "Part VII: Advanced Micro Devices Am2901, a few bits at a time". Great Microprocessors of the Past and Present. Russian Supercomputer Software Department. 1998. Archived from the original on June 16, 2009. Retrieved July 11, 2011.

[21] Mark J. P. Wolf (2012). Encyclopedia of Video Games: M-Z. Bloomsbury Academic. ISBN 9780313379369.

[22] Dan Boris. "I-Robot Tech Page".

[23] Rolund, M. W.; Beckett, J. T.; Harms, D. A. (January 1983). "3B20D Central Processing Unit". The Bell System Technical Journal. 1.1.2 Data manipulation unit. 62 (1): 193. doi:10.1002/j.1538-7305.1983.tb04390.x. S2CID 8952660.

[24] "Orion A High Performance Computer" (PDF).

[25] "Microprocessors in Physics Experiments at SLAC" (PDF).

[26] "Welcome to the Centurion Computer wiki!". GitHub. Retrieved February 20, 2023.

[27] "The Am2900 Family Data Book with Related Support Circuits" (PDF). AM-PUB003. Advanced Micro Devices. 1979. Retrieved May 6, 2022.

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@@ Line 1: / Line 1: @@
+{{Short description|Family of four-bit digital ICs}}
 [[File:KL AMD 2901.jpg|thumb|AMD Am2901: 4-bit-slice ALU]]
-'''Am2900''' is a family of [[integrated circuit]]s (ICs) created in 1975 by [[Advanced Micro Devices]] (AMD). They were constructed with [[bipolar junction transistor|bipolar]] devices, in a [[Bit slicing|bit-slice]] topology, and were designed to be used as modular components each representing a different aspect of a computer [[control unit]] (CCU). By using the [[bit slicing]] technique, the Am2900 family was able to implement a CCU with data, addresses, and instructions to be any multiple of 4&nbsp;bits by multiplying the number of ICs. One major problem with this modular technique was that it required a larger number of ICs to implement what could be done on a single CPU IC. The Am2901 chip was the [[arithmetic logic unit]] (ALU), and the "core" of the series. It could count using 4&nbsp;bits and implement binary operations as well as various [[Bit shift|bit-shifting]] operations.
+'''Am2900''' is a family of [[integrated circuit]]s (ICs) created in 1975 by [[Advanced Micro Devices]] (AMD). They were constructed with [[bipolar junction transistor|bipolar]] devices, in a [[Bit slicing|bit-slice]] topology, and were designed to be used as modular components each representing a different aspect of a computer [[control unit]] (CCU). By using the [[bit slicing]] technique, the Am2900 family was able to implement a CCU with data, addresses, and instructions to be any multiple of 4&nbsp;bits by multiplying the number of ICs. One major problem with this modular technique was that it required a larger number of ICs to implement what could be done on a single CPU IC. The Am2901 chip included an [[arithmetic logic unit]] (ALU) and 16 4-bit [[processor register]] slices, and was the "core" of the series. It could count using 4&nbsp;bits and implement binary operations as well as various [[Bit shift|bit-shifting]] operations. The Am2909 was a 4-bit-slice address sequencer that could generate 4-bit addresses on a single chip, and by using n of them, it was able to generate 4n-bit addresses. It had a stack that could store a microprogram counter up to 4 nest levels, as well as a stack pointer.<ref>{{cite book |title=Computer Architecture and Organization |last=HAYES |first=JOHN P. |isbn=0-07-027363-4 |year=1978 |page=371}}</ref>
-The 2901 and some other chips in the family were [[second source]]d by an unusually large number of other manufacturers, starting with Motorola and then Raytheon{{snd}} both in 1975{{snd}} and also Cypress Semiconductor, National Semiconductor, NEC, Thomson, and Signetics.  In the Soviet Union and later Russia the Am2900 family was manufactured as the 1804 series (with e.g. the Am2901 [[Soviet integrated circuit designation|designated]] as KR1804VS1 / {{lang-ru|[[:ru:К1804|КР1804ВС1]]|italic=yes}})<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.cpu-world.com/CPUs/2901/|title=AMD 2901 bit-slice processor family|work=cpu-world.com|access-date=August 26, 2014}}</ref><ref name=cpuworld>{{cite web
+The 2901 and some other chips in the family were [[second source]]d by an unusually large number of other manufacturers, starting with Motorola and then Raytheon{{snd}} both in 1975{{snd}} and also Cypress Semiconductor, National Semiconductor, NEC, Thomson, and Signetics.  In the Soviet Union and later Russia the Am2900 family was manufactured as the 1804 series (with e.g. the Am2901 [[Soviet integrated circuit designation|designated]] as KR1804VS1 / {{langx|ru|[[:ru:К1804|КР1804ВС1]]|italic=yes}})<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.cpu-world.com/CPUs/2901/|title=AMD 2901 bit-slice processor family|work=cpu-world.com|access-date=August 26, 2014}}</ref><ref name=cpuworld>{{cite web
 | title=Soviet microprocessors, microcontrollers, FPU chips and their western analogs
 | publisher=CPU-world
@@ Line 32: / Line 33: @@
 There are probably many more, but here are some known machines using these parts:
-* The [[Apollo Computer]] Tern family: DN460, DN660 and DSP160.  All used the same system board emulating the [[Motorola 68010]] instruction set.<ref>{{cite web|title=apollo :: brochures :: DN440 460 Brochure 1983|url=https://archive.org/stream/bitsavers_apollobrocre1983_3805802/DN440_460_Brochure_1983_djvu.txt}}</ref>
+* The [[Apollo Computer]] Tern family: DN460, DN660 and DSP160.  All used the same system board emulating the [[Motorola 68010]] instruction set.<ref>{{cite web|title=apollo :: brochures :: DN440 460 Brochure 1983|year=1983 |url=https://archive.org/stream/bitsavers_apollobrocre1983_3805802/DN440_460_Brochure_1983_djvu.txt}}</ref>
 * The [[Itek]] [[Advanced Technology Airborne Computer]] (ATAC) used on the [[Galileo (spacecraft)|Galileo]] Attitude and Articulation Control Computer System and some Navy aircraft had a 16-register, 16-bit word width assembled from 4-bit-wide 2900 series processors. Four special instructions were added to the Galileo version of the ATAC, and later some chips were replaced with [[radiation-hardened]] 2901 chips.<ref>{{cite book|chapter-url=https://history.nasa.gov/computers/Ch6-3.html|chapter=Computers in Spaceflight: The NASA Experience|title=Distributed Computing On Board Voyager and Galileo|publisher=[[NASA]]|access-date=August 26, 2014}}</ref>
-* [[Data General Nova]] 4, which obtained 16-bit word width using four Am2901 ALUs in parallel; one of the boards had 15 Am2901 ALUs on it.<ref>{{cite web |title= Data General NOVA4/X recovered from Bakersfield |date= January 17, 2005 |url= http://www.worldpowersystems.com/NOVA4/pitchas.html |access-date= July 11, 2011 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20110717125549/http://www.wps.com/NOVA4/pitchas.html |archive-date= 17 July 2011 |url-status= dead }}</ref>
+* [[Data General Nova]] 4, which obtained 16-bit word width using four Am2901 ALUs in parallel. The floating point board has 15 Am2901 ALUs on it.<ref>{{cite web |title= Data General NOVA4/X recovered from Bakersfield |date= January 17, 2005 |url= http://www.worldpowersystems.com/NOVA4/pitchas.html |access-date= July 11, 2011 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20110717125549/http://www.wps.com/NOVA4/pitchas.html |archive-date= 17 July 2011 |url-status= dead }}</ref>
-* [[Digital Equipment Corporation]] (DEC) [[PDP-11]] models PDP-11/23, PDP-11/34, and PDP-11/44 floating-point options (FPF11, FP11-A and FP11-F, respectively).<ref>{{cite web |title= Photo of DEC11-34 |work= CPU museum web site |url= http://www.cpu-museum.com/Bilder/DEC11-34_1.jpg |access-date= July 11, 2011 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20110708200812/http://www.cpu-museum.com/Bilder/DEC11-34_1.jpg |archive-date= 2011-07-08 |url-status= dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title= Production PDP-11 Models |author= John Holden |publisher= University of Sydney School of Psychology |url= http://www.psych.usyd.edu.au/pdp-11/models.html |access-date= July 11, 2011 | archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20110725083925/http://www.psych.usyd.edu.au/pdp-11/models.html| archive-date= 25 July 2011 | url-status= live}}</ref>
+* [[Digital Equipment Corporation]] (DEC) [[PDP-11]] models PDP-11/34 FP11-A<ref>{{cite web |title= Photo of DEC11-34 |work= CPU museum web site |url= http://www.cpu-museum.com/Bilder/DEC11-34_1.jpg |access-date= July 11, 2011 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20110708200812/http://www.cpu-museum.com/Bilder/DEC11-34_1.jpg |archive-date= 2011-07-08 |url-status= dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite book|url=http://www.bitsavers.org/pdf/dec/pdp11/1134/EK-FP11A-TM-002.pdf|title=FP11-A Floating-point Processor Technical Manual|page=7{{hyp}}1|publisher=DEC|id=EK-FP11A-TM-002|date=May 1978}}</ref> and PDP-11/44 FP11-F<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bitsavers.org/pdf/dec/pdp11/1144/EK-FP11F-TM-002_Nov79.pdf|title=FP11-F Floating-point Processor Technical Manual|page=5{{hyp}}4|publisher=DEC|id=EK-FP11F-TM-002|date=November 1979}}</ref> floating-point options.<ref>{{cite web |title= Production PDP-11 Models |author= John Holden |publisher= University of Sydney School of Psychology |url= http://www.psych.usyd.edu.au/pdp-11/models.html |access-date= July 11, 2011 | archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20110725083925/http://www.psych.usyd.edu.au/pdp-11/models.html| archive-date= 25 July 2011 | url-status= dead}}</ref>
-* The DEC [[VAX-11#VAX-11/730|VAX 11/730]], which used eight AM2901s for the CPU.<ref>{{cite book|url=http://bitsavers.org/pdf/dec/vax/730/EK-KA730-TD-001_VAX-11_730_CPU_Technical_Description_May82.pdf|title=VAX-11/730 Central Processing Unit Technical Description|page=1-4|date=1982|publisher=[[Digital Equipment Corporation]]|id=EK-KA730-TO-001}}</ref>
+* The DEC [[VAX-11#VAX-11/730|VAX 11/730]], which used eight Am2901s in the CPU.<ref>{{cite book|url=http://bitsavers.org/pdf/dec/vax/730/EK-KA730-TD-001_VAX-11_730_CPU_Technical_Description_198205.pdf|title=VAX-11/730 Central Processing Unit Technical Description|page=1-4|date=1982|publisher=[[Digital Equipment Corporation]]|id=EK-KA730-TO-001}}</ref>
-*[[Hewlett-Packard]] 1000 [[HP 2100#1000 series|A-series]] model A600 used four AM2901 ALUs for its 16-bit processor<ref>{{Cite journal|date=February 1984|title=A New Series of High-Performance Real-Time Computers|url=http://www.hpl.hp.com/hpjournal/pdfs/IssuePDFs/1984-02.pdf|journal=Hewlett-Packard Journal|pages=3–6}}</ref>
+*[[Hewlett-Packard]] 1000 [[HP 2100#1000 series|A-series]] model A600 used four Am2901 ALUs for its 16-bit processor<ref>{{Cite journal|date=February 1984|title=A New Series of High-Performance Real-Time Computers|url=https://www.hpl.hp.com/hpjournal/pdfs/IssuePDFs/1984-02.pdf|journal=Hewlett-Packard Journal|volume=35|issue=2|pages=3–6}}</ref>
 * The Xerox Dandelion, the machine used in the [[Xerox Star]] and Xerox 1108 [[Lisp machine]].<ref>{{cite web |title= Xerox Star |work= Nathan's Toasty Technology page |author= Nathan Lineback |url= http://toastytech.com/guis/star.html |access-date= July 11, 2011 | archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20110718030555/http://toastytech.com/guis/star.html| archive-date= 18 July 2011 | url-status= live}}</ref>
 * Several models of the [[GEC 4000 series]] minicomputers: 4060, 4150, 4160 (four Am2901 each, 16-bit ALU), and 4090 and all 418x and 419x systems (eighteen Am2901 each, 32-bit integer ALU or 8-bit exponent, 64-bit Double Precision floating point ALU).<ref>{{cite web |title= GEC 4000 series processors |author=  Andrew Gabriel |year= 1997 |url= http://www.cucumber.demon.co.uk/geccl/4000series/processors.html |access-date= July 11, 2011 | archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20110719145004/http://www.cucumber.demon.co.uk/geccl/4000series/processors.html| archive-date= 19 July 2011 | url-status= live}}</ref>
@@ Line 44: / Line 45: @@
 * A number of [[MAI Basic Four]] machines.<ref>{{cite web |title= Field Information Bulletin 113 |date= March 28, 1988 |url= http://www.bcptrilogy.com/support/matrix/Fibs/4103.txt |access-date= July 11, 2011 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20110707215643/http://www.bcptrilogy.com/support/matrix/Fibs/4103.txt |archive-date= 2011-07-07 |url-status= dead }}</ref>
 * The [[Tektronix 4052]] graphics system computer.
-* The [[SM-1420]], Soviet clone of PDP-11, used Soviet clone of AM2901<ref>{{Cite book |first1=В.А.|last1=Семененко|first2=Ю.В.|last2=Ступин| script-title=ru:Справочник по электронной вычислительной технике
+* The [[SM-1420]], Soviet clone of PDP-11, used Soviet clone of Am2901 (4 ICs in the CPU and 16 ICs in the FPU) <ref>{{Cite book |first1=В.А.|last1=Семененко|first2=Ю.В.|last2=Ступин| script-title=ru:Справочник по электронной вычислительной технике
- | year = 1993 |page= 124 |language= ru
+ | year = 1993 |page= 124 |publisher=Машиностроение |language= ru
  | isbn = 5-217-02090-3
  }}</ref> perhaps also used in others.<ref>{{cite web |title= Part VII: Advanced Micro Devices Am2901, a few bits at a time |work= Great Microprocessors of the Past and Present |publisher= Russian Supercomputer Software Department |year= 1998 |archive-date= June 16, 2009 |url=  http://www.microprocessor.sscc.ru/great/s1.html#2901 |url-status= dead |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20090616154329/http://www.microprocessor.sscc.ru/great/s1.html#2901 |access-date= July 11, 2011 }}</ref>
 * The [[Lilith (computer)|Lilith]] computer designed at [[ETH Zürich]] by [[Niklaus Wirth]].
-* [[Atari]]'s [[Vector monitor|vector graphics]] arcade machines ''[[Tempest (video game)|Tempest]]'', ''[[Battlezone (1980 video game)|Battlezone]]'', and ''[[Red Baron (1980 video game)|Red Baron]]'' each used 4 Am2901 ICs in their "math box" auxiliary circuit boards.
+* [[Atari, Inc.|Atari]]'s [[Vector monitor|vector graphics]] arcade machines ''[[Battlezone (1980 video game)|Battlezone]]'' and ''[[Red Baron (1980 video game)|Red Baron]]'' both used four Am2901 ICs in their "math box" auxiliary circuit boards. ''[[Tempest (video game)|Tempest]]'' had no "math box."
-* [[Atari]]'s [[raster graphics]] arcade machine ''[[I, Robot (video game)|I, Robot]]'', the first commercial game featuring filled polygons,<ref>{{cite book |title= Encyclopedia of Video Games: M-Z |author= Mark J. P. Wolf |year= 2012 |isbn= 9780313379369 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=deBFx7QAwsQC&q=first+commercial+game+featuring+filled+polygon&pg=PA307}}</ref> included a math processor built around four AMD 2901 chips.<ref>{{cite web |title= I-Robot Tech Page |author= Dan Boris |url= https://atarihq.com/danb/irobot.shtml}}</ref>
+* [[Atari, Inc.|Atari]]'s [[raster graphics]] arcade machine ''[[I, Robot (video game)|I, Robot]]'', the first commercial game featuring filled polygons,<ref>{{cite book |title= Encyclopedia of Video Games: M-Z |author= Mark J. P. Wolf |year= 2012 |publisher= Bloomsbury Academic |isbn= 9780313379369 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=deBFx7QAwsQC&q=first+commercial+game+featuring+filled+polygon&pg=PA307}}</ref> included a math processor built around four Am2901 chips.<ref>{{cite web |title= I-Robot Tech Page |author= Dan Boris |url= https://atarihq.com/danb/irobot.shtml}}</ref>
 * [[Pixar Image Computer]], 4 Channel Processors each with 4 Am2900's
+* [[Eventide, Inc.|Eventide]] H949 Harmonizer; four Am2901 chips (and several microcode PROMs) are used to generate addresses and generate reference voltages for the DAC system{{snd}} audio was not processed in the 2901 ALU section.
-* Simulation Excel (Sim-X), [[Oslo]], Norway: Typographical workstation / typesetter; one of its four processors was a 16-bit microcoded calculation and transformation engine built from four 2901 slices and one 2910 address sequencer. The Sim-X machine used a 16-bit integer multiplier to optimize graphical transformations.<ref>{{cite journal |title=An IEEE Floating Point Arithmetic Implementation |author=Kari Johnson |journal=[[IEEE Symposium on Computer Arithmetic]] |pages=130–135 |year= 1983 |url= http://www.acsel-lab.com/arithmetic/arith6/papers/ARITH6_Johnsen.pdf |doi=10.1109/ARITH.1983.6158083|isbn=0-8186-0034-9 |s2cid=8258925 }}</ref> The machine debuted in 1983 and the company shut down in 1987.
-* Eventide H949 Harmonizer; four Am2901 chips (and several microcode PROMs) are used to generate addresses and generate reference voltages for the DAC system{{snd}} audio was not processed in the 2901 ALU section.
 * Many [[Siemens]] Teleperm and S5 [[Programmable logic controller|PLCs]] used for industrial control were built using the 2900 series.
-* [[3B series computers|AT&T 3B20D]] processor.<ref>{{cite journal |first1=M. W.|last1= Rolund |first2=J. T.|last2=Beckett|first3=D. A.|last3=Harms|title=3B20D Central Processing Unit|journal=The Bell System Technical Journal |date=January 1983 |volume=62 |series=1.1.2 Data manipulation unit|issue=1|page=193|doi= 10.1002/j.1538-7305.1983.tb04390.x |s2cid= 8952660 |url=http://www.alcatel-lucent.com/bstj/vol62-1983/articles/bstj62-1-191.pdf}}</ref>
+* The [[3B series computers|AT&T 3B20D]] used eight Am2901's in its ALU.<ref>{{cite journal |first1=M. W.|last1= Rolund |first2=J. T.|last2=Beckett|first3=D. A.|last3=Harms|title=3B20D Central Processing Unit|journal=The Bell System Technical Journal |date=January 1983 |volume=62 |series=1.1.2 Data manipulation unit|issue=1|page=193|doi= 10.1002/j.1538-7305.1983.tb04390.x |s2cid= 8952660 |url=https://archive.org/details/bstj62-1-167}}</ref>
+* [[Geac Computer Corporation]] 2000, 6000, 8000, and 9000 were all based on 4 x Am2901 chips. The GEAC 9500 was based on the Am29101. The GEAC 2000 was used in pharmacies. The other models were used in library, banking, and insurance automation. The 2000 was a single processor unit. The 6000 and 8000 contained four processors, each dedicated to one of comms, disk, tape, or program processing. The 8000 had local processor memory whereas the 6000 did not. The 9000 and 9500 were AMP systems with up to 8 CPU modules.
-* Metheus / Barco Omega 400 and 500 Series graphics systems; four Am2901 chips (and eight microcode PROMs) were used to perform graphics operations on this 1982 display processor.
+* Later iterations of the [[Ferranti Argus#Argus 600 and 700|Ferranti Argus 700]] e.g. the 700F and 700G, used Am2901 devices, as did as some of the A700 peripheral channel controllers for e.g. hard and floppy disc drives
-* [[Geac Computer Corporation]] 2000, 6000, 8000, and 9000 were all based on 4 x AM2901 chips. The GEAC 9500 was based on the AM29101. The GEAC 2000 was used in pharmacies. The other models were used in library, banking, and insurance automation. The 2000 was a single processor unit. The 6000 and 8000 contained four processors, each dedicated to one of comms, disk, tape, or program processing. The 8000 had local processor memory whereas the 6000 did not. The 9000 and 9500 were AMP systems with up to 8 CPU modules.
-* [[AES Data Systems]] C20 Multiuser Word Processors. AES of Montreal designed a series of modules and systems based on their AES-800 bit-slice processors. 8- 12- and 16-bit buses were part of the design.
-* Later iterations of the [[Ferranti Argus#Argus 600 and 700|Ferranti Argus 700]] e.g. the 700F and 700G, used AM2901 devices, as did as some of the A700 peripheral channel controllers for e.g. hard and floppy disc drives
 * The [[HLH_Orion| High Level Hardware Limited Orion]], a user-microcodable minicomputer running Unix.<ref>{{cite web|title=Orion A High Performance Computer |url=http://hlhco.info/OrionBrochure.pdf}}</ref>
 * The 168/E, developed in the late 1970s at the [[SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory]] to execute a subset of the IBM 360/370 instructions.<ref>{{cite web|title=Microprocessors in Physics Experiments at SLAC |url=https://www.slac.stanford.edu/pubs/slacpubs/2500/slac-pub-2723.pdf}}</ref>
-* Warrex Centurion, an 8-bit minicomputer built by Warrex (later just Centurion), a Texas based company from the late 1970's to the 1980's. The Am2909 and Am2911 microprogram sequencers and the Am2901 ALU were used in the CPU6 variant.
+* [[Warrex Centurion]], an 8-bit minicomputer built by [[Warrex Computer Corporation]] (later just Centurion), a Texas based company from the late 1970s to the 1980s. The Am2909 and Am2911 microprogram sequencers and the Am2901 ALU were used in the CPU6 variant.<ref>{{cite web |title= Welcome to the Centurion Computer wiki! |website= [[GitHub]] |url= https://github.com/Nakazoto/CenturionComputer/wiki |access-date= February 20, 2023 }}</ref>
+* The [[PerkinElmer#Computer Systems Division|PerkinElmer Computer Systems Division]] utilized Am2900 devices in the ALU of their 3200 series supermini computers.
-* Amperif Systems Cache Controllers for Sperry+Univac 1100 & 2200 series and IBM 370 series mainframes used the AMD 2900 products to create the microcontroller for these cache subsystems.
-* The [[PerkinElmer#Computer%20Systems%20Division|PerkinElmer Computer Systems Division]] utilized AM2900 devices in the ALU of their 3200 series supermini computers.
 == Members of the Am2900 family ==
@@ Line 70: / Line 67: @@
 The Am2900 Family Data Book lists:<ref>{{cite web |title= The Am2900 Family Data Book with Related Support Circuits |publisher= Advanced Micro Devices |year= 1979 |work= AM-PUB003 |url= http://bitsavers.org/components/amd/bitslice/1979_AMD_2900family.pdf |access-date= May 6, 2022}}</ref>
-*Am2901 – 4-bit bit-slice [[Arithmetic logic unit|ALU]] (1975)
+*Am2901 – 4-bit bit-slice [[Arithmetic logic unit|ALU]] and [[processor register]] set (1975)
 *Am2902 – [[Carry lookahead adder|Look-Ahead Carry]] Generator
 *Am2903 – 4-bit-slice ALU, with [[hardware multiply]]
@@ Line 79: / Line 76: @@
 *Am2908 – Bus Transceiver with Parity
 *Am2909 – 4-bit-slice address sequencer
-*Am2910 – 12-bit address sequencer
+*Am2910 – Microprogram Controller
 *Am2911 – 4-bit-slice address sequencer
 *Am2912 – Bus Transceiver
@@ Line 123: / Line 120: @@
 == References ==
 {{reflist}}
+==Further reading==
+* {{cite book |last1=Mick |first1=John |author-link1= |last2=Brick |first2=James |author-link2= |date=1980 |title=Bit-Slice Microprocessor Design |url=https://bitsavers.org/components/amd/bitslice/Mick_Bit-Slice_Microprocessor_Design_1980.pdf |location= |publisher=McGraw-Hill |page= |isbn=0-07-041781-4 }}
+* {{cite interview |last=Downing |first=J. Philip |subject-link= |last2=Ghest |first2=R.C. |subject-link2= |last3=Holbrook |first3=Anthony B. |subject-link3= |last4=McConnell |first4=Robert |subject-link4= |last5=Mick |first5=John R. |subject-link5= |last6=Simonsen |first6=Sven |last7=Springer |first7=John |subject-link7= |interviewer=David Laws |title=AMD 2900 Microprocessor Family Oral History Panel |work=[[Computer History Museum]] |date=11 February 2009 |publisher= |location=Mountain View, California |page= |pages= |url=https://archive.computerhistory.org/resources/text/Oral_History/AMD_2900/102658341.05.01.pdf |access-date=}}
 == External links ==
@@ Line 132: / Line 133: @@
 * [https://web.archive.org/web/20030412055513/http://www10.dacafe.com/book/parse_book.php?article=BITSLICE%2FbitslcP.html Bit-Slice Design: Controllers and ALUs]{{snd}} an introduction to the Am2900 family
 * [http://research.microsoft.com/users/gbell/Computer_Structures_Principles_and_Examples/csp0184.htm Bit-Sliced Microprocessor of the Am2900 Family: The Am2901/2909]
-* [http://bitsavers.org/components/amd/bitslice/Mick_Bit-Slice_Microprocessor_Design_1980.pdf "Bit-Slice Microprocessor Design"], by John Mick and Jim Brick, Bitsavers' PDF document archive
 {{AMD processors}}

Latest revision as of 22:45, 11 December 2024

Computers made with Am2900-family chips

Members of the Am2900 family

See also

References

Further reading

External links