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Coordinates: 40°35′N 26°53′E / 40.583°N 26.883°E / 40.583; 26.883
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{{Short description|Ancient city in Turkey}}
[[Image:Odrysian.svg|thumb|Thrace and the Thracian Odrysian Kingdom under [[Sitalces]] c. 431-324 BC.]]
{{Other uses|Lysimachia (disambiguation)}}
⚫
'''Lysimachia''' ({{lang-el|Λυσιμάχεια}}) was an important [[Hellenistic Greece|Hellenistic Greek]] town on the north-western extremity of the [[Thracian Chersonese]] (the modern [[Gallipoli]] peninsula) in the neck where the peninsula joins the mainland in what is now the [[Turkish Thrace|European part of]] [[Turkey]], not far from the bay of Melas (the modern [[Gulf of Saros]]).
{{Infobox ancient site
| name = Lysimachia
| native_name = {{langx|grc|Λυσιμάχεια}}
| map_type = Turkey Marmara
| relief = yes
⚫
| coordinates = {{coord|40|35|N|26|53|E|display=it}}
| location = [[Kavakköy]], [[Gelibolu]], [[Çanakkale Province|Çanakkale]], [[Gulf of Saros]], [[Turkey]]
| region = [[Thrace]]
| type = Settlement
| builder = [[Lysimachus]]
| built = 309 BC
}}

⚫
'''Lysimachia''' ({{langx|el|Λυσιμάχεια}}) was an important [[Hellenistic Greece|Hellenistic Greek]] town on the north-western extremity of the [[Thracian Chersonese]] (the modern [[Gallipoli]] peninsula) in the neck where the peninsula joins the mainland in what is now the [[Turkish Thrace|European part of]] [[Turkey]], not far from the bay of Melas (the modern [[Gulf of Saros]]). It is located near the modern village of [[Bolayır]], not at Hexamili as previously thought.<ref>{{cite book | last1 =Krauss| first1 =Johannes|date=1980|title=Die Inschriften von Sestos und der thrakischen Chersones|publisher=Rudolf Habelt|ISBN=3-7749-1750-7 | page=91}}</ref>


== History ==
== History ==
The city was built by [[Lysimachus]] in 309 BCE, when he was preparing for the last struggle with his [[Diadochi|rivals]]; for the new city, being situated on the isthmus, commanded the road from [[Sestos]] to the north and the mainland of [[Thrace]]. In order to obtain inhabitants for his new city, Lysimachus destroyed the neighbouring town of [[Cardia (Thrace)|Cardia]], the birthplace of the historian [[Hieronymus of Cardia|Hieronymus]],<ref>[[Strabo]], ''Geography'', [http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/cgi-bin/ptext?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.01.0239&query=section%3D%23194&chunk=section ii. 5], [http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/cgi-bin/ptext?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.01.0239&query=page%3D%23539&chunk=section vii. 52], [http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/cgi-bin/ptext?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.01.0239&query=7%3Afragments%3A54&chunk=section 54]; [[Pausanias (geographer)|Pausanias]], ''Description of Greece'', [http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/cgi-bin/ptext?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.01.0160&query=1%3A9%3A10&chunk=section i. 9]; [[Diodorus Siculus]], ''Bibliotheca'', xx. 29; [[Polybius]], ''Histories'', [http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/cgi-bin/ptext?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.01.0234&layout=&loc=5.34 v. 34]; [[Pliny the Elder|Pliny]], ''Natural History'', [http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/cgi-bin/ptext?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.02.0137&layout=&loc=4.18 iv. 18].</ref> and settled the inhabitants of it and other Chersonesean cities here.<ref>John Freely (1998). ''Turkey around the Marmara.'' SEV Matbaalıcık ve Yayıncılık, A.Ş. İstanbul. p.104.</ref> Lysimachus no doubt made Lysimachia the capital of his kingdom, and it must have rapidly risen to great splendour and prosperity.
The city was built by [[Lysimachus]] in 309&nbsp;BC, when he was preparing for war with his [[Diadochi|rivals]]; for the new city, being situated on the isthmus, commanded the road from [[Sestos]] to the north and the mainland of [[Thrace]]. In order to obtain inhabitants for his new city, Lysimachus destroyed the neighbouring town of [[Cardia (Thrace)|Cardia]], the birthplace of the historian [[Hieronymus of Cardia|Hieronymus]],<ref>[[Strabo]], ''Geography'', [https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/cgi-bin/ptext?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.01.0239&query=section%3D%23194&chunk=section 2.5.40], [https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/cgi-bin/ptext?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.01.0239&query=page%3D%23539&chunk=section 7.52], [https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/cgi-bin/ptext?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.01.0239&query=7%3Afragments%3A54&chunk=section 7.54]; [[Pausanias (geographer)|Pausanias]], ''Description of Greece'', [https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/cgi-bin/ptext?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.01.0160&query=1%3A9%3A10&chunk=section 1.9.8]; [[Diodorus Siculus]], ''Bibliotheca'', 20.29.1; [[Polybius]], ''Histories'', [https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/cgi-bin/ptext?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.01.0234&layout=&loc=5.34 5.34]; [[Pliny the Elder|Pliny]], ''Natural History'', 4.11.48 [https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/cgi-bin/ptext?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.02.0137&layout=&loc=4.11.48].</ref> and settled the inhabitants of it and other Chersonesean cities here.<ref>John Freely (1998). ''Turkey around the Marmara.'' SEV Matbaalıcık ve Yayıncılık, A.Ş. İstanbul. p.104.</ref> Lysimachus no doubt made Lysimachia the capital of his kingdom, and it must have rapidly risen to great splendour and prosperity.


After his death the city fell under [[Seleucid Empire|Seleucid]] dominion, and during the wars between [[Seleucus II Callinicus|Seleucus Callinicus]] and [[Ptolemy III of Egypt|Ptolemy Euergetes]] it passed from the hands of the Seleucids into those of the Ptolemies. Whether these latter set the town free, or whether it emancipated itself, is uncertain; at any rate it entered into the relation of [[sympolity]] with the [[Aetolian League]]. In 287 BC, the city was severely damaged by an earthquake, as reported by the Roman historian Justin (17.1.1-3). In 277 BCE near Lysimachia the [[Macedon]]ian king [[Antigonus II Gonatas]] [[Battle of Lysimachia|defeated the Gauls]]. As the Aetolians were not able to afford the town the necessary protection, it was destroyed again in 197 BCE by the [[Thracians]] during the [[Second Macedonian War|war]] of the [[Roman Republic|Romans]] against [[Philip V of Macedon|Philip of Macedonia]]. [[Antiochus III the Great|Antiochus the Great]] restored the place, collected the scattered and enslaved inhabitants, and attracted colonists from all parts by generous promises.<ref>[[Livy]], ''History of Rome'', [http://etext.lib.virginia.edu/etcbin/toccer-new2?id=Liv5His.sgm&images=images/modeng&data=/texts/english/modeng/parsed&tag=public&part=38&division=div2 xxxiii. 38], [http://etext.lib.virginia.edu/etcbin/toccer-new2?id=Liv5His.sgm&images=images/modeng&data=/texts/english/modeng/parsed&tag=public&part=40&division=div2 40]; [[Appian]], ''The Foreign Wars'', "The Syrian Wars", [http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/cgi-bin/ptext?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.01.0230&query=text%3DSyr.&chunk=section 1].</ref> This restoration, however, appears to have been unsuccessful, and under the dominion of [[Roman Empire|Rome]] it decayed more and more.
After his death the city fell under [[Seleucid Empire|Seleucid]] dominion, and during the wars between [[Seleucus II Callinicus|Seleucus Callinicus]] and [[Ptolemy III of Egypt|Ptolemy Euergetes]] it passed from the hands of the Seleucids into those of the Ptolemies. Whether these latter set the town free, or whether it emancipated itself, is uncertain; at any rate it entered into the relation of [[sympolity]] with the [[Aetolian League]]. In 287&nbsp;BC, the city was severely damaged by an earthquake, as reported by the Roman historian Justin (17.1.1–3). In 277&nbsp;BC, near Lysimachia the [[Macedon]]ian king [[Antigonus II Gonatas]] [[Battle of Lysimachia|defeated the Gauls]]. As the Aetolians were not able to afford the town the necessary protection, it was destroyed again in 197&nbsp;BC by the [[Thracians]] during the [[Second Macedonian War|war]] of the [[Roman Republic|Romans]] against [[Philip V of Macedon]]. The Seleucid king [[Antiochus III the Great|Antiochus the Great]] restored the place, collected the scattered and enslaved inhabitants, and attracted colonists from all parts by generous promises.<ref>[[Livy]], ''History of Rome'', [http://etext.lib.virginia.edu/etcbin/toccer-new2?id=Liv5His.sgm&images=images/modeng&data=/texts/english/modeng/parsed&tag=public&part=38&division=div2 xxxiii. 38], [http://etext.lib.virginia.edu/etcbin/toccer-new2?id=Liv5His.sgm&images=images/modeng&data=/texts/english/modeng/parsed&tag=public&part=40&division=div2 40]; [[Appian]], ''The Foreign Wars'', "The Syrian Wars", [https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/cgi-bin/ptext?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.01.0230&query=text%3DSyr.&chunk=section 1].</ref> This restoration, however, appears to have been unsuccessful, and under the dominion of [[Roman Empire|Rome]] it decayed more and more.


The last time the place is mentioned under its ancient name, is in a passage of [[Ammianus Marcellinus]].<ref>Ammianus Marcellinus, ''Histoire de Rome'', [http://agoraclass.fltr.ucl.ac.be/concordances/Ammien_histXXII/lecture/8.htm xxii. 8].</ref> The [[emperor]] [[Justinian I|Justinian]] (527&ndash;565) restored it and surrounded it with strong fortifications,<ref>[[Procopius]], ''De aedificiis'', [http://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Procopius/Buildings/4C*.html iv. 10].</ref> and after that time it is spoken of only under the name of Hexamilion.<ref>[[Symeon Metaphrastes]], ''Chronicon''.</ref> The place now occupying the site of Lysimachia, [[Eksemil]], derives its name from the Justinianian fortress, though the ruins of the ancient city are more numerous in the neighbouring village of [[Ortaköy, Çanakkale|Ortaköy]].
The last time the place is mentioned under its ancient name, is in a passage of [[Ammianus Marcellinus]].<ref>Ammianus Marcellinus, ''Histoire de Rome'', [http://agoraclass.fltr.ucl.ac.be/concordances/Ammien_histXXII/lecture/8.htm xxii. 8].</ref> The [[emperor]] [[Justinian I|Justinian]] (527&ndash;565) restored it and surrounded it with strong fortifications,<ref>[[Procopius]], ''De aedificiis'', [https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Procopius/Buildings/4C*.html iv. 10].</ref> and after that time it is spoken of only under the name of Hexamilion.<ref>[[Symeon Metaphrastes]], ''Chronicon''.</ref> The place now occupying the site of Lysimachia, [[Eksemil]], derives its name from the Justinianian fortress, though the ruins of the ancient city are more numerous in the neighbouring village of [[Ortaköy, Çanakkale|Ortaköy]].


==References==
==References==
⚫
{{SmithDGRG|title=Lysimachia}}
*[[William Smith (lexicographer)|William Smith]] (editor). [http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/cgi-bin/ptext?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0064&layout=&loc=lysimachia "Lysimachia"], ''[http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/cgi-bin/ptext?doc=Perseus:text:1999.04.0064 Dictionary of Greek and Roman Geography]'', [[London]] (1854).


==Notes==
==Notes==
{{Reflist}}
{{Reflist}}


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{{SmithDGRG}}

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{{coord|40|35|N|26|53|E|display=title}}
{{Former settlements in Turkey}}
{{Former settlements in Turkey}}
{{Authority control}}


[[Category:309 BC]]
[[Category:309 BC]]
[[Category:Populated places established in the 4th century BC]]
[[Category:Populated places established in the 4th century BC]]
[[Category:Archaeological sites in the Marmara Region]]
[[Category:Archaeological sites in the Marmara region]]
[[Category:Ancient Greek archaeological sites in Turkey]]
[[Category:Ancient Greek archaeological sites in Turkey]]
[[Category:Lysimachian colonies]]
[[Category:Lysimachian colonies]]
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[[Category:Tourist attractions in Çanakkale Province]]
[[Category:Tourist attractions in Çanakkale Province]]
[[Category:300s BC establishments]]
[[Category:300s BC establishments]]
[[Category:Gallipoli Peninsula]]
[[Category:Greek colonies in the Thracian Chersonese]]
[[Category:Buildings of Justinian I]]
[[Category:Populated places in ancient Thrace]]

Latest revision as of 22:27, 12 December 2024

For other uses, see Lysimachia (disambiguation).
Lysimachia
Ancient Greek: Λυσιμάχεια
Lysimachia (Thrace) is located in Marmara
Lysimachia (Thrace)
Shown within Marmara
LocationKavakköy, Gelibolu, Çanakkale, Gulf of Saros, Turkey
RegionThrace
Coordinates40°35′N 26°53′E / 40.583°N 26.883°E / 40.583; 26.883
TypeSettlement
History
BuilderLysimachus
Founded309 BC

Lysimachia (Greek: Λυσιμάχεια) was an important Hellenistic Greek town on the north-western extremity of the Thracian Chersonese (the modern Gallipoli peninsula) in the neck where the peninsula joins the mainland in what is now the European part of Turkey, not far from the bay of Melas (the modern Gulf of Saros). It is located near the modern village of Bolayır, not at Hexamili as previously thought.[1]

History

[edit]

The city was built by Lysimachus in 309 BC, when he was preparing for war with his rivals; for the new city, being situated on the isthmus, commanded the road from Sestos to the north and the mainland of Thrace. In order to obtain inhabitants for his new city, Lysimachus destroyed the neighbouring town of Cardia, the birthplace of the historian Hieronymus,[2] and settled the inhabitants of it and other Chersonesean cities here.[3] Lysimachus no doubt made Lysimachia the capital of his kingdom, and it must have rapidly risen to great splendour and prosperity.

After his death the city fell under Seleucid dominion, and during the wars between Seleucus Callinicus and Ptolemy Euergetes it passed from the hands of the Seleucids into those of the Ptolemies. Whether these latter set the town free, or whether it emancipated itself, is uncertain; at any rate it entered into the relation of sympolity with the Aetolian League. In 287 BC, the city was severely damaged by an earthquake, as reported by the Roman historian Justin (17.1.1–3). In 277 BC, near Lysimachia the Macedonian king Antigonus II Gonatas defeated the Gauls. As the Aetolians were not able to afford the town the necessary protection, it was destroyed again in 197 BC by the Thracians during the war of the Romans against Philip V of Macedon. The Seleucid king Antiochus the Great restored the place, collected the scattered and enslaved inhabitants, and attracted colonists from all parts by generous promises.[4] This restoration, however, appears to have been unsuccessful, and under the dominion of Rome it decayed more and more.

The last time the place is mentioned under its ancient name, is in a passage of Ammianus Marcellinus.[5] The emperor Justinian (527–565) restored it and surrounded it with strong fortifications,[6] and after that time it is spoken of only under the name of Hexamilion.[7] The place now occupying the site of Lysimachia, Eksemil, derives its name from the Justinianian fortress, though the ruins of the ancient city are more numerous in the neighbouring village of Ortaköy.

References

[edit]

 This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Smith, William, ed. (1854–1857). "Lysimachia". Dictionary of Greek and Roman Geography. London: John Murray.

Notes

[edit]
  1. ^ Krauss, Johannes (1980). Die Inschriften von Sestos und der thrakischen Chersones. Rudolf Habelt. p. 91. ISBN 3-7749-1750-7.
  2. ^ Strabo, Geography, 2.5.40, 7.52, 7.54; Pausanias, Description of Greece, 1.9.8; Diodorus Siculus, Bibliotheca, 20.29.1; Polybius, Histories, 5.34; Pliny, Natural History, 4.11.48 [1].
  3. ^ John Freely (1998). Turkey around the Marmara. SEV Matbaalıcık ve Yayıncılık, A.Ş. İstanbul. p.104.
  4. ^ Livy, History of Rome, xxxiii. 38, 40; Appian, The Foreign Wars, "The Syrian Wars", 1.
  5. ^ Ammianus Marcellinus, Histoire de Rome, xxii. 8.
  6. ^ Procopius, De aedificiis, iv. 10.
  7. ^ Symeon Metaphrastes, Chronicon.
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