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{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2018}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2018}}{{Infobox historic site
{{Infobox historic site
| name = Lal Kot
| name = Lal Kot
| image = Outer Wall of Lal kot and Rai Pithora.jpg
| image = Outer Wall of Lal kot and Rai Pithora.jpg
| caption = Lal Kot - The fort built by [[Anangpal Tomar]]
| caption = Lal Kot - The fort built by [[Anangpal Tomar]]
| location = [[Mehrauli]], [[Delhi]], India
| location = [[Mehrauli]], [[Delhi]], India
| original_use = Fortress of [[Tomara dynasty]]
| original_use = Fortress of Tomars
| built = c. 1052 – c.1060 CE
| built = c. 1052 – c.1060 CE
| architect = [[Anangpal Tomar]]
| architect = [[Anangpal Tomar]]
| architecture =
| architecture =
| coordinates = {{coord|28.52|77.18|
| coordinates = {{coord|28.52|77.18|
display=inline,title}}
display=inline,title}}
Line 16: Line 15:
}}
}}


'''Lal Kot''' ([[Literal translation|lit.]] "Red Fort") or '''Qila Rai Pithora''' ([[Literal translation|lit.]] "Rai Pithora's Fort") is a fortified complex in present-day Delhi, which includes the [[Qutb Minar complex]]. It was constructed in the reign of Tomar king [[Anangpal Tomar]] between c. 1052 - c.1060 CE. It is termed as the "First city of [[Delhi]]". Remains of the fort walls are scattered across South Delhi, visible in present Saket, Mehrauli around Qutb complex, Sanjay Van, Kishangarh and Vasant Kunj areas.<ref>{{Cite web|title=:: Eight Cities of Delhi ::|url=http://www.delhitourism.gov.in/delhitourism/aboutus/quila_rai_pithora.jsp|access-date=2021-01-23|website=www.delhitourism.gov.in}}</ref>
'''Lal Kot''' or '''Qila Rai Pithora''' ([[Literal translation|lit.]] "Rai Pithora's Fort") is a fortified complex in present-day Delhi, which includes the [[Qutb Minar complex]]. It was constructed in the reign of Rajput Tomar ruler [[Anangpal Tomar]] between c. 1052 - c.1060 CE.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-03-12 |title=Tomars of Delhi: Rajput Clans of India |url=https://www.geeksforgeeks.org/tomars-of-delhi/#:~:text=From%20the%208th-10th%20century,736%20CE%20by%20Anangpal%20I. |access-date=2024-09-03 |website=GeeksforGeeks |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Mondini |first=Umberto |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GQR_DwAAQBAJ&dq=tomar+rajput&pg=PA22 |title=The Cult of Pābūjī (page-22) " The Tomar Rajput settled in Delhi and in 1024 CE they built Qila Lal Kot, here they erected the famous iron pillar imported from Vishnupada in Kurukshetra, thus attempting to merge their culture with that of their predecessors." |date=2018-12-12 |publisher=Cambridge Scholars Publishing |isbn=978-1-5275-2320-3 |language=en}}</ref> It is termed as the "First city of [[Delhi]]". Remains of the fort walls are scattered across [[South Delhi district|South Delhi]], visible in present [[Saket (Delhi)|Saket]], [[Mehrauli]] around Qutb complex, [[Sanjay Van]], Kishangarh and [[Vasant Kunj]] areas.<ref>{{Cite web|title=:: Eight Cities of Delhi ::|url=http://www.delhitourism.gov.in/delhitourism/aboutus/quila_rai_pithora.jsp|access-date=2021-01-23|website=www.delhitourism.gov.in}}</ref>


== Association with Anangpal Tomar II - Lal Kot ==
== Association with Anangpal Tomar II – Lal Kot ==


[[file:Round Bations of Rai Pithora.jpg |right|thumb| Round bastions of Lal Kot]]
[[file:Round Bations of Rai Pithora.jpg |right|thumb| Round bastions of Lal Kot]]


The Lal Kot (as the Qila Rai Pithora was originally called) is believed to be constructed in the reign of Tomar king [[Anangpal_Tomar|Anangpal II]]. He brought [[Iron pillar of Delhi|the iron pillar]] from [[Saunkh]] location ([[Mathura]]) and got it fixed in Delhi in the year 1052 as evident from the inscriptions on it. By assuming the iron pillar as center, numerous palaces and temples were built and finally the fort Lal Kot was built around them. The construction of the Lal Kot finished in the year 1060. The circumference of the fort was more than 2 miles and the walls of the fort were 60 feet long and 30 feet thick.<ref>{{Cite book|last=|first=|title=Tomars of Delhi by Harihar Niwas Dwivedi|publisher=Vidyamandir Publications|year=1983|isbn=|location=Gwalior|pages=238-239}}</ref>
The Lal Kot (as the Qila Rai Pithora was originally called) is believed to be constructed in the reign of [[Tomar (Rajput clan)|Tomar]] king [[Anangpal_Tomar|Anangpal I]]. He brought [[Iron pillar of Delhi|the iron pillar]] from [[Saunkh]] location ([[Mathura]]) and got it fixed in Delhi in the year 1052 as evident from the inscriptions on it. By assuming the iron pillar as center, numerous palaces and temples were built and finally the fort Lal Kot was built around them. The construction of the Lal Kot finished in the year 1060. The circumference of the fort was more than 2 miles and the walls of the fort were 60 feet high and 30 feet thick.{{sfn|Harihar Niwas Dwivedi|1983|pages=238–239}}


“Anangpal II was instrumental in populating [[Indraprastha]] and giving it its present name, Delhi. The region was in ruins when he ascended the throne in the 11th century, it was he who built Lal Kot fort (Qila Rai Pithora) and [[Baolis_of_Mehrauli#Anangtal_Baoli|Anangtal Baoli]]. The Tomar rule over the region is attested by multiple inscriptions and coins, and their ancestry can be traced to the [[Pandavas]] (of the [[Mahabharata]])" said BR Mani, former joint director-general of the [[Archaeological Survey of India]] (ASI).<ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-03-22|title=Explained: The legacy of Tomar king Anangpal II and his connection with Delhi|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/explained/tomar-king-anangpal-ii-legacy-delhi-7237182/|access-date=2021-04-11|website=The Indian Express|language=en}}</ref>
“Anangpal II was instrumental in populating [[Indraprastha]] and giving it its present name, Delhi. The region was in ruins when he ascended the throne in the 11th century, it was he who built Lal Kot fort (Qila Rai Pithora) and [[Baolis_of_Mehrauli#Anangtal_Baoli|Anangtal Baoli]]. The Tomar rule over the region is attested by multiple inscriptions and coins, and their ancestry can be traced to the [[Pandavas]] (of the [[Mahabharata]])" said BR Mani, former joint director-general of the [[Archaeological Survey of India]] (ASI).<ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-03-22|title=Explained: The legacy of Tomar king Anangpal II and his connection with Delhi|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/explained/tomar-king-anangpal-ii-legacy-delhi-7237182/|access-date=2021-04-11|website=The Indian Express|language=en}}</ref>
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Lal Kot was Delhi’s original ‘red fort’. What we call Red Fort or Lal Qila today was originally called Qila-e-Mubarak built by [[Mughal Emperor]] Shah Jahan.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2018-01-22|title=The cities of Delhi: From the legend of Indraprastha to Qila Rai Pithora|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/delhi-news/the-cities-of-delhi-from-the-legend-of-indraprastha-to-qila-rai-pithora/story-B9mKCh192j5aVEcBUzJnYI.html|access-date=2021-01-24|website=Hindustan Times|language=en}}</ref>
Lal Kot was Delhi’s original ‘red fort’. What we call Red Fort or Lal Qila today was originally called Qila-e-Mubarak built by [[Mughal Emperor]] Shah Jahan.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2018-01-22|title=The cities of Delhi: From the legend of Indraprastha to Qila Rai Pithora|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/delhi-news/the-cities-of-delhi-from-the-legend-of-indraprastha-to-qila-rai-pithora/story-B9mKCh192j5aVEcBUzJnYI.html|access-date=2021-01-24|website=Hindustan Times|language=en}}</ref>


A short inscription on the [[Qutb Minar]] reads "Pirathi Nirapa", which some writers read as vernacular for "King Prithvi". Some coins, called "Dehliwalas" in the early sources of the [[Delhi Sultanate]], were issued by a series of kings which include the [[Tomara dynasty|Tomara rulers]] and a king called "Prithipala".<ref>{{Cite book|last=|first=|title=Cynthia Talbot (2015). The Last Hindu Emperor: Prithviraj Cauhan and the Indian Past, 1200–2000.|publisher=Cambridge University Press|year=|isbn=9781107118560|location=|pages=}}</ref> This King Prithvi or Prithipala is believed to be the 3rd last Tomar king of Delhi - Prithvipal Tomar. Due to his name being similar to the famous King Prithviraj Chauhan of that time, he has been completely overlapped in the history.<ref>{{Cite book|last=|first=|title=Tomars of Delhi by Harihar Niwas Dwivedi|publisher=Vidyamandir Publications|year=1983|isbn=|location=Gwalior|pages=264}}</ref>
A short inscription on the [[Qutb Minar]] reads "Pirathi Nirapa", which some writers read as vernacular for "King Prithvi". Some coins, called "Dehliwalas" in the early sources of the [[Delhi Sultanate]], were issued by a series of kings which include the Tomara rulers and a king called "Prithipala".<ref>{{Cite book|last=Talbot |first=Cynthia |date=2015 |title=The Last Hindu Emperor: Prithviraj Cauhan and the Indian Past, 1200–2000 |publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=9781107118560}}</ref> This King Prithvi or Prithipala is believed to be the 3rd last Tomar king of Delhi - Prithvipal Tomar. Due to his name being similar to the famous King Prithviraj Chauhan of that time, he has been completely overlapped in the history.<ref>{{Cite book |title=Tomars of Delhi |author=Harihar Niwas Dwivedi |publisher=Vidyamandir Publications |year=1983|isbn=|location=Gwalior |url=https://44books.com/gwalior-ke-tomar-shri-hari-har-nivas-dwivedi.html}}</ref>


[[Hasan Nizami]], a Persian author who wrote Tajul-Ma'asir, the first official history of the Delhi Sultanate praised the Lal Kot as follows -
[[Hasan Nizami]], a Persian author who wrote Tajul-Ma'asir, the first official history of the Delhi Sultanate praised the Lal Kot as follows -
"After settling the case of Ajmer, the conqueror ([[Muhammad of Ghor|Shahabuddin Ghori]]) came to Delhi, which was among the major cities of Hindus. When he came to Delhi, he saw a fortress (Lal Kot) which was so marvellous that there was no other fort of height and firmness equal to it in the whole world."<ref>{{Cite book|last=|first=|title=Tomars of Delhi by Harihar Niwas Dwivedi|publisher=Vidyamandir Publications|year=1983|isbn=|location=Gwalior|pages=295-296}}</ref>
"After settling the case of [[Ajmer]], the conqueror ([[Muhammad of Ghor|Shahabuddin Ghori]]) came to Delhi, which was among the major cities of Hindus. When he came to Delhi, he saw a fortress (Lal Kot) which was so marvellous that there was no other fort of height and firmness equal to it in the whole world.{{sfn|Harihar Niwas Dwivedi|1983||pages=295–296}}


== Association with Prithviraj Chauhan - Qila Rai Pithora ==
== Association ==


[[File:Qila Rai Pithora, New Delhi.jpg|left|thumb|Statue of [[Prithviraj Chauhan]] at the site.]]
[[File:Qila Rai Pithora, New Delhi.jpg|left|thumb]]


⚫
== Other theories ==
The term "Qila Rai Pithora" (Persian for "fort of king Prithviraj") was first used by the 16th-century Mughal court historian Abu'l-Fazl in his Ain-i-Akbari. The term is used to denote a fortified complex (including the Qutb Minar complex), where the early rulers of the Delhi Sultanate based themselves.<ref>{{Cite book|last=|first=|title=Cynthia Talbot (2015). The Last Hindu Emperor: Prithviraj Cauhan and the Indian Past, 1200–2000.|publisher=Cambridge University Press|year=|isbn=9781107118560|location=|pages=95}}</ref>


⚫
[[file:Gateway of Rai Pithora 's Fort.JPG |thumb| Gateway]]
The texts contemporary or near-contemporary to Prithviraj place him in Ajmer: these texts include Sanskrit-language works such as ''Prithviraja Vijaya'' and ''Kharatara-gachchha-pattavali'', as well as the Persian-language chronicles such as ''Taj al-Masir'' and ''Tabaqat-i Nasiri''.{{sfn|Cynthia Talbot|2015|p=73}} Later texts such as ''[[Prithviraj Raso]]'' and ''Ain-i-Akbari'' associate him with Delhi in order to present him as an important political figure, because when these texts were written, Delhi had become an important political centre, while Ajmer's political importance had declined.{{sfn|Cynthia Talbot|2015|pp=70-71}}


⚫
[[Alexander Cunningham]]'s classified the site into older ("Lal Kot") and newer ("Qila Rai Pithora") parts attributed to the Tomaras and the Chahamanas respectively, but later archaeological excavations have cast doubt on this classification.{{sfn|Talbot|2015|p=96}}
Although there is no doubt that some of the structures at the site were built before the [[Delhi Sultanate]] period, there is no evidence connecting the site to Prithviraj or any other [[Chahamanas of Shakambhari|Chahamana ruler]]. There are no existing records of Prithviraj being crowned in Delhi or even visiting Delhi.{{sfn|Cynthia Talbot|2015|p=96}} As late as in the early 21st century, modern scholars have used the term "Qila Rai Pithora" to denote Delhi's old citadel while referring to the older Persian-language chronicles, although these chronicles themselves do not use the term, instead calling the site simply "Dehli".{{sfn|Cynthia Talbot|2015|p=95}}


⚫
Carr Stephen (1876) considered "Lal Kot" only a palace, and used the name "Qila Rai Pithora" to describe the pre-Sultanate fortification at the site. B. R. Mani (1997) referred to the site as "Lal Kot", using the term "Qila Rai Pithora" to describe a fortification wall ''possibly'' built by the Chahamanas.{{sfn|Talbot|2015|p=96}}
Prithviraj's uncle [[Vigraharaja IV]] appears to have brought Delhi under Chahamana suzerainty, and Prithviraj may have been an overlord of the contemporary ruler of Delhi. However, there is no concrete evidence that Prithviraj himself lived in Delhi or even visited that city.{{sfn|Cynthia Talbot|2015|p=90}} A short inscription on the [[Qutb Minar]] reads ''Pirathi Nirapa'', which some writers read as vernacular for "King Prithvi", but this inscription is undated and its reading is uncertain, thus rendering it flimsy evidence.{{sfn|Cynthia Talbot|2015|pp=96-97}} Some coins, called "Dehliwalas" in the early sources of the Dehli Sultanate, were issued by a series of kings which include the Tomara rulers and a king called "Prithipala". Even if "Prithipala" is assumed to be a name of Prithviraj (although some scholars believe him to be a distinct Tomara king), it is possible that Prithviraja's coins were called "Delhiwalas" not because they were minted in Delhi, but because they were used in Delhi after the city became a major Ghurid garrison.{{sfn|Cynthia Talbot|2015|p=97}}


⚫
Catherine B. Asher (2000) describes Qila Rai Pithora as Lal Kot enlarged with rubble walls and ramparts. She theorizes that Qila Rai Pithora served as a city, while Lal Kot remained the citadel. Qila Rai Pithora, which was twice as large as the older citadel, had more massive and higher walls, and the combined fort extended to six and a half km.<ref>{{cite book |first=Catherine B. |last=Asher |chapter=Delhi Walled: Changing Boundaries: The Urban Enceinte in Global Perspective |editor=James D. Tracy |title=City Walls: The Urban Enceinte in Global Perspective |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=S7dUv-1Ql2oC&pg=PA253 |year=2000 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-0-521-65221-6 |page=252}}</ref>
⚫
== Other Theories ==


⚫
Asher states that after the Ghurid conquest of the Chahamana kingdom in 1192 CE, the Ghurid governor [[Qutb al-Din Aibak]] occupied Qila Rai Pithora, and renamed it to "Dilhi" (modern Delhi), reviving the site's older name.{{sfn|Asher|2000|p=253}} However, Cynthia Talbot (2015) notes that the term "Qila Rai Pithora" first appears in the 16th-century text ''[[Ain-i-Akbari]]'', and the older texts use the term "Dehli" to describe the site.{{sfn|Talbot|2015|p=95}} Aibak and his successors did not extend or change the fort structure.{{sfn|Asher|2000|p=253}}
⚫
[[file:Gateway of Rai Pithora 's Fort.JPG |thumb| Gateway]]


⚫
==See also==
⚫
[[Alexander Cunningham]]'s classified the site into older ("Lal Kot") and newer ("Qila Rai Pithora") parts attributed to the Tomaras and the Chahamanas respectively, but later archaeological excavations have cast doubt on this classification.{{sfn|Cynthia Talbot|2015|p=96}}


* Capital forts/palaces in Delhi, oldest first
⚫
Carr Stephen (1876) considered "Lal Kot" only a palace, and used the name "Qila Rai Pithora" to describe the pre-Sultanate fortification at the site. B. R. Mani (1997) referred to the site as "Lal Kot", using the term "Qila Rai Pithora" to describe a fortification wall ''possibly'' built by the Chahamanas.{{sfn|Cynthia Talbot|2015|p=96}}
** [[Purana Qila]], earliest Hindu rulers
*** [[Purana Qila#Indraprastha|Indraprastha]], earlier than 1000 BCE
*** [[Ashokan Edicts in Delhi|Edicts & additions by Ashoka the Great]] (r. 268 to 232 BCE) of Maurya Empire


** [[Anangpur]], by Anangpal I of Tomara dynasty (r. 736-1152 CE)
⚫
Catherine B. Asher (2000) describes Qila Rai Pithora as Lal Kot enlarged with rubble walls and ramparts. She theorizes that Qila Rai Pithora served as a city, while Lal Kot remained the citadel. Qila Rai Pithora, which was twice as large as the older citadel, had more massive and higher walls, and the combined fort extended to six and a half km.{{sfn|Catherine B. Asher|2000|p=252}}


⚫
** Qila Rai Pithora
⚫
Asher states that after the Ghurid conquest of the Chahamana kingdom in 1192 CE, the Ghurid governor [[Qutb al-Din Aibak]] occupied Qila Rai Pithora, and renamed it to "Dilhi" (modern Delhi), reviving the site's older name.{{sfn|Catherine B. Asher|2000|p=253}} However, Cynthia Talbot (2015) notes that the term "Qila Rai Pithora" first appears in the 16th-century text ''[[Ain-i-Akbari]]'', and the older texts use the term "Dehli" to describe the site.{{sfn|Cynthia Talbot|2015|p=95}} Aibak and his successors did not extend or change the fort structure.{{sfn|Catherine B. Asher|2000|p=253}}
*** Lal Kot, by Tomara dynasty (1152-1177 CE) as capital
*** Qila Rai Pithora, the Lal Kot expended by Chahamanas (also called Rai Pithora, r. 1177–92 CE) of Chauhan dynasty


** [[Siri Fort]], by Alauddin Khalji (r. 1296–1316), second ruler of Khalji Dynasty
⚫
==See also==

⚫
* [[Anangpal Tomar|Anangpal Tomar II]]
** [[Tughlaqabad Fort]], by Ghiyassudin Tughluq (r. 1320-25 CE) of Tughluq dynasty
* [[Prithviraj Chauhan]]

⚫
*[[History of Delhi]]
** [[Feroz Shah Kotla]], by Feroz Shah Tughluq (r. 1351-88 CE) of Tughluq dynasty

** [[Salimgarh Fort]], in 1546 CE by Salim Shah Suri (r. 1545-54 CE), son of Sher Shah Suri

** [[Red fort]], built in 1639-48 CE by Mughal emperor Shah Jahan when he moved his capital from Agra to Delhi

** [[Rashtrapati Bhavan]], built in 1912-29 by colonial British raj

⚫
* [[History of Delhi]]
** [[Anangpur#Paleo|Paleolithic sites in & around Tughlaqabad Fort]]
** [[Baolis of Mehrauli#Stepwells|Stepwells of Delhi]]

* Kings who had this fort as their capital
⚫
** [[Anangpal Tomar|Anangpal Tomar II]]
***

* Nearby
** [[Sanjay Van]]


== References ==
== References ==
{{Reflist}}
{{Reflist}}

===Bibliography===
⚫
{{commons category|Qila Rai Pithora}}
{{ref begin}}
* {{cite book |author=Catherine B. Asher |chapter=Delhi Walled: Changing Boundaries: The Urban Enceinte in Global Perspective |editor=James D. Tracy |title=City Walls: The Urban Enceinte in Global Perspective |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=S7dUv-1Ql2oC&pg=PA253 |year=2000 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-0-521-65221-6 }}
* {{cite book |author=Cynthia Talbot |title=The Last Hindu Emperor: Prithviraj Cauhan and the Indian Past, 1200–2000 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=m3DjCgAAQBAJ |publisher=Cambridge University Press |year=2015 |isbn=9781107118560 }}
{{ref end}}


{{Forts in India}}
{{Forts in India}}

Latest revision as of 16:31, 15 December 2024

Lal Kot
Lal Kot - The fort built by Anangpal Tomar
LocationMehrauli, Delhi, India
Coordinates28°31′N 77°11′E / 28.52°N 77.18°E / 28.52; 77.18
Builtc. 1052 – c.1060 CE
Original useFortress of Tomars
ArchitectAnangpal Tomar
Qila Rai Pithora is located in Delhi
Qila Rai Pithora
Location in Delhi, India, Asia
Qila Rai Pithora is located in India
Qila Rai Pithora
Qila Rai Pithora (India)

Lal Kot or Qila Rai Pithora (lit. "Rai Pithora's Fort") is a fortified complex in present-day Delhi, which includes the Qutb Minar complex. It was constructed in the reign of Rajput Tomar ruler Anangpal Tomar between c. 1052 - c.1060 CE.[1][2] It is termed as the "First city of Delhi". Remains of the fort walls are scattered across South Delhi, visible in present Saket, Mehrauli around Qutb complex, Sanjay Van, Kishangarh and Vasant Kunj areas.[3]

Association with Anangpal Tomar II – Lal Kot

[edit]
Round bastions of Lal Kot

The Lal Kot (as the Qila Rai Pithora was originally called) is believed to be constructed in the reign of Tomar king Anangpal I. He brought the iron pillar from Saunkh location (Mathura) and got it fixed in Delhi in the year 1052 as evident from the inscriptions on it. By assuming the iron pillar as center, numerous palaces and temples were built and finally the fort Lal Kot was built around them. The construction of the Lal Kot finished in the year 1060. The circumference of the fort was more than 2 miles and the walls of the fort were 60 feet high and 30 feet thick.[4]

“Anangpal II was instrumental in populating Indraprastha and giving it its present name, Delhi. The region was in ruins when he ascended the throne in the 11th century, it was he who built Lal Kot fort (Qila Rai Pithora) and Anangtal Baoli. The Tomar rule over the region is attested by multiple inscriptions and coins, and their ancestry can be traced to the Pandavas (of the Mahabharata)" said BR Mani, former joint director-general of the Archaeological Survey of India (ASI).[5]

Wall of Lal Kot

Lal Kot was Delhi’s original ‘red fort’. What we call Red Fort or Lal Qila today was originally called Qila-e-Mubarak built by Mughal Emperor Shah Jahan.[6]

A short inscription on the Qutb Minar reads "Pirathi Nirapa", which some writers read as vernacular for "King Prithvi". Some coins, called "Dehliwalas" in the early sources of the Delhi Sultanate, were issued by a series of kings which include the Tomara rulers and a king called "Prithipala".[7] This King Prithvi or Prithipala is believed to be the 3rd last Tomar king of Delhi - Prithvipal Tomar. Due to his name being similar to the famous King Prithviraj Chauhan of that time, he has been completely overlapped in the history.[8]

Hasan Nizami, a Persian author who wrote Tajul-Ma'asir, the first official history of the Delhi Sultanate praised the Lal Kot as follows - "After settling the case of Ajmer, the conqueror (Shahabuddin Ghori) came to Delhi, which was among the major cities of Hindus. When he came to Delhi, he saw a fortress (Lal Kot) which was so marvellous that there was no other fort of height and firmness equal to it in the whole world.[9]

Association

[edit]

Other theories

[edit]
Gateway

Alexander Cunningham's classified the site into older ("Lal Kot") and newer ("Qila Rai Pithora") parts attributed to the Tomaras and the Chahamanas respectively, but later archaeological excavations have cast doubt on this classification.[10]

Carr Stephen (1876) considered "Lal Kot" only a palace, and used the name "Qila Rai Pithora" to describe the pre-Sultanate fortification at the site. B. R. Mani (1997) referred to the site as "Lal Kot", using the term "Qila Rai Pithora" to describe a fortification wall possibly built by the Chahamanas.[10]

Catherine B. Asher (2000) describes Qila Rai Pithora as Lal Kot enlarged with rubble walls and ramparts. She theorizes that Qila Rai Pithora served as a city, while Lal Kot remained the citadel. Qila Rai Pithora, which was twice as large as the older citadel, had more massive and higher walls, and the combined fort extended to six and a half km.[11]

Asher states that after the Ghurid conquest of the Chahamana kingdom in 1192 CE, the Ghurid governor Qutb al-Din Aibak occupied Qila Rai Pithora, and renamed it to "Dilhi" (modern Delhi), reviving the site's older name.[12] However, Cynthia Talbot (2015) notes that the term "Qila Rai Pithora" first appears in the 16th-century text Ain-i-Akbari, and the older texts use the term "Dehli" to describe the site.[13] Aibak and his successors did not extend or change the fort structure.[12]

See also

[edit]
    • Anangpur, by Anangpal I of Tomara dynasty (r. 736-1152 CE)
    • Qila Rai Pithora
      • Lal Kot, by Tomara dynasty (1152-1177 CE) as capital
      • Qila Rai Pithora, the Lal Kot expended by Chahamanas (also called Rai Pithora, r. 1177–92 CE) of Chauhan dynasty
    • Siri Fort, by Alauddin Khalji (r. 1296–1316), second ruler of Khalji Dynasty
    • Salimgarh Fort, in 1546 CE by Salim Shah Suri (r. 1545-54 CE), son of Sher Shah Suri
    • Red fort, built in 1639-48 CE by Mughal emperor Shah Jahan when he moved his capital from Agra to Delhi

References

[edit]
  1. ^ "Tomars of Delhi: Rajput Clans of India". GeeksforGeeks. 12 March 2024. Retrieved 3 September 2024.
  2. ^ Mondini, Umberto (12 December 2018). The Cult of Pābūjī (page-22) " The Tomar Rajput settled in Delhi and in 1024 CE they built Qila Lal Kot, here they erected the famous iron pillar imported from Vishnupada in Kurukshetra, thus attempting to merge their culture with that of their predecessors.". Cambridge Scholars Publishing. ISBN 978-1-5275-2320-3.
  3. ^ ":: Eight Cities of Delhi ::". www.delhitourism.gov.in. Retrieved 23 January 2021.
  4. ^ Harihar Niwas Dwivedi 1983, pp. 238–239.
  5. ^ "Explained: The legacy of Tomar king Anangpal II and his connection with Delhi". The Indian Express. 22 March 2021. Retrieved 11 April 2021.
  6. ^ "The cities of Delhi: From the legend of Indraprastha to Qila Rai Pithora". Hindustan Times. 22 January 2018. Retrieved 24 January 2021.
  7. ^ Talbot, Cynthia (2015). The Last Hindu Emperor: Prithviraj Cauhan and the Indian Past, 1200–2000. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 9781107118560.
  8. ^ Harihar Niwas Dwivedi (1983). Tomars of Delhi. Gwalior: Vidyamandir Publications.
  9. ^ Harihar Niwas Dwivedi 1983, pp. 295–296.
  10. ^ a b Talbot 2015, p. 96.
  11. ^ Asher, Catherine B. (2000). "Delhi Walled: Changing Boundaries: The Urban Enceinte in Global Perspective". In James D. Tracy (ed.). City Walls: The Urban Enceinte in Global Perspective. Cambridge University Press. p. 252. ISBN 978-0-521-65221-6.
  12. ^ a b Asher 2000, p. 253.
  13. ^ Talbot 2015, p. 95.
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