Lothair III, Holy Roman Emperor: Difference between revisions

Lothair III
Lothair III
Emperor of the Romans
	Portrait of Lothair in the Codex Eberhardi, Fulda monastery 1150/1160
Holy Roman Emperor
Reign	1133–1137
Coronation	4 June 1133, Rome
Predecessor	Henry V
Successor	Frederick I
King of Germany and Italy
Reign	1125–1137
Coronation	13 September 1125, Aachen; (Germany)
Predecessor	Henry V
Successor	Conrad III
Born	before 9 June 1075; Lutterloh, Duchy of Saxony
Died	4 December 1137 (aged 62); Breitenwang, Tyrol,; Duchy of Bavaria
Burial	Königslutter
Spouse	Richenza of Northeim (m. 1107)
Issue	Gertrude, Duchess of Bavaria
House	Supplinburg
Father	Gebhard of Supplinburg
Mother	Hedwig of Formbach

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Lothair III, sometimes numbered Lothair II^[a] and also known as Lothair of Supplinburg (1075 – 4 December 1137), was Holy Roman Emperor from 1133 until his death. He was appointed Duke of Saxony in 1106 and elected King of Germany in 1125 before being crowned emperor in Rome. The son of the Saxon count Gebhard of Supplinburg, his reign was troubled by the constant intriguing of the Hohenstaufens, Duke Frederick II of Swabia and Duke Conrad of Franconia. He died while returning from a successful campaign against the Norman Kingdom of Sicily.

Rise to power

In 1013, a certain Saxon nobleman named Liutger was mentioned as a count in or of the Harzgau subdivision of Eastphalia. His grandson Count Gebhard, father of Emperor Lothair, possibly acquired the castle of Süpplingenburg about 1060 via his marriage with Hedwig, a daughter of the Bavarian count Frederick of Formbach and his wife Gertrud, herself a descendant of the Saxon margrave Dietrich of Haldensleben who secondly married the Billung duke Ordulf of Saxony upon Count Frederick's death.^[4]^[5]^[6]

Little is known of Lothair's youth. His name first appears in the contemporary records in 1088. His father Gebhard of Supplinburg joined the Saxon rebellion against the ruling Salian dynasty and died on 9 June 1075 in the Battle of Langensalza, fighting troops loyal to emperor Henry IV. Shortly after Gebhard's death Lothair was born at Unterlüß.^[7] In 1107 he married Richenza, daughter of Count Henry of Northeim and Gertrude of Brunswick, heiress of the Brunonids.^[8]^[9]

Lothair's land purchases, inheritance and marriage alliances among the Saxon nobles, resulted in the acquisition of the domains of the House of Billung and the Counts of Northeim. The marriage with Richenza of the Brunonids in particular, made him the wealthiest nobleman among his fellow Saxons. He supported future emperor Henry V during his 1104 rebellion against his father Henry IV, and the ensuing disempowerment campaign, that culminated in the abdication of the emperor on December 31, 1105, and his son's coronation a few days later. For his loyalty Lothair was rewarded with the fief of title and estate of the Duchy of Saxony upon the death of duke Magnus of Billung, who had died without an heir in 1106.^[10] Emboldened by the promotion and incensed over the king's increasingly autocratic rule, such as the wanton imposition of a new tax on ducal lords, Duke Lothair joined the growing opposition party to Henry. He acted autonomously by vesting Count Adolf of Schauenburg with the newly established County of Holstein in 1111. Lothair was temporarily deposed in 1112, when Henry transferred the ducal title to Otto of Ballenstedt. He was soon reinstated when count Otto fell into disgrace and he tactically submitted himself to Henry V. In 1115 however, he took command of the rebellious Saxon forces and defeated the emperor in the Battle of Welfesholz. Henry completely lost control over the administration and the revenue of Saxony.^[11] When in 1123 Henry V vested Count Wiprecht of Groitzsch with the Margraviate of Meissen, Lothair enforced the appointment of Conrad of Wettin and ceded the March of Lusatia to Count Albert the Bear.^[10]^[5]^[12]

Reign

Upon Emperor Henry V's death in 1125, Archchancellor Adalbert summoned the royal electoral assembly in Mainz. On August 24 the electors declined the candidacy of the primary contender Duke Frederick of Hohenstaufen, who destroyed his chances due to his appalling overconfidence (ambicone cecatus) and his refusal to accept free princely elections (libera electio). Adalbert of Mainz considered Lothair to be a suitable candidate.^[13] Although the most powerful territorial prince in Saxony, he was of advanced age (slightly over fifty years of age) and had no male heir, not the ideal prerequisites for a long dynastic line of kings. He was elected King of Germany and asserted himself against Leopold III of Austria and Charles the Good.^[14] His election was notable in that it marked a departure from the concept of hereditary succession as the electors preferred a sovereign with moderate powers after the Salian era of oppressio.^[15] Somewhat naive concerning the complex power struggle between the papacy and the empire, Lothair also consented to several symbolic acts that were subsequently interpreted by the Roman Curia as signaling acceptance of papal confirmation of his position.^[14]^[16]

Duke Vladislaus I of Bohemia died in 1125. The succession was disputed among his surviving brother Soběslav I and his Moravian cousin Otto the Black, who was supported by Vladislaus' widow Richeza of Berg. In late 1125 Lothair joined Otto's side, who had advanced large sums of money.^[17]

A military campaign against Soběslav was launched and in February 1126 Lothair's force entered Bohemian territory and was promptly defeated at the Battle of Chlumec. Soběslav captured high-ranking nobles, like Albert the Bear and Louis I of Thuringia. However, Soběslav immediately went to meet Lothair at his camp and formally requested and received the fief of Bohemia. Peace was restored, prisoners set free and although the winner of the battle had submitted himself to the losing side, he secured full legitimacy and lasting prestige.^[18]^[19]

Dispute with the Staufers

Having both Saxon and Bavarian ancestry, the Supplinburg dynasty was a political opponent of the Salian dynasty and the House of Hohenstaufen. Disputes arose with Duke Frederick II when he refused to hand over property to Lothair, which the king considered to be royal property, the Staufer on the other hand argued, that it belonged to the Salian heritage. The contentious assets had long been administered together with other Salian domestic estates, their origin was hard to determine and difficult to separate. Lothair advocated the principle that all of the assets in question had now become imperial properties due to the extinction of the Salian dynasty. The first armed engagements between Lothair and the Staufer took place as early as 1125 and increased in the years that followed. Lothair, with the approval obtained at a meeting of the princes in Regensburg, attempted to seize the crown lands, which provoked a Staufer reaction. Lothair then isolated Frederick II as he placed him under Imperial ban and withdrew the Franconian ducal fief from Conrad.^[20]

After Lothair's 1127 campaign against the Staufers had collapsed at the gates of Nuremberg, the Swabians and the Franconians declared Frederick's younger brother Conrad anti-king Conrad III. Looking for support of his kingship, in 1128 Conrad went to Italy, where he was crowned King of Italy by Anselm V, Archbishop of Milan.^[14]^[20] Lothair took advantage of Conrad's absence and weak position and resumed his attacks on the Staufers and in 1129 conquered the Staufer cities Nuremberg and Speyer. Conrad, on the other hand failed to acquire the desired assistance in Italy, and having made no political progress, returned in 1130, which assured at least a partial victory for Lothair.^[20]^[21]

Lastly Lothair, in order to prevent the loss of Burgundy to a power hostile to the empire, appointed his loyal ally Conrad I, Duke of Zähringen as Rector of the Principatus Burgundiaey.^[22]

Domestic policies in the Northeast

Emperor Lothar's policies and actions in the northern and eastern estates of the kingdom would have the longest-lasting impacts. As a Saxon by birth, he was certainly more focused on that region than previous and future monarchs. He already pursued active territorial policies before his royal tenure as early as 1111, when he installed count Adolf of Schauenburg in Holstein and Stormarn. In an act of royal consolidation policy Lothair established the Landgraviate of Thuringia, that encompassed the remaining and predominantly non-contiguous estates of the ill-fated former Merovingian Duchy of Thuringia. The brutal conquest of the old Thuringii kingdom under king Chlothar I had left the area devastated. Subsequently the Franks desired to rule the acquisition, which proved to be only partly successful, as a long process of depopulation and recurring population replacement by Franconians, Bavarians and Christianized Slavs followed. The 1129 appointment of Herman of Winzenburg to the comital office was a failure, as he allegedly was deposed a year later on charges of breach of the peace. The sources, however provide conflicting dates.^[23] The 1131 investiture of Louis marked the beginning of smooth Ludowingian rule for more than a century.^[24]

In 1134 Lothar appointed the Ascanian Albert the Bear as Margrave of Brandenburg and in 1136 Conrad the Great of Wettin, already margrave of Meissen, for the office of the Margraviate of Lusatia, thereby uniting the two marches. In addition, he petitioned the pope to grant more executive rights for the Archbishoprics of Bremen and Magdeburg. King Eric II of Denmark was made an imperial prince of the emperor in 1135, and member of the Reichstag. Lothair's diplomatic missions to the warring parties of Poland and Bohemia/Hungary were successful and resulted in overdue tribute payment by the Polish Duke Bolesław III Wrymouth for the 1121 established Duchy of Pomerania, which in addition to the island of Rügen was eventually secured as a fief of the Empire.^[25]

Relations with the Papacy

Seal of Lothair III

...and sketch graphic

The 1130 papal election had resulted in another schism. A minority of the cardinals elected Innocent II before a majority of the cardinals appointed Anacletus II in a tumultuous process. Both popes claimed to have been legally elected and in a first collision Anacletus prevailed. Innocent had to leave Rome and fled to France. Nonetheless, Anacletus could only secure the support of Roger II of Sicily, Innocent was, with the help of Bernard of Clairvaux, able to secure the support of King Louis VI of France and King Henry I of England.^[26]

Both popes offered Lothair the imperial crown. The king was occupied with the Staufer resistance and once again it was Bernard of Clairvaux who convinced the sovereign to favor pope Innocent II.^[27] In March 1131 these three met in Liège, where Lothair performed the ceremonial strator service (stirrup holder) for the pope and promised help in the conflict against Anacletus and Roger II of Sicily.^[28] His request for investiture restoration was rejected, but all rights and privileges as laid out in the Concordat of Worms were confirmed.^[14]^{[failed verification]} Innocent II crowned Lothair King of the Romans again on 29 March 1131.^[29]

Lothair was accompanied by a modest troop contingent as most men were garrisoned in Germany to counter Staufer aggression. He carefully avoided hostilities but attempted to besiege Milan, which, however, failed.^[30] Eventually he arrived in Rome. As Anacletus controlled St. Peter, Lothair's imperial coronation took place in the Lateran Basilica on 4 June 1133.^[27] Emperor Lothair continued to avoid explicit resistance against papal impediments on his royal office. He ignored Innocent's bull, in which he advocated imperial authority derived from him and Lothair recognized papal claims to the vast Matildine estates in Northern Italy (formerly owned by Margravine Matilda of Tuscany), although he was able to secure the territorial fiefs.^[27]^[17]

Campaign against Sicily

In the northern empire Lothair finally succeeded and defeated the Staufers in 1135 thanks to the help of Henry the Proud, who had been the Duke of Bavaria since the death of his father, Henry the Black.^[31] At the Reichstag in Bamberg in 1135 the brothers were pardoned and restored to their office and estates. Anti-king Conrad renounced his royal title,^[32] The Staufers promised to take part in the Emperor's second Italian campaign, before a ten-year constitutio pacis was declared.^[17] Lothair, now uncontested ruler, set out in 1136 with a sizeable army. In 1136 the campaign against Roger began at the insistence of Innocent II and Byzantine Emperor John II Comnenus.^[33] Two columns, one led by Lothair, the other by his son-in-law Henry the Proud arrived in Italy.^[31] On the river Tronto, Count William of Loritello did homage to Lothair and opened the gates of Termoli to him. Advancing deep into the southern part of the peninsula, the two armies met at Bari, and continued further south in 1137. Roger offered to give Apulia as a fief of the Empire to one of his sons and give another son as a hostage, terms which Lothair refused after being pressured by Innocent II.^[17]^[34]

The imperial troops, however, were adamant against campaigning during the hot summer and revolted. The emperor, who had hoped for the complete conquest of Sicily, instead captured Capua and Apulia from Roger and bestowed them on Roger's enemies.^[35] Innocent, however, protested, claiming that Apulia fell under papal reign. Emperor and Pope eventually jointly bequeathed the duchy to Rainulf of Alife.^[35] Lothair resided in Salerno from August to October 1137 and had copper coins (follari) minted in his name.^[36]

Death

Sarcophagus of Lothair III, his wife Richenza, and their son-in-law Henry in the monastery church (Kaiserdom) in Königslutter

On the return trip, he gave his son-in-law Henry of Bavaria the Margraviate of Tuscany and the Duchy of Saxony. He also gave him the imperial insignia, which depending on the point of view was interpreted as designation for the new king or not. On December 3, 1137, Lothair died on the return journey at Breitenwang. His body was boiled to prevent putrefaction,^[37] and his bones were transferred to the Collegiate Church of Saints Peter and Paul at Königslutter, which he had chosen as his burial site and for which he had laid the cornerstone in 1135.^[38] A month later, pope Anaclet II's death also ended the papal schism. When his grave was opened in 1620, a sword and an imperial orb were found among other things. With the imperial cathedral Lothar has created an outstanding architectural monument. His reign was more than just an episode between Salians and Staufer and considered an era of self-confident rule over the empire, even if his political vision of the establishment of a Welf kingdom on March 7, 1138, in Koblenz was destroyed by the “coup d'état” of the Staufers.^[17]

Issue

The Süpplingenburg dynasty was only short-lived. By his wife, Richenza of Northeim, Lothair had only one surviving child, a daughter Gertrude, born 18 April 1115. To secure Welf support for his election as king, Lothair married Gertrude to Henry X, Duke of Bavaria, on 29 May 1127.^[39] Their only son was Henry the Lion.^[39]

After Lothair's death in 1137, the Hohenstaufen Conrad was elected King as Conrad III. Henry the Proud, Lothair’s son-in-law and heir, refused to acknowledge the new king. In response, Conrad III deprived him of all his territories.

Notes

^ He was the second emperor named Lothair, but is numbered "Lothair III" by those who count as his predecessor Lothair II of Lotharingia, most of whose kingdom became a part of Germany.^[1] Other sources number him "Lothair III" because he was the third Lothair to rule Italy after King Lothair II of Italy^[2] (both "Lothair II" are numbered after Emperor Lothair I). Lothair occasionally called himself "the third" in his diplomas (Lotharius tertius), and was the first German ruler to abandon any distinction in numbering between his rule as king and his rule as emperor, a practice continued by his successor.^[3]

References

^ Detwiler, Donald S. Germany: A Short History (1999), p. 263
^ Lodovico Antonio Muratori (1788), Tavole cronologiche de'consoli ordinarj, papi, imperadori, re de' Romani, re d'Italia, prefetti di Roma, dogi di Venezia, e di Genova, de' quali si fa menzione negl' Annali d'Italia dal principio dell' era volgare sino all' anno MDCCL, Rome, 78–81.
^ John B. Freed (2016), Frederick Barbarossa: The Prince and the Myth, Yale University Press, p. 56; see, e.g., this diploma of 20 November 1125.
^ Heinz Hüner (2009). Kaiser Lothar III. p. 13. BoD – Books on Demand. ISBN 978-3-8370-3874-3.
^ ^a ^b Wilhelm Bernhardi (1879). Lothar von Supplinburg. Leipzig 1879. Duncker & Humblot. pp. 14–.
^ Wolfram Ziegler (2008). König Konrad III. (1138-1152): Hof, Urkunden und Politik. Böhlau Verlag Wien. pp. 717–. ISBN 978-3-205-77647-5.
^ Pavlac, pg. 470
^ Fuhrmann 1995, p. 99.
^ Philipp Jaffé (1843). Geschichte des Deutschen Reiches unter Lothar dem Sachsen: Eine ... gekrönte Preisschrift. Veit. pp. 4–.
^ ^a ^b Holger Macht (3 November 2004). Lothars III. Kampf mit den Staufern. diplom.de. ISBN 978-3-8324-8385-2.
^ Comyn, pg. 181
^ Martina Halm. "Studien zum Hof Heinrichs V." (PDF). Uni Bonn. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2022-10-09. Retrieved February 3, 2020.
^ Comyn, pg. 189
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d Bryce, pg. xxxix
^ Bryce, pg. 238
^ Jürgen Dendorfer (January 2005). "Fidi milites? Die Staufer und Kaiser Heinrich V." Academia. Retrieved February 10, 2020.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e Johannes Bühler (2012). Die Hohenstaufen. BoD – Books on Demand. pp. 41–. ISBN 978-3-8460-0849-2.
^ Joanna Sobiesiak. "The battle of Chlumec and its political implications for the relations between Lothair III and prince Sobieslav I". Retrieved February 12, 2020.
^ Zbigniew Dalewski (2008). Ritual and Politics: Writing the History of a Dynastic Conflict in Medieval Poland. BRILL. pp. 72–. ISBN 978-90-04-16657-8.
^ ^a ^b ^c Comyn, pg. 191
^ Handbuch der bayerischen Geschichte Bd. III,1: Geschichte Frankens bis zum Ausgang des 18. Jahrhunderts. C.H.Beck. 14 February 2017. pp. 178–. ISBN 978-3-406-70452-9.
^ Werner Meyer. "ODas grosse Burgenbuch der Schweiz". NLA. Retrieved February 17, 2020.
^ Thomas Herntrich (2010). Thüringen: von den thüringischen Kleinstaaten nach Zerfall des Alten Reiches bis zum Freistaat Thüringen : eine völkerrechtliche und verfassungsrechtliche Betrachtung. Peter Lang. pp. 17–. ISBN 978-3-631-61024-4.
^ Jonathan R. Lyon (15 January 2013). Princely Brothers and Sisters: The Sibling Bond in German Politics, 1100–1250. Cornell University Press. pp. 25–. ISBN 978-0-8014-6784-4.
^ Bernd Wurlitzer; Kerstin Sucher (2010). Mecklenburg-Vorpommern: mit Rügen und Hiddensee, Usedom, Rostock und Stralsund. Trescher Verlag. pp. 39–. ISBN 978-3-89794-163-2.
^ Hubert Jedin; John Patrick Dolan (1980). History of the Church: From the High Middle Ages to the eve of the Reformation. Burns & Oates. pp. 11–. ISBN 978-0-86012-086-5.
^ ^a ^b ^c Comyn, pg. 192
^ Bryce, pg. 166
^ Mann, Horace (1914). Lives of the Popes in the Middle Ages, Vol. IX: 1130-1159, pg. 23
^ Sismondi, J. C. L., History of the Italian Republics in the Middle Ages, pg. 51
^ ^a ^b Comyn, pg. 193
^ Charles Frederick Partington, The British Cyclopædia of Biography (1837), pg. 974
^ Christopher Kleinhenz (2 August 2004). Medieval Italy: An Encyclopedia. Routledge. pp. 167–. ISBN 978-1-135-94880-1.
^ Hubert Houben (4 April 2002). Roger II of Sicily: A Ruler Between East and West. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-65573-6.
^ ^a ^b Comyn, pg. 194
^ Philip Grierson, Mark A. S. Blackburn and Lucia Travaini, Medieval European Coinage. Vol. 14: Italy (III) (South Italy, Sicily, Sardinia) (Cambridge University Press, 1998), pp. 125–26. There are two types of coins, as the traditional date for "renovating" the coinage (29 September, Michaelmas) fell during the occupation.
^ J. L. Bada, B. Herrmann, I. L. Payan and E. H. Man (1989), "Amino acid racemization in bone and the boiling of the German Emperor Lothar I", Applied Geochemistry 4: 325–27.
^ Bryce, pg. xl
^ ^a ^b Comyn, pg. 190

Sources

Hampe, Karl (1973). Germany under the Salian and Hohenstaufen Emperors. ISBN 0631141804.
Bryce, James (1913). The Holy Roman Empire. London: MacMillan.
Fuhrmann, Horst (1995). Germany in the High Middle Ages: C.1050-1200. Translated by Reuter, Timothy. Cambridge University Press.
Comyn, Robert (1851). History of the Western Empire from its Restoration by Charlemagne to the Accession of Charles V. Vol. 1.
Pavlac, Brian A. (2001). "Lothar III (1075–1137)". In Jeep, John M. (ed.). Medieval Germany. Routledge. pp. 470–71.

External links

King Lothar's seal in high quality resolution taken from the collections of the Lichtbildarchiv älterer Originalurkunden

Regnal titles
Lothair III, Holy Roman Emperor House of Supplinburg Born: 9 June 1075 Died: 4 December 1137
Preceded by Henry V	King of Germany, Arles and Italy 1125–1137	Succeeded by Conrad III
Preceded by Henry V	Holy Roman Emperor 1133–1137	Succeeded by Frederick I
Preceded by Magnus	— DISPUTED — Duke of Saxony 1106–1137 Disputed by Otto	Succeeded by Henry II

[4] He was the second emperor named Lothair, but is numbered "Lothair III" by those who count as his predecessor Lothair II of Lotharingia, most of whose kingdom became a part of Germany.^[1] Other sources number him "Lothair III" because he was the third Lothair to rule Italy after King Lothair II of Italy^[2] (both "Lothair II" are numbered after Emperor Lothair I). Lothair occasionally called himself "the third" in his diplomas (Lotharius tertius), and was the first German ruler to abandon any distinction in numbering between his rule as king and his rule as emperor, a practice continued by his successor.^[3]

[1] Detwiler, Donald S. Germany: A Short History (1999), p. 263

[Muratori-2] Lodovico Antonio Muratori (1788), Tavole cronologiche de'consoli ordinarj, papi, imperadori, re de' Romani, re d'Italia, prefetti di Roma, dogi di Venezia, e di Genova, de' quali si fa menzione negl' Annali d'Italia dal principio dell' era volgare sino all' anno MDCCL, Rome, 78–81.

[3] John B. Freed (2016), Frederick Barbarossa: The Prince and the Myth, Yale University Press, p. 56; see, e.g., this diploma of 20 November 1125.

[Hüner2009-5] Heinz Hüner (2009). Kaiser Lothar III. p. 13. BoD – Books on Demand. ISBN 978-3-8370-3874-3.

[Bernhardi1879-6] Wilhelm Bernhardi (1879). Lothar von Supplinburg. Leipzig 1879. Duncker & Humblot. pp. 14–.

[Ziegler2008-7] Wolfram Ziegler (2008). König Konrad III. (1138-1152): Hof, Urkunden und Politik. Böhlau Verlag Wien. pp. 717–. ISBN 978-3-205-77647-5.

[8] Pavlac, pg. 470

[FOOTNOTEFuhrmann199599-9] Fuhrmann 1995, p. 99.

[Jaffé1843-10] Philipp Jaffé (1843). Geschichte des Deutschen Reiches unter Lothar dem Sachsen: Eine ... gekrönte Preisschrift. Veit. pp. 4–.

[Macht2004-11] Holger Macht (3 November 2004). Lothars III. Kampf mit den Staufern. diplom.de. ISBN 978-3-8324-8385-2.

[12] Comyn, pg. 181

[mart-13] Martina Halm. "Studien zum Hof Heinrichs V." (PDF). Uni Bonn. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2022-10-09. Retrieved February 3, 2020.

[14] Comyn, pg. 189

[Brycepg-15] Bryce, pg. xxxix

[16] Bryce, pg. 238

[fidi-17] Jürgen Dendorfer (January 2005). "Fidi milites? Die Staufer und Kaiser Heinrich V." Academia. Retrieved February 10, 2020.

[Bühler2012-18] Johannes Bühler (2012). Die Hohenstaufen. BoD – Books on Demand. pp. 41–. ISBN 978-3-8460-0849-2.

[19] Joanna Sobiesiak. "The battle of Chlumec and its political implications for the relations between Lothair III and prince Sobieslav I". Retrieved February 12, 2020.

[Dalewski2008-20] Zbigniew Dalewski (2008). Ritual and Politics: Writing the History of a Dynastic Conflict in Medieval Poland. BRILL. pp. 72–. ISBN 978-90-04-16657-8.

[Comynpg-21] Comyn, pg. 191

[22] Handbuch der bayerischen Geschichte Bd. III,1: Geschichte Frankens bis zum Ausgang des 18. Jahrhunderts. C.H.Beck. 14 February 2017. pp. 178–. ISBN 978-3-406-70452-9.

[ordn-23] Werner Meyer. "ODas grosse Burgenbuch der Schweiz". NLA. Retrieved February 17, 2020.

[Herntrich2010-24] Thomas Herntrich (2010). Thüringen: von den thüringischen Kleinstaaten nach Zerfall des Alten Reiches bis zum Freistaat Thüringen : eine völkerrechtliche und verfassungsrechtliche Betrachtung. Peter Lang. pp. 17–. ISBN 978-3-631-61024-4.

[Lyon2013-25] Jonathan R. Lyon (15 January 2013). Princely Brothers and Sisters: The Sibling Bond in German Politics, 1100–1250. Cornell University Press. pp. 25–. ISBN 978-0-8014-6784-4.

[WurlitzerSucher2010-26] Bernd Wurlitzer; Kerstin Sucher (2010). Mecklenburg-Vorpommern: mit Rügen und Hiddensee, Usedom, Rostock und Stralsund. Trescher Verlag. pp. 39–. ISBN 978-3-89794-163-2.

[JedinDolan1980-27] Hubert Jedin; John Patrick Dolan (1980). History of the Church: From the High Middle Ages to the eve of the Reformation. Burns & Oates. pp. 11–. ISBN 978-0-86012-086-5.

[Comynpg_a-28] Comyn, pg. 192

[29] Bryce, pg. 166

[30] Mann, Horace (1914). Lives of the Popes in the Middle Ages, Vol. IX: 1130-1159, pg. 23

[31] Sismondi, J. C. L., History of the Italian Republics in the Middle Ages, pg. 51

[Comynpg_b-32] Comyn, pg. 193

[33] Charles Frederick Partington, The British Cyclopædia of Biography (1837), pg. 974

[Kleinhenz2004-34] Christopher Kleinhenz (2 August 2004). Medieval Italy: An Encyclopedia. Routledge. pp. 167–. ISBN 978-1-135-94880-1.

[Houben2002-35] Hubert Houben (4 April 2002). Roger II of Sicily: A Ruler Between East and West. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-65573-6.

[Comynpg_c-36] Comyn, pg. 194

[37] Philip Grierson, Mark A. S. Blackburn and Lucia Travaini, Medieval European Coinage. Vol. 14: Italy (III) (South Italy, Sicily, Sardinia) (Cambridge University Press, 1998), pp. 125–26. There are two types of coins, as the traditional date for "renovating" the coinage (29 September, Michaelmas) fell during the occupation.

[38] J. L. Bada, B. Herrmann, I. L. Payan and E. H. Man (1989), "Amino acid racemization in bone and the boiling of the German Emperor Lothar I", Applied Geochemistry 4: 325–27.

[39] Bryce, pg. xl

[Comyn,_pg._190-40] Comyn, pg. 190

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@@ Line 1: / Line 1: @@
-{{short description|12th century Holy Roman Emperor of the Supplinburg dynasty}}
+{{Short description|Holy Roman Emperor from 1133 to 1137}}
 {{redirect|Lothair III|the French monarch|Lothair of France}}
 {{Infobox royalty|
-| name= Lothair III
+| name         = Lothair III
-| image = Lothair II, Holy Roman Emperor.jpg
+| title        = [[Holy Roman Emperor|Emperor of the Romans]]
-| caption = Portrait of Lothair in the ''Codex Eberhardi'', [[Fulda monastery]] 1150/1160
+| image        = Lothair II, Holy Roman Emperor.jpg
+| caption      = Portrait of Lothair in the ''Codex Eberhardi'', [[Fulda monastery]] 1150/1160
-| succession= [[Holy Roman Emperor]]
+| succession   = [[Holy Roman Emperor]]
-| reign = 1133–1137
+| reign        = 1133–1137
-| coronation = 4 June 1133, [[Rome]]
+| coronation   = 4 June 1133, [[Rome]]
-| predecessor= [[Henry V, Holy Roman Emperor|Henry V]]
+| predecessor  = [[Henry V, Holy Roman Emperor|Henry V]]
-| successor= [[Frederick I, Holy Roman Emperor|Frederick I]]
+| successor    = [[Frederick Barbarossa|Frederick I]]
-| succession1= [[King of Germany]] and [[King of Italy|Italy]]
+| succession1  = [[King of Germany]] and [[King of Italy|Italy]]
-| reign1 = 1125–1137
+| reign1       = 1125–1137
-| coronation1 =13 September 1125, [[Aachen]]<br/>([[Kingdom of Germany|Germany]])
+| coronation1  = 13 September 1125, [[Aachen]]<br/>([[Kingdom of Germany|Germany]])
-| predecessor1= [[Henry V, Holy Roman Emperor|Henry V]]
+| predecessor1 = [[Henry V, Holy Roman Emperor|Henry V]]
-| successor1= [[Conrad III of Germany|Conrad III]]
+| successor1   = [[Conrad III of Germany|Conrad III]]
-| house = Supplinburg
+| house        = Supplinburg
-| spouse = [[Richenza of Northeim]]
+| spouse       = {{marriage|[[Richenza of Northeim]]|1107}}
-| issue = [[Gertrude of Süpplingenburg|Gertrude, Duchess of Bavaria]]
+| issue        = [[Gertrude of Süpplingenburg|Gertrude, Duchess of Bavaria]]
-| father = [[Gebhard of Supplinburg]]
+| father       = [[Gebhard of Supplinburg]]
-| mother = [[Hedwig of Formbach]]
+| mother       = [[Hedwig of Formbach]]
-| birth_date = before 9 June 1075
+| birth_date   = before 9 June 1075
-| birth_place = [[Unterlüß|Lutterloh]], [[Duchy of Saxony]]
+| birth_place  = [[Unterlüß|Lutterloh]], [[Duchy of Saxony]]
-| death_date = {{death-date and age|4 December 1137|9 June 1075}}
+| death_date   = {{death-date and age|4 December 1137|9 June 1075}}
-| death_place = [[Breitenwang]], [[County of Tyrol|Tyrol]],<br>[[Duchy of Bavaria]]
+| death_place  = [[Breitenwang]], [[County of Tyrol|Tyrol]],<br/>[[Duchy of Bavaria]]
 | place of burial = [[Königslutter]]
-| religion =[[Catholicism]]
 }}
-'''Lothair III''', sometimes numbered '''Lothair II'''{{efn|He was the second emperor named Lothair, but is numbered "Lothair III" by those who count as his predecessor [[Lothair II]], most of whose kingdom became a part of Germany.<ref>Detwiler, Donald S. ''Germany: A Short History'' (1999), p. 263</ref> Other sources number him "Lothair III" because he was the third Lothair to rule Italy after King [[Lothair II of Italy]]<ref name="Muratori">[[Lodovico Antonio Muratori]], [https://play.google.com/store/books/details?id=_KE8AAAAYAAJ&rdid=book-_KE8AAAAYAAJ&rdot=1 ''Tavole cronologiche de'consoli ordinarj, papi, imperadori, re de' Romani, re d'Italia, prefetti di Roma, dogi di Venezia, e di Genova, de' quali si fa menzione negl' Annali d'Italia dal principio dell' era volgare sino all' anno MDCCL''] (Rome: 1788), 78–81.</ref> Lothair occasionally called himself "the third" in his diplomas (''Lotharius tertius''), and was the first German ruler to abandon any distinction in numbering between his rule as king and his rule as emperor, a practice continued by his successor.<ref>John B. Freed, ''Frederick Barbarossa: The Prince and the Myth'' (Yale University Press, 2016), p. 56; see, e.g., [http://www.mgh.de/dmgh/resolving/MGH_DD_Lo_III_S._3 this diploma of 20 November 1125].</ref>}} and also known as '''Lothair of Supplinburg''' (1075 – 4 December 1137), was [[Holy Roman Emperor]] from 1133 until his death. He was appointed [[List of rulers of Saxony|Duke of Saxony]] in 1106 and elected [[List of German monarchs|King of Germany]] in 1125 before being crowned emperor in Rome. The son of the Saxon count [[Gebhard of Supplinburg]], his reign was troubled by the constant intriguing of the [[Hohenstaufen]]s, Duke [[Frederick II, Duke of Swabia|Frederick II of Swabia]] and Duke [[Conrad III of Germany|Conrad of Franconia]]. He died while returning from a successful campaign against the [[Italo-Norman|Norman]] [[Kingdom of Sicily]].
+'''Lothair III''', sometimes numbered '''Lothair II'''{{efn|He was the second emperor named Lothair, but is numbered "Lothair III" by those who count as his predecessor [[Lothair II of Lotharingia]], most of whose kingdom became a part of Germany.<ref>Detwiler, Donald S. ''Germany: A Short History'' (1999), p. 263</ref> Other sources number him "Lothair III" because he was the third Lothair to rule Italy after King [[Lothair II of Italy]]<ref name="Muratori">[[Lodovico Antonio Muratori]] (1788), [https://play.google.com/store/books/details?id=_KE8AAAAYAAJ&rdid=book-_KE8AAAAYAAJ&rdot=1 ''Tavole cronologiche de'consoli ordinarj, papi, imperadori, re de' Romani, re d'Italia, prefetti di Roma, dogi di Venezia, e di Genova, de' quali si fa menzione negl' Annali d'Italia dal principio dell' era volgare sino all' anno MDCCL''], Rome, 78–81.</ref> (both "Lothair II" are numbered after Emperor [[Lothair I]]). Lothair occasionally called himself "the third" in his diplomas (''Lotharius tertius''), and was the first German ruler to abandon any distinction in numbering between his rule as king and his rule as emperor, a practice continued by his successor.<ref>John B. Freed (2016), ''Frederick Barbarossa: The Prince and the Myth'', Yale University Press, p. 56; see, e.g., [http://www.mgh.de/dmgh/resolving/MGH_DD_Lo_III_S._3 this diploma of 20 November 1125].</ref>}} and also known as '''Lothair of Supplinburg''' (1075 – 4 December 1137), was [[Holy Roman Emperor]] from 1133 until his death. He was appointed [[List of rulers of Saxony|Duke of Saxony]] in 1106 and elected [[List of German monarchs|King of Germany]] in 1125 before being crowned emperor in Rome. The son of the Saxon count [[Gebhard of Supplinburg]], his reign was troubled by the constant intriguing of the [[Hohenstaufen]]s, Duke [[Frederick II, Duke of Swabia|Frederick II of Swabia]] and Duke [[Conrad III of Germany|Conrad of Franconia]]. He died while returning from a successful campaign against the [[Italo-Norman|Norman]] [[Kingdom of Sicily]].
 ==Rise to power==
 In 1013, a certain Saxon nobleman named ''Liutger'' was mentioned as a count in or of the [[Harzgau]] subdivision of [[Eastphalia]]. His grandson Count [[Gebhard of Supplinburg|Gebhard]], father of Emperor Lothair, possibly acquired the castle of Süpplingenburg about 1060 via his marriage with [[Hedwig of Formbach|Hedwig]], a daughter of the [[Duchy of Bavaria|Bavarian]] count Frederick  of [[Vornbach Abbey|Formbach]] and his wife Gertrud, herself a descendant of the Saxon margrave [[Dietrich of Haldensleben]] who secondly married the [[Billung]] duke [[Ordulf, Duke of Saxony|Ordulf of Saxony]] upon Count Frederick's death.<ref name="Hüner2009">{{Cite book |last=Heinz Hüner |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QHE1Hh4BN2EC |title=Kaiser Lothar III. p. 13 |publisher=BoD – Books on Demand |year=2009 |isbn=978-3-8370-3874-3}}</ref><ref name="Bernhardi1879">{{Cite book |last=Wilhelm Bernhardi |url=https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_Y9hWAAAAMAAJ |title=Lothar von Supplinburg. Leipzig 1879 |publisher=Duncker & Humblot |year=1879 |pages=[https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_Y9hWAAAAMAAJ/page/n41 14]–}}</ref><ref name="Ziegler2008">{{Cite book |last=Wolfram Ziegler |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ENFEMZXNE6MC&pg=PA717 |title=König Konrad III. (1138-1152): Hof, Urkunden und Politik |publisher=Böhlau Verlag Wien |year=2008 |isbn=978-3-205-77647-5 |pages=717–}}</ref>
-Little is known of Lothair's youth. His name first appears in the contemporary records in 1088. His father [[Gebhard of Supplinburg]] joined the [[Saxon Rebellion]] against the ruling [[Salian dynasty]] and died on 9 June 1075 in the [[Battle of Langensalza (1075)|Battle of Langensalza]], fighting troops loyal to emperor [[Henry IV, Holy Roman Emperor|Henry IV]]. Shortly after Gebhard's death Lothair was born at [[Unterlüß]].<ref>Pavlac, pg.  470</ref> In 1107 he married [[Richenza of Northeim|Richenza]], daughter of Count [[Henry, Margrave of Frisia|Henry of Northeim]] and [[Gertrude of Brunswick]], heiress of the [[Brunonids]].{{sfn|Fuhrmann|1995|p=99}}<ref name="Jaffé1843">{{Cite book |last=Philipp Jaffé |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=PrhlAAAAcAAJ&pg=PA4 |title=Geschichte des Deutschen Reiches unter Lothar dem Sachsen: Eine ... gekrönte Preisschrift |publisher=Veit |year=1843 |pages=4–}}</ref>
+Little is known of Lothair's youth. His name first appears in the contemporary records in 1088. His father [[Gebhard of Supplinburg]] joined the [[Saxon revolt of 1073–1075|Saxon rebellion]] against the ruling [[Salian dynasty]] and died on 9 June 1075 in the [[Battle of Langensalza (1075)|Battle of Langensalza]], fighting troops loyal to emperor [[Henry IV, Holy Roman Emperor|Henry IV]]. Shortly after Gebhard's death Lothair was born at [[Unterlüß]].<ref>Pavlac, pg.  470</ref> In 1107 he married [[Richenza of Northeim|Richenza]], daughter of Count [[Henry, Margrave of Frisia|Henry of Northeim]] and [[Gertrude of Brunswick]], heiress of the [[Brunonids]].{{sfn|Fuhrmann|1995|p=99}}<ref name="Jaffé1843">{{Cite book |last=Philipp Jaffé |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=PrhlAAAAcAAJ&pg=PA4 |title=Geschichte des Deutschen Reiches unter Lothar dem Sachsen: Eine ... gekrönte Preisschrift |publisher=Veit |year=1843 |pages=4–}}</ref>
-Lothair's land purchases, inheritance and marriage alliances among the Saxon nobles, resulted in the acquisition of the domains of the [[House of Billung]] and the Counts of [[Northeim]]. The marriage with Richenza of the Brunonids in particular, made him the wealthiest nobleman among his fellow [[Saxons]]. He supported future emperor [[Henry V, Holy Roman Emperor|Henry V]] during his 1104 rebellion against his father Henry IV, and the ensuing disempowerment campaign, that culminated in the abdication of the emperor on December 31, 1105 and his son's coronation a few days later. For his loyalty Lothair was rewarded with the [[fief]] of title and estate of the [[Duchy of Saxony]] upon the death of duke [[Magnus, Duke of Saxony|Magnus of Billung]], who had died without an heir in 1106.<ref name="Macht2004" /> Emboldened by the promotion and incensed over the king's increasingly [[autocratic]] rule, such as the wanton imposition of a new tax on ducal lords, Duke Lothair joined the growing opposition party to Henry. He acted autonomously by vesting Count [[Adolf I of Holstein|Adolf of Schauenburg]] with the newly established [[Holstein|County of Holstein]] in 1111. Lothair was temporarily deposed in 1112, when Henry transferred the ducal title to [[Otto, Count of Ballenstedt|Otto of Ballenstedt]]. He was soon reinstated when count Otto fell into disgrace and he tactically submitted himself to Henry V. In 1115 however, he took command of the rebellious Saxon forces and defeated the emperor in the [[Battle of Welfesholz]]. Henry completely lost control over the administration and the revenue of Saxony.<ref>Comyn, pg. 181</ref> When in 1123 Henry V vested Count [[Wiprecht of Groitzsch]] with the [[Margraviate of Meissen]], Lothair enforced the appointment of [[Conrad, Margrave of Meissen|Conrad of Wettin]] and ceded the [[March of Lusatia]] to Count [[Albert the Bear]].<ref name="Macht2004">{{Cite book |last=Holger Macht |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bSNqAQAAQBAJ |title=Lothars III. Kampf mit den Staufern |date=3 November 2004 |publisher=diplom.de |isbn=978-3-8324-8385-2}}</ref><ref name="Bernhardi1879" /><ref name="mart">{{Cite web |title=Studien zum Hof Heinrichs V. |url=https://hss.ulb.uni-bonn.de/2015/4188/4188.pdf |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221009/https://hss.ulb.uni-bonn.de/2015/4188/4188.pdf |archive-date=2022-10-09 |url-status=live |last=Martina Halm |publisher=Uni Bonn |access-date=February 3, 2020}}</ref>
+Lothair's land purchases, inheritance and marriage alliances among the Saxon nobles, resulted in the acquisition of the domains of the [[House of Billung]] and the Counts of [[Northeim]]. The marriage with Richenza of the Brunonids in particular, made him the wealthiest nobleman among his fellow [[Saxons]]. He supported future emperor [[Henry V, Holy Roman Emperor|Henry V]] during his 1104 rebellion against his father Henry IV, and the ensuing disempowerment campaign, that culminated in the abdication of the emperor on December 31, 1105, and his son's coronation a few days later. For his loyalty Lothair was rewarded with the [[fief]] of title and estate of the [[Duchy of Saxony]] upon the death of duke [[Magnus, Duke of Saxony|Magnus of Billung]], who had died without an heir in 1106.<ref name="Macht2004" /> Emboldened by the promotion and incensed over the king's increasingly [[autocratic]] rule, such as the wanton imposition of a new tax on ducal lords, Duke Lothair joined the growing opposition party to Henry. He acted autonomously by vesting Count [[Adolf I of Holstein|Adolf of Schauenburg]] with the newly established [[Holstein|County of Holstein]] in 1111. Lothair was temporarily deposed in 1112, when Henry transferred the ducal title to [[Otto, Count of Ballenstedt|Otto of Ballenstedt]]. He was soon reinstated when count Otto fell into disgrace and he tactically submitted himself to Henry V. In 1115 however, he took command of the rebellious Saxon forces and defeated the emperor in the [[Battle of Welfesholz]]. Henry completely lost control over the administration and the revenue of Saxony.<ref>Comyn, pg. 181</ref> When in 1123 Henry V vested Count [[Wiprecht of Groitzsch]] with the [[Margraviate of Meissen]], Lothair enforced the appointment of [[Conrad, Margrave of Meissen|Conrad of Wettin]] and ceded the [[March of Lusatia]] to Count [[Albert the Bear]].<ref name="Macht2004">{{Cite book |last=Holger Macht |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bSNqAQAAQBAJ |title=Lothars III. Kampf mit den Staufern |date=3 November 2004 |publisher=diplom.de |isbn=978-3-8324-8385-2}}</ref><ref name="Bernhardi1879" /><ref name="mart">{{Cite web |title=Studien zum Hof Heinrichs V. |url=https://hss.ulb.uni-bonn.de/2015/4188/4188.pdf |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221009/https://hss.ulb.uni-bonn.de/2015/4188/4188.pdf |archive-date=2022-10-09 |url-status=live |last=Martina Halm |publisher=Uni Bonn |access-date=February 3, 2020}}</ref>
 ==Reign==
-Upon Emperor Henry V's death in 1125, Archchancellor [[Adalbert of Mainz|Adalbert]] summoned the [[1125 German royal election|royal electoral assembly in Mainz]]. On August 24 the electors declined the candidacy of the primary contender Duke [[Frederick II, Duke of Swabia|Frederick]] of Hohenstaufen, who destroyed his chances due to his appalling overconfidence (''ambicone cecatus'') and his refusal to accept free princely elections (''libera electio''). [[Adalbert of Mainz]] considered Lothair to be a suitable candidate.<ref>Comyn, pg. 189</ref> Although the most powerful territorial prince in Saxony, he was of advanced age (slightly over fifty years of age) and had no male heir, not the ideal prerequisites for a long dynastic line of kings. He was elected [[King of Germany]] and asserted himself against [[Leopold III, Margrave of Austria|Leopold III of Austria]] and [[Charles the Good]].<ref name="Brycepg">Bryce, pg. xxxix</ref> His election was notable in that it marked a departure from the concept of hereditary succession as the electors preferred a sovereign with moderate powers after the Salian era of ''oppressio''.<ref>Bryce, pg. 238</ref> Somewhat naive concerning the complex power struggle between the papacy and the empire, Lothair also consented to several symbolic acts that were subsequently interpreted by the [[Roman Curia]] as signaling acceptance of papal confirmation of his position.<ref name="Brycepg" /><ref name="fidi">{{Cite web |title=Fidi milites? Die Staufer und Kaiser Heinrich V. |url=https://www.academia.edu/14141219 |last=Jürgen Dendorfer |publisher=Academia |access-date=February 10, 2020}}</ref>
+Upon Emperor Henry V's death in 1125, Archchancellor [[Adalbert of Mainz|Adalbert]] summoned the [[1125 German royal election|royal electoral assembly in Mainz]]. On August 24 the electors declined the candidacy of the primary contender Duke [[Frederick II, Duke of Swabia|Frederick]] of Hohenstaufen, who destroyed his chances due to his appalling overconfidence (''ambicone cecatus'') and his refusal to accept free princely elections (''libera electio''). [[Adalbert of Mainz]] considered Lothair to be a suitable candidate.<ref>Comyn, pg. 189</ref> Although the most powerful territorial prince in Saxony, he was of advanced age (slightly over fifty years of age) and had no male heir, not the ideal prerequisites for a long dynastic line of kings. He was elected [[King of Germany]] and asserted himself against [[Leopold III, Margrave of Austria|Leopold III of Austria]] and [[Charles the Good]].<ref name="Brycepg">Bryce, pg. xxxix</ref> His election was notable in that it marked a departure from the concept of hereditary succession as the electors preferred a sovereign with moderate powers after the Salian era of ''oppressio''.<ref>Bryce, pg. 238</ref> Somewhat naive concerning the complex power struggle between the papacy and the empire, Lothair also consented to several symbolic acts that were subsequently interpreted by the [[Roman Curia]] as signaling acceptance of papal confirmation of his position.<ref name="Brycepg" /><ref name="fidi">{{Cite web |title=Fidi milites? Die Staufer und Kaiser Heinrich V. |url=https://www.academia.edu/14141219 |last=Jürgen Dendorfer |date=January 2005 |publisher=Academia |access-date=February 10, 2020}}</ref>
 Duke [[Vladislaus I, Duke of Bohemia|Vladislaus I]] of [[Duchy of Bohemia|Bohemia]] died in 1125. The succession was disputed among his surviving brother [[Soběslav I, Duke of Bohemia|Soběslav I]] and his [[Moravia]]n cousin [[Otto II the Black|Otto the Black]], who was supported by Vladislaus' widow [[Richeza of Berg]]. In late 1125 Lothair joined Otto's side, who had advanced large sums of money.<ref name="Bühler2012">{{Cite book |last=Johannes Bühler |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=AvhnJjOsQZUC&pg=PA518 |title=Die Hohenstaufen |publisher=BoD – Books on Demand |year=2012 |isbn=978-3-8460-0849-2 |pages=41–}}</ref>
@@ Line 46: / Line 46: @@
 Having both Saxon and Bavarian ancestry, the Supplinburg dynasty was a political opponent of the [[Salian dynasty]] and the [[House of Hohenstaufen]]. Disputes arose with Duke Frederick II when he refused to hand over property to Lothair, which the king considered to be royal property, the Staufer on the other hand argued, that it belonged to the Salian heritage. The contentious assets had long been administered together with other Salian domestic estates, their origin was hard to determine and difficult to separate. Lothair advocated the principle that all of the assets in question had now become imperial properties due to the extinction of the Salian dynasty. The first armed engagements between Lothair and the Staufer took place as early as 1125 and increased in the years that followed. Lothair, with the approval obtained at a meeting of the princes in Regensburg, attempted to seize the crown lands, which provoked a Staufer reaction. Lothair then isolated Frederick II as he placed him under [[Imperial ban]] and withdrew the Franconian ducal fief from Conrad.<ref name="Comynpg">Comyn, pg. 191</ref>
-After Lothair's 1127 campaign against the Staufers had collapsed at the gates of Nuremberg, the Swabians and the Franconians declared Frederick's younger brother Conrad [[anti-king]] Conrad III. Looking for support of his kingship, in 1128 Conrad went to Italy, where he was crowned [[King of Italy]] by [[Anselm V, Archbishop of Milan]].<ref name="Brycepg" /><ref name="Comynpg" /> Lothair took advantage of Conrad's absence and weak position and resumed his attacks on the  Staufers and in 1129 conquered the Staufer cities [[Nuremberg]] and [[Speyer]]. Conrad, on the other hand failed to acquire the desired assistance in Italy, and, having made no political progress, returned in 1130, which assured at least a partial victory for Lothair.<ref name="Comynpg" /><ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=F74hDgAAQBAJ&pg=PA178 |title=Handbuch der bayerischen Geschichte Bd. III,1: Geschichte Frankens bis zum Ausgang des 18. Jahrhunderts |date=14 February 2017 |publisher=C.H.Beck |isbn=978-3-406-70452-9 |pages=178–}}</ref>
+After Lothair's 1127 campaign against the Staufers had collapsed at the gates of Nuremberg, the Swabians and the Franconians declared Frederick's younger brother Conrad [[anti-king]] Conrad III. Looking for support of his kingship, in 1128 Conrad went to Italy, where he was crowned [[King of Italy]] by [[Anselm V, Archbishop of Milan]].<ref name="Brycepg" /><ref name="Comynpg" /> Lothair took advantage of Conrad's absence and weak position and resumed his attacks on the Staufers and in 1129 conquered the Staufer cities [[Nuremberg]] and [[Speyer]]. Conrad, on the other hand failed to acquire the desired assistance in Italy, and having made no political progress, returned in 1130, which assured at least a partial victory for Lothair.<ref name="Comynpg" /><ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=F74hDgAAQBAJ&pg=PA178 |title=Handbuch der bayerischen Geschichte Bd. III,1: Geschichte Frankens bis zum Ausgang des 18. Jahrhunderts |date=14 February 2017 |publisher=C.H.Beck |isbn=978-3-406-70452-9 |pages=178–}}</ref>
 Lastly Lothair, in order to prevent the loss of Burgundy to a power hostile to the empire, appointed his loyal ally [[Conrad I, Duke of Zähringen]] as Rector of the ''[[Kingdom of Burgundy|Principatus Burgundiaey]]''.<ref name="ordn">{{Cite web |title=ODas grosse Burgenbuch der Schweiz |url=https://trove.nla.gov.au/work/8538924?q&versionId=9863466 |last=Werner Meyer |publisher=NLA |access-date=February 17, 2020}}</ref>
@@ Line 63: / Line 63: @@
 The [[1130 papal election]] had resulted in another schism. A minority of the cardinals elected [[Innocent II]] before a majority of the cardinals appointed [[Anacletus II]] in a tumultuous process. Both popes claimed to have been legally elected and in a first collision Anacletus prevailed. Innocent had to leave Rome and fled to France. Nonetheless, Anacletus could only secure the support of Roger II of Sicily, Innocent was, with the help of [[Bernard of Clairvaux]], able to secure the support of King Louis VI of France and King Henry I of England.<ref name="JedinDolan1980">{{Cite book |last1=Hubert Jedin |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=BJHYAAAAMAAJ&pg=PR11 |title=History of the Church: From the High Middle Ages to the eve of the Reformation |last2=John Patrick Dolan |publisher=Burns & Oates |year=1980 |isbn=978-0-86012-086-5 |pages=11–}}</ref>
-Both popes offered Lothair the imperial crown. The king was occupied with the Staufer resistance and once again it was Bernard of Clairvaux who convinced the souvereign to favor pope Innocent II.<ref name="Comynpg_a">Comyn, pg. 192</ref> In March 1131 these three met in [[Liège]], where Lothair performed the ceremonial [[strator]] service (stirrup holder) for the pope and promised help in the conflict against Anacletus and [[Roger II of Sicily]].<ref>Bryce, pg. 166</ref> His request for investiture restoration was rejected, but all rights and privileges as laid out in the [[Concordat of Worms]] were confirmed.<ref name="Brycepg" />{{Failed verification|date=February 2022}} Innocent II crowned Lothair [[King of the Romans]] again on 29 March 1131.<ref>Mann, Horace. ''Lives of the Popes in the Middle Ages, Vol. IX: 1130-1159'', 1914, pg. 23</ref>
+Both popes offered Lothair the imperial crown. The king was occupied with the Staufer resistance and once again it was Bernard of Clairvaux who convinced the sovereign to favor pope Innocent II.<ref name="Comynpg_a">Comyn, pg. 192</ref> In March 1131 these three met in [[Liège]], where Lothair performed the ceremonial [[strator]] service (stirrup holder) for the pope and promised help in the conflict against Anacletus and [[Roger II of Sicily]].<ref>Bryce, pg. 166</ref> His request for investiture restoration was rejected, but all rights and privileges as laid out in the [[Concordat of Worms]] were confirmed.<ref name="Brycepg" />{{Failed verification|date=February 2022}} Innocent II crowned Lothair [[King of the Romans]] again on 29 March 1131.<ref>Mann, Horace (1914). ''Lives of the Popes in the Middle Ages, Vol. IX: 1130-1159'', pg. 23</ref>
 Lothair was accompanied by a modest troop contingent as most men were garrisoned in Germany to counter Staufer aggression. He carefully avoided hostilities but attempted to besiege Milan, which, however, failed.<ref>Sismondi, J. C. L., ''History of the Italian Republics in the Middle Ages'', pg. 51</ref> Eventually he arrived in Rome. As Anacletus controlled [[St. Peter's Basilica|St. Peter]], Lothair's imperial coronation took place in the [[Basilica of St. John Lateran|Lateran Basilica]] on 4 June 1133.<ref name="Comynpg_a" /> Emperor Lothair continued to avoid explicit resistance against papal impediments on his royal office. He ignored Innocent's bull, in which he advocated imperial authority derived from him and Lothair recognized papal claims to the vast Matildine estates in Northern Italy (formerly owned by Margravine [[Matilda of Tuscany]]), although he was able to secure the territorial fiefs.<ref name="Comynpg_a" /><ref name="Bühler2012" />
@@ Line 70: / Line 70: @@
 [[File:Via imperii, imperial road.jpg|left|thumb|Route of the ''[[Via Imperii]]'']]
 In the northern empire Lothair finally succeeded and defeated the Staufers in 1135 thanks to the help of Henry the Proud, who had been the Duke of Bavaria since the death of his father, Henry the Black.<ref name="Comynpg_b">Comyn, pg. 193</ref> At the Reichstag in [[Bamberg]] in 1135 the brothers were pardoned and restored to their office and estates. Anti-king Conrad renounced his royal title,<ref>[[Charles Frederick Partington]], ''The British Cyclopædia of Biography'' (1837), pg. 974</ref> The Staufers promised to take part in the Emperor's second Italian campaign, before a ten-year [[Landfrieden|constitutio pacis]] was declared.<ref name="Bühler2012" />
-Lothair, now uncontested ruler, set out in 1136 with a sizeable army. The campaign proved to be successful and indeed, Roger II of Sicily soon sought peace. In 1136 the campaign against Roger began at the insistence of Innocent II and Byzantine Emperor [[John II Comnenus]].<ref name="Kleinhenz2004">{{Cite book |last=Christopher Kleinhenz |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=E2CTAgAAQBAJ&pg=PT1269 |title=Medieval Italy: An Encyclopedia |date=2 August 2004 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-135-94880-1 |pages=167–}}</ref> Two columns, one led by Lothair, the other by his son-in-law [[Henry X, Duke of Bavaria|Henry the Proud]] arrived in Italy.<ref name="Comynpg_b" /> On the river [[Tronto]], Count [[William of Loritello]] did homage to Lothair and opened the gates of [[Termoli]] to him. Advancing deep into the southern part of the peninsula, the two armies met at [[Bari]], and continued further south in 1137. Roger offered to give [[Apulia]] as a fief of the Empire to one of his sons and give another son as a hostage, terms which Lothair refused after being pressured by Innocent II.<ref name="Bühler2012" /><ref name="Houben2002">{{Cite book |last=Hubert Houben |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Duwowbx1vuQC |title=Roger II of Sicily: A Ruler Between East and West |date=4 April 2002 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-0-521-65573-6}}</ref>
+Lothair, now uncontested ruler, set out in 1136 with a sizeable army. In 1136 the campaign against Roger began at the insistence of Innocent II and Byzantine Emperor [[John II Comnenus]].<ref name="Kleinhenz2004">{{Cite book |last=Christopher Kleinhenz |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=E2CTAgAAQBAJ&pg=PT1269 |title=Medieval Italy: An Encyclopedia |date=2 August 2004 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-135-94880-1 |pages=167–}}</ref> Two columns, one led by Lothair, the other by his son-in-law [[Henry X, Duke of Bavaria|Henry the Proud]] arrived in Italy.<ref name="Comynpg_b" /> On the river [[Tronto]], Count [[William of Loritello]] did homage to Lothair and opened the gates of [[Termoli]] to him. Advancing deep into the southern part of the peninsula, the two armies met at [[Bari]], and continued further south in 1137. Roger offered to give [[Apulia]] as a fief of the Empire to one of his sons and give another son as a hostage, terms which Lothair refused after being pressured by Innocent II.<ref name="Bühler2012" /><ref name="Houben2002">{{Cite book |last=Hubert Houben |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Duwowbx1vuQC |title=Roger II of Sicily: A Ruler Between East and West |date=4 April 2002 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-0-521-65573-6}}</ref>
 The imperial troops, however, were adamant against campaigning during the hot summer and revolted. The emperor, who had hoped for the complete conquest of Sicily, instead captured [[Capua]] and Apulia from Roger and bestowed them on Roger's enemies.<ref name="Comynpg_c">Comyn, pg. 194</ref> Innocent, however, protested, claiming that Apulia fell under papal reign. Emperor and Pope eventually jointly bequeathed the duchy to [[Rainulf of Alife]].<ref name="Comynpg_c" /> Lothair resided in [[Salerno]] from August to October 1137 and had copper coins (''[[follari]]'') minted in his name.<ref>[[Philip Grierson]], Mark A. S. Blackburn and Lucia Travaini, ''Medieval European Coinage. Vol. 14: Italy (III) (South Italy, Sicily, Sardinia)'' (Cambridge University Press, 1998), pp. 125–26. There are two types of coins, as the traditional date for "renovating" the coinage (29 September, Michaelmas) fell during the occupation.</ref>
-When Lothair and Innocent II argued over feudal sovereignty of the Duchy of Puglia and tensions among his troops arose, he abandoned the campaign and returned home.
 ===Death===
 [[File:Kaiser-Lothar-Sarkophag.jpg|thumb|Sarcophagus of Lothair III, his wife Richenza, and their son-in-law Henry in the monastery church (Kaiserdom) in Königslutter]]
 On the return trip, he gave his son-in-law Henry of Bavaria the Margraviate of Tuscany and the Duchy of Saxony. He also gave him the imperial insignia, which depending on the point of view was interpreted as designation for the new king or not. On December 3, 1137, Lothair died on the return journey at [[Breitenwang]]. His [[Mos Teutonicus|body was boiled]] to prevent putrefaction,<ref>J. L. Bada, B. Herrmann, I. L. Payan and E. H. Man (1989), "Amino acid racemization in bone and the boiling of the German Emperor Lothar I", ''Applied Geochemistry'' '''4''': 325–27.</ref> and his bones were transferred to the Collegiate Church of Saints Peter and Paul at [[Koenigslutter|Königslutter]], which he had chosen as his burial site and for which he had laid the cornerstone in 1135.<ref>Bryce, pg. xl</ref> A month later, pope Anaclet II's death also ended the papal schism.
-When his grave was opened in 1620, a sword and an imperial orb were found among other things. With the imperial cathedral Lothar has created an outstanding architectural monument. His reign was more than just an episode between Salians and Staufer and considered an era of self-confident rule over the empire, even if his political vision of the establishment of a Welf kingdom on March 7, 1138 in [[Koblenz]] was destroyed by the “coup d'état” of the Staufers.<ref name="Bühler2012" />
+When his grave was opened in 1620, a sword and an imperial orb were found among other things. With the imperial cathedral Lothar has created an outstanding architectural monument. His reign was more than just an episode between Salians and Staufer and considered an era of self-confident rule over the empire, even if his political vision of the establishment of a Welf kingdom on March 7, 1138, in [[Koblenz]] was destroyed by the “coup d'état” of the Staufers.<ref name="Bühler2012" />
 ==Issue==
@@ Line 85: / Line 83: @@
 After Lothair's death in 1137, the Hohenstaufen Conrad was elected King as Conrad III. Henry the Proud, Lothair’s son-in-law and heir, refused to acknowledge the new king. In response, Conrad III deprived him of all his territories.
+==See also==
+* [[Lotharian legend]]
 ==Notes==
-{{notelist}}
+{{Notelist}}
 ==References==
@@ Line 101: / Line 102: @@
 ==External links==
 {{Commons category|Lothair III, Holy Roman Emperor}}
-* {{worldcat id|lccn-n84-66981}}
 * [http://www.uni-marburg.de/fb06/mag/aktuelles/news/lothar-iii-zuerich/image_view_fullscreen King Lothar's seal in high quality resolution] taken from the collections of the [[:de:Lichtbildarchiv älterer Originalurkunden|Lichtbildarchiv älterer Originalurkunden]]

v t e Monarchs of Germany
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