1882 Atlantic hurricane season: Difference between revisions
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{{Infobox hurricane season |
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<!-- Created with subst: of [[Template:Hurricane season single]]. -->The '''1882 Atlantic hurricane season''' ran through the summer and early fall of 1882. This is the period of each year when most [[tropical cyclone]]s form in the [[Atlantic basin]]. In the 1882 Atlantic season there were two tropical storms, two Category 1 hurricanes, and two [[Saffir-Simpson Hurricane Scale#Category 3|major hurricanes]] (Category 3+). However, in the absence of modern satellite and other remote-sensing technologies, only storms that affected populated land areas or encountered ships at sea were recorded, so the actual total could be higher. An undercount bias of zero to six tropical cyclones per year between 1851 and 1885 and zero to four per year between 1886 and 1910 has been estimated.<ref>{{cite book |title=Hurricanes and Typhoons: Past, Present and Future |chapter=The Atlantic hurricane database re-analysis project: Documentation for the 1851–1910 alterations and additions to the HURDAT database |last=Landsea |first=C. W. |editor=Murname, R. J. |editor2=Liu, K.-B. |year=2004 |publisher=Columbia University Press |location=New York |isbn=0-231-12388-4 |pages=177–221 }}</ref> Of the known 1882 cyclones, Hurricane One and Hurricane Five were both first documented in 1996 by Jose Fernandez-Partagas and Henry Diaz,<ref name="1996a">Partagas, J.F. and H.F. Diaz, 1996a "A reconstruction of historical tropical cyclone frequency in the Atlantic from documentary and other historical sources Part III: 1881-1890" Climate Diagnostics Center, NOAA, Boulder, CO</ref> while Tropical Storm Three was first |
<!-- Created with subst: of [[Template:Hurricane season single]]. -->The '''1882 Atlantic hurricane season''' ran through the summer and early fall of 1882. This is the period of each year when most [[tropical cyclone]]s form in the [[Atlantic basin]]. In the 1882 Atlantic season there were two tropical storms, two Category 1 hurricanes, and two [[Saffir-Simpson Hurricane Scale#Category 3|major hurricanes]] (Category 3+). However, in the absence of modern satellite and other remote-sensing technologies, only storms that affected populated land areas or encountered ships at sea were recorded, so the actual total could be higher. An undercount bias of zero to six tropical cyclones per year between 1851 and 1885 and zero to four per year between 1886 and 1910 has been estimated.<ref>{{cite book |title=Hurricanes and Typhoons: Past, Present and Future |chapter=The Atlantic hurricane database re-analysis project: Documentation for the 1851–1910 alterations and additions to the HURDAT database |last=Landsea |first=C. W. |editor=Murname, R. J. |editor2=Liu, K.-B. |year=2004 |publisher=Columbia University Press |location=New York |isbn=0-231-12388-4 |pages=177–221 }}</ref> Of the known 1882 cyclones, Hurricane One and Hurricane Five were both first documented in 1996 by Jose Fernandez-Partagas and Henry Diaz,<ref name="1996a">Partagas, J.F. and H.F. Diaz, 1996a "A reconstruction of historical tropical cyclone frequency in the Atlantic from documentary and other historical sources Part III: 1881-1890" Climate Diagnostics Center, NOAA, Boulder, CO</ref> while Tropical Storm Three was first recognized in 1997 and added to HURDAT in 2003.<ref name="meta"/> Partagas and Diaz also proposed large changes to the known track of Hurricane Two while further re-analysis, in 2000, led to the peak strengths of both Hurricane Two and Hurricane Six being increased.<ref name='meta' /> In 2011 the third storm of the year was downgraded from a hurricane to a tropical storm.<ref name="archive">{{cite web|author=Hurricane Research Division|year=2012|title=Archive of past updates to the Re-Analysis Project|publisher= Atlantic Oceanographic and Meteorological Laboratory|accessdate=2012-10-23|url=http://www.aoml.noaa.gov/hrd/data_sub/reanalysis_archive.html}}</ref> |
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== Season summary == |
== Season summary == |
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The Atlantic hurricane database (HURDAT) |
The Atlantic hurricane database (HURDAT){{Atlantic hurricane best track}} recognizes six tropical cyclones for the 1882 season. In the 1882 Atlantic season there were two tropical storms, two Category 1 hurricanes, and two major hurricanes. Hurricane One is known, from ship reports, to have been active in the north Atlantic on August 24 and 25. Early in September, Hurricane Two impacted Cuba, Florida, Georgia and both South and North Carolina. The storm caused flooding and damaged property but is not known to have caused any loss of life. Tropical Storm Three formed in the Gulf of Mexico and made landfall near the Texas/Louisiana border on September 15. Tropical Storm Four formed north of the Bahamas and caused extensive flooding from North Carolina to Massachusetts. It eventually dissipated near Long Island on September 23. A tropical storm developed into a hurricane on September 25 but Hurricane Five remained at sea and did not make landfall. As a Category 4 hurricane, Hurricane Six was the strongest storm of 1882. The storm hit Cuba at that intensity but quickly weakened over the island and hit Florida as a tropical storm. The storm caused some considerable damage in Florida before moving out to sea. It dissipated on October 15. |
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== Timeline == |
== Timeline == |
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Based on reports from two ships, the 'Case' and 'Ida', a hurricane was active on August |
Based on reports from two ships, the ''Will W. Case'' and ''Ida'', a hurricane was active on August 24 in the North Atlantic.<ref name="1996a"/> Consequently, the Atlantic hurricane database begins the official track about {{convert|600|mi|km|abbr=on|round=5}} southeast of [[Sable Island]], [[Nova Scotia]], with maximum sustained winds of 80 mph (130 km/h). Its prior track is unknown, but the storm continued to the north-northeast and was last noted on August 25 approximately {{convert|225|mi|km|abbr=on|round=5}} southeast of [[Cape Race]], [[Newfoundland and Labrador|Newfoundland]].{{Atlantic hurricane best track}} |
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The [[Turks and Caicos Islands]] first reported this storm on September 2,<ref name="1996a"/> with the official track initiated about {{convert|70|mi|km|abbr=on|round=5}} northwest of [[Puerto Rico]]. Moving west-northward, the cyclone struck the Turks and Caicos Islands as a strong tropical storm early the next day, shortly before strengthening into a hurricane.{{Atlantic hurricane best track}} The storm intensified into a Category 2 hurricane on the present-day [[Saffir–Simpson scale]] as it crossed through the southern Bahamas on September 4. Several hours later, the cyclone struck Cuba near [[Cayo Romano]] in [[Camagüey Province]]. The system weakened but maintained hurricane intensity as it moved westward across the island and emerged into the Gulf of Mexico on September 6. Turning northwestward on the next day, the cyclone slowly re-intensified. By September 10, the storm turned northeastward and strengthened into a Category 3 hurricane with winds of 125 mph (205 km/h),{{Atlantic hurricane best track}} based on the bark ''Cato'' recording a barometric pressure of {{convert|949|mbar|inHg|abbr=on}}.<ref name="1996a"/><ref name="meta"/> The hurricane made landfall near [[Navarre, Florida]], around 02:00 UTC and weakened to a tropical storm about 10 hours later. Early on September 12, the cyclone emerged into the Atlantic at the [[Delmarva Peninsula]], but became extratropical several hours later near the east end of Nova Scotia.{{Atlantic hurricane best track}} |
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'''The Pensacola Hurricane of 1882''' |
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In Cuba, the cities of [[Batabanó, Cuba|Batabanó]], [[Cienfuegos]], and [[Havana]] observed high winds, including a sustained wind speed of {{convert|70|mph|km/h|abbr=on}} at Cienfuegos.<ref>{{cite report|url=https://www.aoml.noaa.gov/hrd/hurdat/excelfiles_centerfix/1882/STORM2.XLS|title=1882 Storm 2|work=Atlantic Oceanographic and Meteorological Laboratory|publisher=National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration|format=.XLS|access-date=December 15, 2024}}</ref> [[Santa Clara Province]] experienced "great damage", while newspapers including the ''[[Savannah Morning News]]'' described the "extremely gloomy reports published by several papers" about other locations on the island as exaggerations. Sugarcane fields suffered mostly minor damage.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-savannah-morning-news/160988307/|title=The Late Storm in Cuba|date=September 19, 1882|newspaper=Savannah Morning News|page=1|accessdate=December 15, 2024|via=Newspapers.com}} {{free access}}</ref> The hurricane drove an American bark and a British schooner ashore at Cienfuegos.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-philadelphia-inquirer/160989896/|title=The Southern Cyclone|date=September 9, 1882|newspaper=The Philadelphia Inquirer|page=1|accessdate=December 15, 2024|via=Newspapers.com}} {{free access}}</ref> Along the Gulf Coast of the United States, the hurricane devastated docks and warehouses from Louisiana to [[Apalachee Bay]] in Florida.<!-- Barnes P. 72 --> In Louisiana, floodwaters destroyed approximately half of the rice crop in [[Plaquemines Parish, Louisiana|Plaquemines Parish]], while the community of Quarantine also experienced flooding.<ref name="rola">{{cite book|url=https://www.weather.gov/media/lch/events/lahurricanehistory.pdf|title=Louisiana Hurricane History|author=Roth, David M.|publisher=[[National Weather Service]] Southern Region Headquarters|date=January 13, 2010|accessdate=December 15, 2024}}</ref> The storm caused losses to cotton and timber crops and toppled fences in parts of [[Alabama]] and Georgia.<ref name="1996a"/><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-courier-journal/160991846/|title=The Storm in Alabama|date=September 15, 1882|newspaper=The Courier-Journal|page=4|accessdate=December 15, 2024|via=Newspapers.com}} {{free access}}</ref><!-- Partagas P. 26 --> Within Florida, shipping and buildings in [[Pensacola, Florida|Pensacola]] suffered damage.<ref name="rola"/> [[Tallahassee, Florida|Tallahassee]] reported that the storm unroofed a new hotel and some other buildings while also downing fences, outhouses, and trees.<ref name="1996a"/><!-- Partagas P. 26 --> Approximately $100,000 in damage occurred in [[Cedar Key, Florida|Cedar Key]]. Throughout many northern counties, the hurricane caused extensive crop losses.<!-- Barnes P. 72 --> A tornado at [[Macclenny, Florida|Darbyville]] demolished a number of homes, caused one death, and injured many other people.<ref name="aoml"/> Along the coast of North Carolina, agricultural and property damage, including the destruction of two homes in [[Topsail Beach, North Carolina|Topsail Beach]].<ref name="NCar">{{cite web|author=Hudgins, James E.|year=2000|title=Tropical cyclones affecting North Carolina since 1586 - An Historical Perspective|publisher=National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration|url=https://repository.library.noaa.gov/view/noaa/6403|accessdate=December 16, 2024}}</ref> Heavy rains in Virginia washed out a portion of the [[Norfolk and Western Railway]] and damaged several [[Richmond, Fredericksburg and Potomac Railroad|Alexandria and Fredericksburg]] bridges.<ref name="virgin"/> The cyclone toppled chimneys and trees as far north as [[Eastport, Maine]].<ref name="1996a"/><!-- Partagas P. 28 --> |
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A tropical storm was first seen to the north of the [[Mona Passage]] on September 2. It moved to the west-northwest, reaching winds of <span style="white-space:nowrap">100 mph (160 km/h)</span> before hitting Cuba. It crossed the island, and turned north in the Gulf of Mexico. The hurricane peaked at <span style="white-space:nowrap">129 mph (205 km/h)</span> before hitting near [[Pensacola, Florida]] on September 10. It accelerated over the southeastern United States, crossing central Georgia, the western area of South Carolina and entered North Carolina on September 11.<ref name="NCar">{{cite web|author=Hudgins, James E.|year=2000|title=Tropical cyclones affecting North Carolina since 1586 - An Historical Perspective|publisher=National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration|url=http://www.erh.noaa.gov/er/rnk/Research/NC_Tropical_Cyclone_History.pdf}}</ref> Continuing northward the storm moved offshore at Chesapeake Bay and after reaching the Atlantic Ocean, became extratropical near Nova Scotia. At Pensacola, the hurricane damaged crops, shipping and buildings. In Louisiana, half of the rice crop in Plaquemines Parish was destroyed by flooding. Flooding also occurred at Quarantine, Louisiana.<ref name="rola">{{cite book|url=http://www.srh.noaa.gov/images/lch/tropical/lahurricanehistory.pdf|title=Louisiana Hurricane History|author=David M. Roth|publisher=[[National Weather Service]] Southern Region Headquarters|date=2010-01-13|accessdate=2011-01-25}}</ref> It caused a landslide, and property damage throughout North Carolina but no deaths were reported.<ref name="NCar"/> |
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=== Tropical Storm Three === |
=== Tropical Storm Three === |
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This storm, added to HURDAT in 2003, was first observed at [[Lake Charles, Louisiana]], and [[Sabine Pass, Port Arthur, Texas|Sabine Pass, Texas]], on September 14.<ref name="meta">{{cite report|author=Landsea, Christopher W.|display-authors=etal|date=May 2015|title=Documentation of Atlantic Tropical Cyclones Changes in HURDAT|publisher=National Hurricane Center|work=Hurricane Research Division|url=https://www.aoml.noaa.gov/hrd/hurdat/metadata_master.html#1882_1|accessdate=December 4, 2024}}</ref> A tropical depression, it quickly strengthened into a tropical storm while moving northwestward. At 05:00 UTC on September 15, the storm made landfall just east of the Louisiana–Texas state line with maximum sustained winds estimated at 60 mph (95 km/h). Early the next day, the cyclone weakened to a tropical depression and dissipated near [[Grapeland, Texas]].{{Atlantic hurricane best track}} |
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A tropical storm was first observed in the Gulf of Mexico on September 14. Its prior track is unknown, but it moved to the west-northwest, and hit land at the mouth of the [[Sabine River (Texas–Louisiana)|Sabine River]] |
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[[Port Eads, Louisiana]], recorded winds of {{convert|70|mi/h|km/h|abbr=on}} and a pressure of {{convert|29.38|inHg|mb|abbr=on}}.<ref name="rola"/> The storm brought a {{convert|3|ft|m|adj=on}} storm surge to [[Sabine Pass]], causing moderate damage, and injured one person.<ref name="rotx">{{cite web|author=David Roth|publisher=National Weather Service|date=2010-02-04|title=Texas Hurricane History|accessdate=2011-06-22|url=http://www.wpc.ncep.noaa.gov/research/txhur.pdf|format=PDF}}</ref> |
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The Signal Service (the present-day [[National Weather Service]]) first detected this system northwest of the Bahamas on September 21.<ref name="1996a"/> Moving generally northward, the cyclone struck near [[Emerald Isle, North Carolina]], around 22:00 UTC the next day with winds of 60 mph (95 km/h). Early on September 23, the storm's pressure fell to {{convert|1005|mbar|inHg|abbr=on}} as it moved northeastward over northeastern North Carolina. Between later that day and early on September 24, the system crossed the Delmarva Peninsula, [[Delaware Bay]], and [[New Jersey]] before re-emerging into the Atlantic. The cyclone then made landfall near [[Mastic Beach, New York]], with winds of 60 mph (95 km/h) at 05:00 UTC on September 24 and was last observed crossing [[Long Island]].{{Atlantic hurricane best track}} |
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| ⚫ | Near [[Wares Wharf, Virginia|Wares Wharf]] on the [[Rappahannock River|Lower Rappahannock]] four mills were destroyed.<ref name="virgin">{{cite web |author1=David Roth |author2=Hugh Cobb |name-list-style=amp |title=Virginia Hurricane History |publisher=[[National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration]] |accessdate=January 14, 2008 |url=http://www.wpc.ncep.noaa.gov/research/roth/valate19hur.htm| archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20080108155833/http://www.hpc.ncep.noaa.gov/research/roth/valate19hur.htm| archivedate= January 8, 2008 | url-status= live}}</ref> Extensive flooding was reported from North Carolina to Massachusetts. In North Carolina bridges were swept away and railroads badly damaged.<ref name="NCar"/> The storm moved over the [[Mid-Atlantic States|mid-Atlantic]] coast, bringing heavy rain to Washington, D.C., and around {{convert|11|in|mm}} of rain to Philadelphia. This storm brought a total of {{convert|10.62|in|mm}} rain to [[Central Park]] on September 22–23, setting both two- and one-day extremes there (1869–2023 being the period of record)—the one-day record was {{convert|8.28|in|mm}} on September 23.<ref name="virgin"/> |
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The brig ''Belle of the Bay'' encountered a severe gale north of the Bahamas on September 24.<ref name="1996a"/> Consequently, the track listed in HURDAT begins that day as a tropical storm approximately {{convert|275|mi|km|abbr=on|round=5}} east of [[Jacksonville, Florida]]. The storm moved slowly northeastward and intensified into a hurricane with maximum sustained winds of 80 mph (130 km/h) on September 25,{{Atlantic hurricane best track}} based on reports from the ships ''R.A. Allen'' and ''Sedmi Dubrovacki''.<ref name="meta"/> By September 27, the hurricane curved east-northeastward and was last seen on the following day roughly {{convert|555|mi|km|abbr=on|round=5}} to the southeast of Cape Race, Newfoundland.{{Atlantic hurricane best track}} |
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On September 24, a tropical storm was first seen off the coast of [[South Carolina]]. It moved to the northeast, and reached hurricane strength the next day. The hurricane turned to the east-northeast, and was last seen on September 28 to the southeast of [[Newfoundland (island)|Newfoundland]].<ref name="hurdat"/> |
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This storm was first observed on October 5 over the southwestern Caribbean.<ref name="1996a"/> Trekking slowly north-northwestward, the cyclone is estimated to have intensified into a hurricane on October 7,{{Atlantic hurricane best track}} one day before the barks ''Tamora'' and ''Sadie'' reported hurricane conditions.<ref name="1996a"/> The storm strengthened into a major hurricane later on October 8,{{Atlantic hurricane best track}} based on land-based observations from western Cuba.<ref name="1996a"/> Early the next day, the cyclone made landfall in the country near Boca de Galafre in [[Pinar del Río Province]].{{Atlantic hurricane best track}} A reanalysis by meteorologist Ramón Pérez Suárez estimated sustained winds at 140 mph (220 km/h), making it a Category 4 hurricane.<ref name="meta"/> The cyclone weakened greatly over the island, quickly falling to Category 1 status and never recovering while moving northward over the Gulf of Mexico. It made landfall near [[Horseshoe Beach, Florida]], with winds of 80 mph (130 km/h) at 04:00 UTC on October 11 and weakened to a tropical storm a few hours later while moving northeastward. The storm emerged into the Atlantic from the coast of Georgia late on October 11 and re-strengthened into a hurricane by the following day. However, the cyclone weakened back to a tropical storm on October 15 and was last noted several hours later about {{convert|350|mi|km|abbr=on}} southeast of [[Nantucket]], Massachusetts.{{Atlantic hurricane best track}} |
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'''The Cuba Hurricane of 1882'''<br> On October 5, a tropical storm formed in the western [[Caribbean Sea]]. It drifted northward, and as it approached the coast of [[Cuba]], it rapidly intensified to a <span style="white-space:nowrap">140 mph (230 km/h)</span> major hurricane. It weakened greatly over the island, never recovering while moving northward over the Gulf of Mexico. It made landfall on Florida as a tropical storm with maximum wind speeds of 44 mph at [[Jacksonville, Florida|Jacksonville]] and 56 mph at [[Cedar Key, Florida|Cedar Key]] |
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. The storm caused considerable damage in North Florida to telegraph lines, wharves and small boats.<ref name="aoml">{{cite web|author1=Al Sandrik |author2=Chris Landsea |name-list-style=amp |year=2003|title=Chronological Listing of Tropical Cyclones affecting North Florida and Coastal Georgia 1565-1899|publisher=Hurricane Research Division|accessdate=2007-01-02|url=http://www.aoml.noaa.gov/hrd/Landsea/history/index.html| archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20061206073407/http://www.aoml.noaa.gov/hrd/Landsea/history/index.html| archivedate= 6 December 2006 | url-status= live}}</ref> It crossed Florida and went out to sea, dissipating on October 15. Its remnants brought heavy rain to [[Labrador]], and left 140 fatalities in its path.<ref name="toll">{{cite web|author1=Edward N. Rappaport |author2=Jose Fernandez-Partagas |name-list-style=amp |title=The Deadliest Atlantic Tropical Cyclones, 1492–1996: Cyclones with 25+ deaths|publisher=National Hurricane Center|year=1996|accessdate=2011-03-14|url=http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/pastdeadlyapp1.shtml?}}</ref> |
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The hurricane devastated western Cuba. [[Ivan Ray Tannehill]] noted in 1938 that the "Town of [[Pinar del Río|Pinar del Rio]] [was] all destroyed".<ref name="1996a"/><!-- Partagas P. 30 --> In addition to extensive losses to tobacco crops in the [[Vuelta Abajo]] region, the hurricane demolished about 750 dwellings in [[Consolación del Sur]] and 300 dwellings and huts in Herradura,<ref name="1996a"/><!-- Partagas P. 32 --> approximately 75% of residences in the former. According to the ''[[Monthly Weather Review]]'', "equally great" impacts occurred at Ceja de Luna Vinale, Maraqua Galvez, and Pilotos. Around 1,500 warehouses and homes were destroyed in [[San Juan y Martínez]], while another 2,000 homes and tobacco storage buildings suffered similar fates in [[Guane]] and approximately 300 homes were obliterated. Further, the storm swept away numerous homes in [[San Luis, Pinar del Río|San Luis]] and drowned thousands of cattle.<ref>{{cite journal|url=https://journals.ametsoc.org/view/journals/mwre/10/10/1520-0493_1882_1010_1b_bpeiia_2_0_co_2.xml?tab_body=pdf|title=Barometric Pressure|journal=Monthly Weather Review|date=October 1882|bibcode=1882MWRv...10R...1.|doi=10.1175/1520-0493(1882)1010[1b:BPEIIA]2.0.CO;2|doi-access=free|accessdate=December 16, 2024}}</ref><!-- P. 3 --> By October 14, 36 bodies of people who drowned due to overflowing rivers at [[San Cristóbal, Cuba|San Cristóbal]] had been recovered.<ref name="1996a"/><!-- Partagas P. 32 --> In Florida, winds reached {{convert|44|mph|km/h|abbr=on}} at Jacksonville and {{convert|56|mph|km/h|abbr=on}} at Cedar Key. The storm caused considerable damage in North Florida to telegraph lines, wharves and small boats, totaling about $5,000-$6,000.<ref name="aoml">{{cite web|author1=Sandrik, Al |author2=Landsea, Christopher W. |name-list-style=amp |year=2003|title=Chronological Listing of Tropical Cyclones affecting North Florida and Coastal Georgia 1565-1899|publisher=Hurricane Research Division|accessdate=2007-01-02|url=http://www.aoml.noaa.gov/hrd/Landsea/history/index.html| archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20061206073407/http://www.aoml.noaa.gov/hrd/Landsea/history/index.html| archivedate= 6 December 2006 | url-status= live}}</ref> [[Charleston, South Carolina]], reported downed chimneys, fences, and trees.<ref name="1996a"/><!-- Partagas P. 33 --> In North Carolina, the storm produced {{convert|4.3|in|mm|abbr=on}} of precipitation in [[Wilmington, North Carolina|Wilmington]] and sustained winds up to {{convert|42|mph|km/h|abbr=on}} at [[Fort Macon State Park|Fort Macon]], both a Signal Service wire between the two locations.<ref name="NCar"/> Throughout its path, the storm caused 140 deaths.<ref name="toll">{{cite web|author1=Rappaport, Edward N. |author2=Fernández-Partagás, José|name-list-style=amp |title=The Deadliest Atlantic Tropical Cyclones, 1492–1996: Cyclones with 25+ deaths|publisher=National Hurricane Center|year=1996|accessdate=December 16, 2024|url=http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/pastdeadlyapp1.shtml?}}</ref> |
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=== Other storms === |
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Climate researcher Michael Chenoweth proposed four storms not currently listed in HURDAT:<ref name="Chenoweth">{{cite journal|last1=Chenoweth|first1=Michael|title=A New Compilation of North Atlantic Tropical Cyclones, 1851–98|journal=[[Journal of Climate]]|date=December 2014|volume=27|issue=12|page=8682|url=https://journals.ametsoc.org/view/journals/clim/27/23/jcli-d-13-00771.1.xml?tab_body=pdf|doi=10.1175/JCLI-D-13-00771.1|publisher=[[American Meteorological Society]]|bibcode=2014JCli...27.8674C|doi-access=free|accessdate=August 26, 2024}}</ref> |
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*July 31 to August 3, peaked as a tropical storm |
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*September 2 to September 7, peaked as a Category 1 hurricane |
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*October 14 to October 17, peaked as a tropical storm |
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*October 24 to October 27, peaked as a Category 2 hurricane |
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== See also == |
== See also == |
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Latest revision as of 04:12, 28 December 2024
| 1882 Atlantic hurricane season | |
|---|---|
 Season summary map | |
| Seasonal boundaries | |
| First system formed | August 24, 1882 |
| Last system dissipated | October 15, 1882 |
| Strongest storm | |
| Name | Six |
| • Maximum winds | 140 mph (220 km/h) (1-minute sustained) |
| Seasonal statistics | |
| Total storms | 6 |
| Hurricanes | 4 |
| Major hurricanes (Cat. 3+) | 2 |
| Total fatalities | 140+ |
| Total damage | Unknown |
The 1882 Atlantic hurricane season ran through the summer and early fall of 1882. This is the period of each year when most tropical cyclones form in the Atlantic basin. In the 1882 Atlantic season there were two tropical storms, two Category 1 hurricanes, and two major hurricanes (Category 3+). However, in the absence of modern satellite and other remote-sensing technologies, only storms that affected populated land areas or encountered ships at sea were recorded, so the actual total could be higher. An undercount bias of zero to six tropical cyclones per year between 1851 and 1885 and zero to four per year between 1886 and 1910 has been estimated.[1] Of the known 1882 cyclones, Hurricane One and Hurricane Five were both first documented in 1996 by Jose Fernandez-Partagas and Henry Diaz,[2] while Tropical Storm Three was first recognized in 1997 and added to HURDAT in 2003.[3] Partagas and Diaz also proposed large changes to the known track of Hurricane Two while further re-analysis, in 2000, led to the peak strengths of both Hurricane Two and Hurricane Six being increased.[3] In 2011 the third storm of the year was downgraded from a hurricane to a tropical storm.[4]
Season summary
[edit]The Atlantic hurricane database (HURDAT)[5] recognizes six tropical cyclones for the 1882 season. In the 1882 Atlantic season there were two tropical storms, two Category 1 hurricanes, and two major hurricanes. Hurricane One is known, from ship reports, to have been active in the north Atlantic on August 24 and 25. Early in September, Hurricane Two impacted Cuba, Florida, Georgia and both South and North Carolina. The storm caused flooding and damaged property but is not known to have caused any loss of life. Tropical Storm Three formed in the Gulf of Mexico and made landfall near the Texas/Louisiana border on September 15. Tropical Storm Four formed north of the Bahamas and caused extensive flooding from North Carolina to Massachusetts. It eventually dissipated near Long Island on September 23. A tropical storm developed into a hurricane on September 25 but Hurricane Five remained at sea and did not make landfall. As a Category 4 hurricane, Hurricane Six was the strongest storm of 1882. The storm hit Cuba at that intensity but quickly weakened over the island and hit Florida as a tropical storm. The storm caused some considerable damage in Florida before moving out to sea. It dissipated on October 15.
Timeline
[edit]
Systems
[edit]Hurricane One
[edit]| Category 1 hurricane (SSHWS) | |
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| Duration | August 24 – August 25 |
|---|---|
| Peak intensity | 80 mph (130 km/h) (1-min); |
Based on reports from two ships, the Will W. Case and Ida, a hurricane was active on August 24 in the North Atlantic.[2] Consequently, the Atlantic hurricane database begins the official track about 600 mi (965 km) southeast of Sable Island, Nova Scotia, with maximum sustained winds of 80 mph (130 km/h). Its prior track is unknown, but the storm continued to the north-northeast and was last noted on August 25 approximately 225 mi (360 km) southeast of Cape Race, Newfoundland.[5]
Hurricane Two
[edit]| Category 3 hurricane (SSHWS) | |
 | |
| Duration | September 2 – September 12 |
|---|---|
| Peak intensity | 125 mph (205 km/h) (1-min); 949 mbar (hPa) |
The Turks and Caicos Islands first reported this storm on September 2,[2] with the official track initiated about 70 mi (115 km) northwest of Puerto Rico. Moving west-northward, the cyclone struck the Turks and Caicos Islands as a strong tropical storm early the next day, shortly before strengthening into a hurricane.[5] The storm intensified into a Category 2 hurricane on the present-day Saffir–Simpson scale as it crossed through the southern Bahamas on September 4. Several hours later, the cyclone struck Cuba near Cayo Romano in Camagüey Province. The system weakened but maintained hurricane intensity as it moved westward across the island and emerged into the Gulf of Mexico on September 6. Turning northwestward on the next day, the cyclone slowly re-intensified. By September 10, the storm turned northeastward and strengthened into a Category 3 hurricane with winds of 125 mph (205 km/h),[5] based on the bark Cato recording a barometric pressure of 949 mbar (28.0 inHg).[2][3] The hurricane made landfall near Navarre, Florida, around 02:00 UTC and weakened to a tropical storm about 10 hours later. Early on September 12, the cyclone emerged into the Atlantic at the Delmarva Peninsula, but became extratropical several hours later near the east end of Nova Scotia.[5]
In Cuba, the cities of Batabanó, Cienfuegos, and Havana observed high winds, including a sustained wind speed of 70 mph (110 km/h) at Cienfuegos.[6] Santa Clara Province experienced "great damage", while newspapers including the Savannah Morning News described the "extremely gloomy reports published by several papers" about other locations on the island as exaggerations. Sugarcane fields suffered mostly minor damage.[7] The hurricane drove an American bark and a British schooner ashore at Cienfuegos.[8] Along the Gulf Coast of the United States, the hurricane devastated docks and warehouses from Louisiana to Apalachee Bay in Florida. In Louisiana, floodwaters destroyed approximately half of the rice crop in Plaquemines Parish, while the community of Quarantine also experienced flooding.[9] The storm caused losses to cotton and timber crops and toppled fences in parts of Alabama and Georgia.[2][10] Within Florida, shipping and buildings in Pensacola suffered damage.[9] Tallahassee reported that the storm unroofed a new hotel and some other buildings while also downing fences, outhouses, and trees.[2] Approximately $100,000 in damage occurred in Cedar Key. Throughout many northern counties, the hurricane caused extensive crop losses. A tornado at Darbyville demolished a number of homes, caused one death, and injured many other people.[11] Along the coast of North Carolina, agricultural and property damage, including the destruction of two homes in Topsail Beach.[12] Heavy rains in Virginia washed out a portion of the Norfolk and Western Railway and damaged several Alexandria and Fredericksburg bridges.[13] The cyclone toppled chimneys and trees as far north as Eastport, Maine.[2]
Tropical Storm Three
[edit]| Tropical storm (SSHWS) | |
 | |
| Duration | September 14 – September 16 |
|---|---|
| Peak intensity | 60 mph (95 km/h) (1-min); |
This storm, added to HURDAT in 2003, was first observed at Lake Charles, Louisiana, and Sabine Pass, Texas, on September 14.[3] A tropical depression, it quickly strengthened into a tropical storm while moving northwestward. At 05:00 UTC on September 15, the storm made landfall just east of the Louisiana–Texas state line with maximum sustained winds estimated at 60 mph (95 km/h). Early the next day, the cyclone weakened to a tropical depression and dissipated near Grapeland, Texas.[5]
Port Eads, Louisiana, recorded winds of 70 mph (110 km/h) and a pressure of 29.38 inHg (995 mb).[9] The storm brought a 3-foot (0.91 m) storm surge to Sabine Pass, causing moderate damage, and injured one person.[14]
Tropical Storm Four
[edit]| Tropical storm (SSHWS) | |
 | |
| Duration | September 21 – September 24 |
|---|---|
| Peak intensity | 60 mph (95 km/h) (1-min); 1005 mbar (hPa) |
The Signal Service (the present-day National Weather Service) first detected this system northwest of the Bahamas on September 21.[2] Moving generally northward, the cyclone struck near Emerald Isle, North Carolina, around 22:00 UTC the next day with winds of 60 mph (95 km/h). Early on September 23, the storm's pressure fell to 1,005 mbar (29.7 inHg) as it moved northeastward over northeastern North Carolina. Between later that day and early on September 24, the system crossed the Delmarva Peninsula, Delaware Bay, and New Jersey before re-emerging into the Atlantic. The cyclone then made landfall near Mastic Beach, New York, with winds of 60 mph (95 km/h) at 05:00 UTC on September 24 and was last observed crossing Long Island.[5]
Near Wares Wharf on the Lower Rappahannock four mills were destroyed.[13] Extensive flooding was reported from North Carolina to Massachusetts. In North Carolina bridges were swept away and railroads badly damaged.[12] The storm moved over the mid-Atlantic coast, bringing heavy rain to Washington, D.C., and around 11 inches (280 mm) of rain to Philadelphia. This storm brought a total of 10.62 inches (270 mm) rain to Central Park on September 22–23, setting both two- and one-day extremes there (1869–2023 being the period of record)—the one-day record was 8.28 inches (210 mm) on September 23.[13]
Hurricane Five
[edit]| Category 1 hurricane (SSHWS) | |
 | |
| Duration | September 24 – September 28 |
|---|---|
| Peak intensity | 80 mph (130 km/h) (1-min); |
The brig Belle of the Bay encountered a severe gale north of the Bahamas on September 24.[2] Consequently, the track listed in HURDAT begins that day as a tropical storm approximately 275 mi (445 km) east of Jacksonville, Florida. The storm moved slowly northeastward and intensified into a hurricane with maximum sustained winds of 80 mph (130 km/h) on September 25,[5] based on reports from the ships R.A. Allen and Sedmi Dubrovacki.[3] By September 27, the hurricane curved east-northeastward and was last seen on the following day roughly 555 mi (895 km) to the southeast of Cape Race, Newfoundland.[5]
Hurricane Six
[edit]| Category 4 hurricane (SSHWS) | |
 | |
| Duration | October 5 – October 15 |
|---|---|
| Peak intensity | 140 mph (220 km/h) (1-min); |
This storm was first observed on October 5 over the southwestern Caribbean.[2] Trekking slowly north-northwestward, the cyclone is estimated to have intensified into a hurricane on October 7,[5] one day before the barks Tamora and Sadie reported hurricane conditions.[2] The storm strengthened into a major hurricane later on October 8,[5] based on land-based observations from western Cuba.[2] Early the next day, the cyclone made landfall in the country near Boca de Galafre in Pinar del Río Province.[5] A reanalysis by meteorologist Ramón Pérez Suárez estimated sustained winds at 140 mph (220 km/h), making it a Category 4 hurricane.[3] The cyclone weakened greatly over the island, quickly falling to Category 1 status and never recovering while moving northward over the Gulf of Mexico. It made landfall near Horseshoe Beach, Florida, with winds of 80 mph (130 km/h) at 04:00 UTC on October 11 and weakened to a tropical storm a few hours later while moving northeastward. The storm emerged into the Atlantic from the coast of Georgia late on October 11 and re-strengthened into a hurricane by the following day. However, the cyclone weakened back to a tropical storm on October 15 and was last noted several hours later about 350 mi (560 km) southeast of Nantucket, Massachusetts.[5]
The hurricane devastated western Cuba. Ivan Ray Tannehill noted in 1938 that the "Town of Pinar del Rio [was] all destroyed".[2] In addition to extensive losses to tobacco crops in the Vuelta Abajo region, the hurricane demolished about 750 dwellings in Consolación del Sur and 300 dwellings and huts in Herradura,[2] approximately 75% of residences in the former. According to the Monthly Weather Review, "equally great" impacts occurred at Ceja de Luna Vinale, Maraqua Galvez, and Pilotos. Around 1,500 warehouses and homes were destroyed in San Juan y Martínez, while another 2,000 homes and tobacco storage buildings suffered similar fates in Guane and approximately 300 homes were obliterated. Further, the storm swept away numerous homes in San Luis and drowned thousands of cattle.[15] By October 14, 36 bodies of people who drowned due to overflowing rivers at San Cristóbal had been recovered.[2] In Florida, winds reached 44 mph (71 km/h) at Jacksonville and 56 mph (90 km/h) at Cedar Key. The storm caused considerable damage in North Florida to telegraph lines, wharves and small boats, totaling about $5,000-$6,000.[11] Charleston, South Carolina, reported downed chimneys, fences, and trees.[2] In North Carolina, the storm produced 4.3 in (110 mm) of precipitation in Wilmington and sustained winds up to 42 mph (68 km/h) at Fort Macon, both a Signal Service wire between the two locations.[12] Throughout its path, the storm caused 140 deaths.[16]
Other storms
[edit]Climate researcher Michael Chenoweth proposed four storms not currently listed in HURDAT:[17]
- July 31 to August 3, peaked as a tropical storm
- September 2 to September 7, peaked as a Category 1 hurricane
- October 14 to October 17, peaked as a tropical storm
- October 24 to October 27, peaked as a Category 2 hurricane
See also
[edit]
References
[edit]- ^ Landsea, C. W. (2004). "The Atlantic hurricane database re-analysis project: Documentation for the 1851–1910 alterations and additions to the HURDAT database". In Murname, R. J.; Liu, K.-B. (eds.). Hurricanes and Typhoons: Past, Present and Future. New York: Columbia University Press. pp. 177–221. ISBN 0-231-12388-4.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p Partagas, J.F. and H.F. Diaz, 1996a "A reconstruction of historical tropical cyclone frequency in the Atlantic from documentary and other historical sources Part III: 1881-1890" Climate Diagnostics Center, NOAA, Boulder, CO
- ^ a b c d e f Landsea, Christopher W.; et al. (May 2015). Documentation of Atlantic Tropical Cyclones Changes in HURDAT. Hurricane Research Division (Report). National Hurricane Center. Retrieved December 4, 2024.
- ^ Hurricane Research Division (2012). "Archive of past updates to the Re-Analysis Project". Atlantic Oceanographic and Meteorological Laboratory. Retrieved 2012-10-23.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m "Atlantic hurricane best track (HURDAT version 2)" (Database). United States National Hurricane Center. April 5, 2023. Retrieved January 1, 2025.
This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain.
- Landsea, Chris (April 2022). "The revised Atlantic hurricane database (HURDAT2) - Chris Landsea – April 2022" (PDF). Hurricane Research Division – NOAA/AOML. Miami: Hurricane Research Division – via Atlantic Oceanographic and Meteorological Laboratory.
- ^ 1882 Storm 2 (.XLS). Atlantic Oceanographic and Meteorological Laboratory (Report). National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Retrieved December 15, 2024.
- ^ "The Late Storm in Cuba". Savannah Morning News. September 19, 1882. p. 1. Retrieved December 15, 2024 – via Newspapers.com.
- ^ "The Southern Cyclone". The Philadelphia Inquirer. September 9, 1882. p. 1. Retrieved December 15, 2024 – via Newspapers.com.
- ^ a b c Roth, David M. (January 13, 2010). Louisiana Hurricane History (PDF). National Weather Service Southern Region Headquarters. Retrieved December 15, 2024.
- ^ "The Storm in Alabama". The Courier-Journal. September 15, 1882. p. 4. Retrieved December 15, 2024 – via Newspapers.com.
- ^ a b Sandrik, Al & Landsea, Christopher W. (2003). "Chronological Listing of Tropical Cyclones affecting North Florida and Coastal Georgia 1565-1899". Hurricane Research Division. Archived from the original on 6 December 2006. Retrieved 2007-01-02.
- ^ a b c Hudgins, James E. (2000). "Tropical cyclones affecting North Carolina since 1586 - An Historical Perspective". National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Retrieved December 16, 2024.
- ^ a b c David Roth & Hugh Cobb. "Virginia Hurricane History". National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Archived from the original on January 8, 2008. Retrieved January 14, 2008.
- ^ David Roth (2010-02-04). "Texas Hurricane History" (PDF). National Weather Service. Retrieved 2011-06-22.
- ^ "Barometric Pressure". Monthly Weather Review. October 1882. Bibcode:1882MWRv...10R...1.. doi:10.1175/1520-0493(1882)1010[1b:BPEIIA]2.0.CO;2. Retrieved December 16, 2024.
- ^ Rappaport, Edward N. & Fernández-Partagás, José (1996). "The Deadliest Atlantic Tropical Cyclones, 1492–1996: Cyclones with 25+ deaths". National Hurricane Center. Retrieved December 16, 2024.
- ^ Chenoweth, Michael (December 2014). "A New Compilation of North Atlantic Tropical Cyclones, 1851–98". Journal of Climate. 27 (12). American Meteorological Society: 8682. Bibcode:2014JCli...27.8674C. doi:10.1175/JCLI-D-13-00771.1. Retrieved August 26, 2024.
