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{{Short description|Species of bird}}
<!-- This article was auto-generated by [[User:Polbot]]. -->
{{Use American English|date=December 2024}}
{{Taxobox
{{Distinguish|slaty-capped flycatcher}}
| color = pink

| name = Sepia-capped Flycatcher
{{Speciesbox
| image =
| name = Sepia-capped flycatcher
| image = Leptopogon amaurocephalus -Piraju, Sao Paulo, Brazil-8.jpg
| image_caption = In Piraju, São Paulo, Brazil
| status = LC
| status = LC
| status_system = IUCN3.1
| regnum = [[Animalia]]
| status_ref = <ref name=IUCN>{{cite iucn |author=BirdLife International |date=2021 |title=''Leptopogon amaurocephalus'' |volume=2021 |page=e.T22698813A140037937 |doi=10.2305/IUCN.UK.2021-3.RLTS.T22698813A140037937.en |access-date=29 December 2024}}</ref>
| phylum = [[Chordata]]
| classis = [[Aves]]
| genus = Leptopogon
| species = amaurocephalus
| ordo = [[Passeriformes]]
| familia = [[Tyrannidae]]
| authority = [[Jean Cabanis|Cabanis]], 1846
| synonyms =
| genus = ''[[Leptopogon]]''
| species = '''''L. amaurocephalus'''''
| range_map = Leptopogon amaurocephalus map.svg
}}
| binomial = ''Leptopogon amaurocephalus''

| binomial_authority = [[Johann Jakob von Tschudi|Tschudi]], 1846
The '''sepia-capped flycatcher''' ('''''Leptopogon amaurocephalus''''') is a species of [[bird]] in the family [[Tyrannidae]], the tyrant flycatchers. It is found in [[Mexico]], every [[Central America]]n country except [[El Salvador]], and every mainland [[South America]]n country except [[Chile]]; it is known in [[Uruguay]] as a [[Vagrancy (biology)|vagrant]].<ref name=IOC14.2>{{cite web |url=https://www.worldbirdnames.org/new/bow/flycatchers/ |title=Tyrant flycatchers |website=IOC World Bird List |version =v 14.2 | editor1-last=Gill | editor1-first=Frank | editor1-link=Frank Gill (ornithologist) | editor2-last=Donsker | editor2-first=David | editor3-last=Rasmussen | editor3-first=Pamela | editor3-link=Pamela Rasmussen |date=August 2024 |access-date=19 August 2024 }}</ref><ref name=SACCcountries>Remsen, J. V., Jr., J. I. Areta, E. Bonaccorso, S. Claramunt, G. Del-Rio, A. Jaramillo, D. F. Lane, M. B. Robbins, F. G. Stiles, and K. J. Zimmer. Version 18 November 2024. Species Lists of Birds for South American Countries and Territories. https://www.museum.lsu.edu/~Remsen/SACCCountryLists.htm retrieved November 26, 2024</ref>
| synonyms = }}

The '''Sepia-capped Flycatcher''' ('''''Leptopogon amaurocephalus''''') is a species of [[bird]] in the [[Tyrannidae]] family.
==Taxonomy and systematics==
It is found in [[Argentina]], [[Belize]], [[Bolivia]], [[Brazil]], [[Colombia]], [[Costa Rica]], [[Ecuador]], [[French Guiana]], [[Guatemala]], [[Guyana]], [[Honduras]], [[Mexico]], [[Nicaragua]], [[Panama]], [[Paraguay]], [[Peru]], [[Suriname]], and [[Venezuela]].

Its natural [[habitat]]s are subtropical or tropical moist lowland [[forest]]s and heavily degraded former forest.
The sepia-capped flycatcher has these six subspecies:<ref name=IOC14.2/>
==Source==<!-- Revista Brasileira de Zoologia 22 (4): 1072–1077, dezembro 2005 -->

* BirdLife International 2004. [http://www.iucnredlist.org/search/details.php/49759/all Leptopogon amaurocephalus]. [http://www.iucnredlist.org 2006 IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. ] Downloaded on 26 July 2007.
*''L. a. pileatus'' <small>[[Jean Cabanis|Cabanis]], 1866</small>
*''L. a. idius'' <small>[[Alexander Wetmore|Wetmore]], 1957</small>
*''L. a. diversus'' <small>[[W. E. Clyde Todd|Todd]], 1913</small>
*''L. a. orinocensis'' <small>[[John T. Zimmer|Zimmer, JT]] & [[William H. Phelps Sr.|Phelps, WH]], 1946</small>
*''L. a. peruvianus'' <small>[[Philip Sclater|Sclater, PL]] & [[Osbert Salvin|Salvin]], 1868</small>
*''L. a. amaurocephalus'' <small>Cabanis, 1846</small>

==Description==

The sepia-capped flycatcher is {{convert|11.5|to|14|cm|in|sigfig=2|abbr=on}} long and weighs an average of about {{convert|12|g|oz|sigfig=2|abbr=on}}. The sexes have the same plumage. Adults of the [[nominate subspecies]] ''L. a. amaurocephalus'' have a sepia brown crown and a paler nape. Their [[Lore (anatomy)|lores]] are dull yellowish olive with some dusky mixed in and their ear [[coverts]] have a dusky patch at the rear. Their face is otherwise light olive. Their back and rump are olive green and their uppertail coverts russet brown. Their wings are dusky with pale yellowish olive edges on the flight feathers. Their wing coverts are dusky with buff to ochraceous buff tips that show as two [[wing bar]]s. Their tail feathers are dull brown with paler brown edges. Their chin and throat are grayish olive with faint dull white streaks. Their breast and flanks are light olive and their belly yellowish white to yellow.<ref name=SCFL-BOW>Goforth, J. (2020). Sepia-capped Flycatcher (''Leptopogon amaurocephalus''), version 1.0. In Birds of the World (T. S. Schulenberg, Editor). Cornell Lab of Ornithology, Ithaca, NY, USA. https://doi.org/10.2173/bow.secfly1.01 retrieved December 29, 2024</ref><ref name=vanPerlo>{{cite book | last =van Perlo | first = Ber| title =A Field Guide to the Birds of Brazil | publisher =Oxford University Press | date =2009 | location =New York | pages =302–303 | isbn =978-0-19-530155-7 }}</ref><ref name=Peña>{{cite book | last1 =de la Peña | first1 =Martín R. | last2=Rumboll |first2=Maurice| title =Birds of Southern South America and Antarctica | publisher =Princeton University Press | series =Princeton Illustrated Checklists | date =2001 | location =New Jersey | pages =Plate 72, map 72.10 | isbn =0691090351 }}</ref>

The other subspecies of the sepia-capped flycatcher differ from the nominate and each other thus:

*''L. a. pileatus'': like the nominate but with strong tinge of warm cinnamon brown on the uppertail coverts and tail feathers<ref name=SCFL-BOW/><ref name=vanPerlo2>{{cite book | last =vanPerlo | first =Ber | title =Birds of Mexico and Central America | publisher =Princeton University Press | series =Princeton Illustrated Checklists | date =2006 | location =New Jersey | pages =Plate 67, map 67.20 | isbn =0691120706 }}</ref><ref name=Fagan>{{cite book | last1 =Fagan | first1 =Jesse | last2=Komar |first2=Oliver | title =Field Guide to Birds of Northern Central America | publisher =Houghton Mifflin Harcourt | series =Peterson Field Guides | date =2016 | location =Boston | pages =250–251 | isbn =978-0-544-37326-6 }}</ref><ref name=Garrigues>{{cite book |last1=Garrigues |first1=Richard |last2=Dean |first2=Robert |date=2007 |title=The Birds of Costa Rica |location=Ithaca |publisher=Zona Tropical/Comstock/Cornell University Press |pages=194–195 |isbn=978-0-8014-7373-9 }}</ref>{{overcite|date=December 2024}}
*''L. a. idius'': grayer overall, more grayish green above, and paler yellow below than nominate; no dark ends on the ear coverts; strong tinge of warm cinnamon brown on the uppertail coverts and tail feathers<ref name=SCFL-BOW/>
*''L. a. diversus'': much darker brown crown and paler yellow belly than nominate; buffy edges on the tail feathers<ref name=SCFL-BOW/><ref name=McMullan>{{cite book | last1 =McMullan | first1 =Miles | last2 =Donegan | first2 =Thomas M. | last3 =Quevedo | first3 =Alonso | title = Field Guide to the Birds of Colombia | publisher = Fundación ProAves| date =2010 | location =Bogotá | pages =153 |isbn =978-0-9827615-0-2 }}</ref><ref name=Hilty>{{cite book | last =Hilty | first =Steven L. | title =Birds of Venezuela | publisher =Princeton University Press | edition =second | date =2003 | location =Princeton NJ | pages =584 | language =English }}</ref>
*''L. a. orinocensis'': darker crown and less yellowish back than nominate<ref name=SCFL-BOW/><ref name=vanPerlo/><ref name=Hilty/>
*''L. a. peruvianus'': darker olive crown than nominate; dark grayish back and rump; pale yellow edges on flight feathers and wing coverts<ref name=SCFL-BOW/><ref name=vanPerlo/><ref name=Ridgely2>{{cite book | last1 =Ridgely | first1 =Robert S. | last2 =Greenfield | first2 =Paul J. | title =The Birds of Ecuador: Field Guide | publisher =Cornell University Press | volume = II| date =2001 | location =Ithaca | pages =474–475 | isbn =978-0-8014-8721-7 }}</ref><ref name=Schulenberg>{{cite book | last1 =Schulenberg | first1 =T.S. | last2 =Stotz | first2 =D.F. | last3 =Lane | first3 =D.F. | last4 =O'Neill | first4 =J.P. | last5 =Parker | first5 =T.A. III | title =Birds of Peru | publisher =Princeton University Press | edition =revised and updated |series=Princeton Field Guides | date =2010 | location =Princeton, NJ | pages =404 |isbn = 978-0691130231 }}</ref>{{overcite|date=December 2024}}

Both sexes of all subspecies have an iris whose color can be from light brownish yellow to dark brown, a black or dark brown bill with sometimes a pale base to the [[mandible]], and legs and feet of various shades of gray.<ref name=SCFL-BOW/>

==Distribution and habitat==

The sepia-capped flycatcher has a [[disjunct distribution]]. The subspecies are found thus:

*''L. a. pileatus'': from southern [[Veracruz]], northern [[Oaxaca]], and the [[Yucatán Peninsula]] in Mexico south on the Caribbean slope through Belize, Guatemala, Honduras, and Nicaragua to central Costa Rica; Pacific slope from central Costa Rica to central Panama<ref name=SCFL-BOW/><ref name=vanPerlo2/><ref name=Fagan/><ref name=Garrigues/><ref name=AOU1998>{{cite book | last =<!--Not stated--> | first =<!--Not stated--> | title =Check-list of North American Birds | publisher =American Ornithologists' Union |edition =7th | date =1998 | location =Washington, D.C. | pages =378–379 }}</ref>{{overcite|date=December 2024}}
*''L. a. idius'': [[Coiba Island]] off southwestern Panama<ref name=SCFL-BOW/><ref name=vanPerlo2/><ref name=AOU1998/>
*''L. a. diversus'': from Colombia's [[Sierra Nevada de Santa Marta]] south in the [[Magdalena River]] valley and east to Venezuela's [[Zulia]] state in the [[Serranía del Perijá]]<ref name=SCFL-BOW/><ref name=McMullan/><ref name=Hilty/><ref name=AOU1998/>{{overcite|date=December 2024}}
*''L. a. orinocensis'': western Venezuela from southern [[Táchira]] to [[Portuguesa (state)|Portuguesa]] state; from central [[Amazonas (Venezuelan state)|Amazonas]] and northern [[Bolívar (state)|Bolívar]] states in Venezuela east through [[the Guianas]] and northern Brazil to the Atlantic in [[Amapá]]<ref name=SCFL-BOW/><ref name=vanPerlo/><ref name=Hilty/><ref name=AOU1998/>{{overcite|date=December 2024}}
*''L. a. peruvianus'': Colombia's [[Cordillera Oriental (Colombia)|Eastern Andes]] south through eastern Ecuador and eastern Peru into northern Bolivia and east from there through Brazil from [[Amazonas (Brazilian state)|Amazonas]] and [[Rondônia]] east into northern [[Mato Grosso]]<ref name=SCFL-BOW/><ref name=vanPerlo/><ref name=Ridgely2/><ref name=Schulenberg/><ref name=AOU1998/>{{overcite|date=December 2024}}
*''L. a. amaurocephalus'': southern and eastern Brazil from [[Mato Grosso]], [[Maranhão]] and [[Pernambuco]] south into [[Rio Grande do Sul]] and west through eastern Bolivia and all of Paraguay into Argentina's [[Salta Province]] in the northwest and [[Corrientes Province]] in the northeast<ref name=SCFL-BOW/><ref name=vanPerlo/><ref name=Peña/><ref name=AOU1998/>{{overcite|date=December 2024}} Sight records in Uruguay lead the South American Classification Committee of the [[American Ornithological Society]] to list it as a vagrant there.<ref name=SACCcountries/>

The sepia-capped flycatcher primarily inhabits lowland [[evergreen forest]], mature [[secondary forest]], and plantations in the tropical and lower subtropical zones. In northern Central America it also inhabits [[semideciduous]] forest, and [[gallery forest]] in the [[llanos]] of Venezuela. In elevation it ranges from sea level to {{convert|1300|m|ft|abbr=on}} in Mexico and Central America, to {{convert|600|m|ft|abbr=on}} in Colombia, and to {{convert|1100|m|ft|abbr=on}} in Brazil. It is found between {{convert|100|and|600|m|ft|-2|abbr=on}} north of the [[Orinoco River]] in Venezuela and up to {{convert|1600|m|ft|abbr=on}} south of it. It reaches {{convert|450|m|ft|-2|abbr=on}} in Ecuador, {{convert|1300|m|ft|abbr=on}} in Peru, and {{convert|1000|m|ft|abbr=on}} in Bolivia.<ref name=SCFL-BOW/><ref name=vanPerlo/><ref name=Peña/><ref name=vanPerlo2/><ref name=Fagan/><ref name=Garrigues/><ref name=McMullan/><ref name=Hilty/><ref name=Ridgely2/><ref name=Schulenberg/><ref name=AOU1998/>{{overcite|date=December 2024}}

==Behavior==
===Movement===

The sepia-capped flycatcher is a year-round resident.<ref name=SCFL-BOW/>

===Feeding===

The sepia-capped flycatcher's diet has not been detailed but is known to include insects and fruits. It forages from the forest understory to its middle level, usually within about {{convert|8|m|ft|round=5|abbr=on}} of the ground. It mostly hover-gleans or snatches fruit and insects in short sallies from a perch, and occasionally captures prey on the wing. It typically forages singly or in pairs and often joins [[mixed-species feeding flock]]s.<ref name=SCFL-BOW/><ref name=Fagan/><ref name=Garrigues/><ref name=McMullan/><ref name=Hilty/><ref name=Ridgely2/>{{overcite|date=December 2024}}

===Breeding===

The sepia-capped flycatcher's breeding season has not been defined but includes at least April and May in Mexico. Its nest is a globe with a side entrance, made from moss, leaf stems, and grasses and lined with seed down. It is typically hung from a vine or an exposed root beneath an overhanging log, rock, or stream bank. The clutch size is two or three eggs. The incubation period, time to fledging, and details of parental care are not known.<ref name=SCFL-BOW/><ref name=Hilty/>

{{birdsong|url=https://xeno-canto.org/species/Leptopogon-amaurocephalus |species=the sepia-capped flycatcher}}
===Vocalization===

Various authors have described the sepia-capped flycatcher's song as "a harsh, almost explosive ''SKET'a'a'j'j'j'' or ''SKET'd'd'r'r'r''', last part chattery and vibrating"<ref name=Hilty/>
<!-- -->, "a fast, sputtering chatter that trails off toward end, e.g., ''dre- d'd'd'd'd'd'd'dew'', sometimes introduced by a sharper, more emphasized note"<ref name=Ridgely2/><!-- -->, and "an abrupt, loud, slightly falling, semimusical chatter: ''ski'i'i'i'i'i'i'i'eew''"<ref name=Schulenberg/><!-- -->. It also makes a "softer, descending rattle"<ref name=Hilty/> and "a quiet ''tuk''"<ref name=Schulenberg/><!-- -->.

==Status==

The [[IUCN]] has assessed the sepia-capped flycatcher as being of Least Concern. It has an extremely large range; its estimated population of at least 500,000 mature individuals is believed to be decreasing. No immediate threats have been identified.<ref name=IUCN/> It occurs in many protected areas. "Little is known about the effects of human activities on populations of Sepia-capped Flycatcher. In Mexico, it is dependent on threatened tropical evergreen forest habitats. The primary threats to this species there are logging of mature forest, habitat conversion for agriculture, and livestock production, and it is likely that these threats are similar elsewhere in its range."<ref name=SCFL-BOW/>

==References==
{{Reflist}}


{{Taxonbar|from=Q929423}}
{{Tyrannidae-stub}}
[[Category:Leptopogon]]


[[Category:Leptopogon|sepia-capped flycatcher]]
[[pt:Cabeçudo (ave)]]
[[Category:Birds of Central America]]
[[Category:Birds of South America]]
[[Category:Birds described in 1846|sepia-capped flycatcher]]
[[Category:Taxonomy articles created by Polbot]]

Latest revision as of 00:45, 4 January 2025

Not to be confused with slaty-capped flycatcher.

Sepia-capped flycatcher
In Piraju, São Paulo, Brazil
Scientific classification Edit this classification
Domain: Eukaryota
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Chordata
Class: Aves
Order: Passeriformes
Family: Tyrannidae
Genus: Leptopogon
Species:
L. amaurocephalus
Binomial name
Leptopogon amaurocephalus
Cabanis, 1846

The sepia-capped flycatcher (Leptopogon amaurocephalus) is a species of bird in the family Tyrannidae, the tyrant flycatchers. It is found in Mexico, every Central American country except El Salvador, and every mainland South American country except Chile; it is known in Uruguay as a vagrant.[2][3]

Taxonomy and systematics

[edit]

The sepia-capped flycatcher has these six subspecies:[2]

Description

[edit]

The sepia-capped flycatcher is 11.5 to 14 cm (4.5 to 5.5 in) long and weighs an average of about 12 g (0.42 oz). The sexes have the same plumage. Adults of the nominate subspecies L. a. amaurocephalus have a sepia brown crown and a paler nape. Their lores are dull yellowish olive with some dusky mixed in and their ear coverts have a dusky patch at the rear. Their face is otherwise light olive. Their back and rump are olive green and their uppertail coverts russet brown. Their wings are dusky with pale yellowish olive edges on the flight feathers. Their wing coverts are dusky with buff to ochraceous buff tips that show as two wing bars. Their tail feathers are dull brown with paler brown edges. Their chin and throat are grayish olive with faint dull white streaks. Their breast and flanks are light olive and their belly yellowish white to yellow.[4][5][6]

The other subspecies of the sepia-capped flycatcher differ from the nominate and each other thus:

  • L. a. pileatus: like the nominate but with strong tinge of warm cinnamon brown on the uppertail coverts and tail feathers[4][7][8][9][excessive citations]
  • L. a. idius: grayer overall, more grayish green above, and paler yellow below than nominate; no dark ends on the ear coverts; strong tinge of warm cinnamon brown on the uppertail coverts and tail feathers[4]
  • L. a. diversus: much darker brown crown and paler yellow belly than nominate; buffy edges on the tail feathers[4][10][11]
  • L. a. orinocensis: darker crown and less yellowish back than nominate[4][5][11]
  • L. a. peruvianus: darker olive crown than nominate; dark grayish back and rump; pale yellow edges on flight feathers and wing coverts[4][5][12][13][excessive citations]

Both sexes of all subspecies have an iris whose color can be from light brownish yellow to dark brown, a black or dark brown bill with sometimes a pale base to the mandible, and legs and feet of various shades of gray.[4]

Distribution and habitat

[edit]

The sepia-capped flycatcher has a disjunct distribution. The subspecies are found thus:

The sepia-capped flycatcher primarily inhabits lowland evergreen forest, mature secondary forest, and plantations in the tropical and lower subtropical zones. In northern Central America it also inhabits semideciduous forest, and gallery forest in the llanos of Venezuela. In elevation it ranges from sea level to 1,300 m (4,300 ft) in Mexico and Central America, to 600 m (2,000 ft) in Colombia, and to 1,100 m (3,600 ft) in Brazil. It is found between 100 and 600 m (300 and 2,000 ft) north of the Orinoco River in Venezuela and up to 1,600 m (5,200 ft) south of it. It reaches 450 m (1,500 ft) in Ecuador, 1,300 m (4,300 ft) in Peru, and 1,000 m (3,300 ft) in Bolivia.[4][5][6][7][8][9][10][11][12][13][14][excessive citations]

Behavior

[edit]

Movement

[edit]

The sepia-capped flycatcher is a year-round resident.[4]

Feeding

[edit]

The sepia-capped flycatcher's diet has not been detailed but is known to include insects and fruits. It forages from the forest understory to its middle level, usually within about 8 m (25 ft) of the ground. It mostly hover-gleans or snatches fruit and insects in short sallies from a perch, and occasionally captures prey on the wing. It typically forages singly or in pairs and often joins mixed-species feeding flocks.[4][8][9][10][11][12][excessive citations]

Breeding

[edit]

The sepia-capped flycatcher's breeding season has not been defined but includes at least April and May in Mexico. Its nest is a globe with a side entrance, made from moss, leaf stems, and grasses and lined with seed down. It is typically hung from a vine or an exposed root beneath an overhanging log, rock, or stream bank. The clutch size is two or three eggs. The incubation period, time to fledging, and details of parental care are not known.[4][11]

Dickcissel male perched on a metal pole singing, with neck stretched and beak open.

Songs and calls
Listen to the sepia-capped flycatcher on xeno-canto

Vocalization

[edit]

Various authors have described the sepia-capped flycatcher's song as "a harsh, almost explosive SKET'a'a'j'j'j or SKET'd'd'r'r'r', last part chattery and vibrating"[11] , "a fast, sputtering chatter that trails off toward end, e.g., dre- d'd'd'd'd'd'd'dew, sometimes introduced by a sharper, more emphasized note"[12], and "an abrupt, loud, slightly falling, semimusical chatter: ski'i'i'i'i'i'i'i'eew"[13]. It also makes a "softer, descending rattle"[11] and "a quiet tuk"[13].

Status

[edit]

The IUCN has assessed the sepia-capped flycatcher as being of Least Concern. It has an extremely large range; its estimated population of at least 500,000 mature individuals is believed to be decreasing. No immediate threats have been identified.[1] It occurs in many protected areas. "Little is known about the effects of human activities on populations of Sepia-capped Flycatcher. In Mexico, it is dependent on threatened tropical evergreen forest habitats. The primary threats to this species there are logging of mature forest, habitat conversion for agriculture, and livestock production, and it is likely that these threats are similar elsewhere in its range."[4]

References

[edit]
  1. ^ a b BirdLife International (2021). "Leptopogon amaurocephalus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2021: e.T22698813A140037937. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2021-3.RLTS.T22698813A140037937.en. Retrieved 29 December 2024.
  2. ^ a b Gill, Frank; Donsker, David; Rasmussen, Pamela, eds. (August 2024). "Tyrant flycatchers". IOC World Bird List. v 14.2. Retrieved 19 August 2024.
  3. ^ a b Remsen, J. V., Jr., J. I. Areta, E. Bonaccorso, S. Claramunt, G. Del-Rio, A. Jaramillo, D. F. Lane, M. B. Robbins, F. G. Stiles, and K. J. Zimmer. Version 18 November 2024. Species Lists of Birds for South American Countries and Territories. https://www.museum.lsu.edu/~Remsen/SACCCountryLists.htm retrieved November 26, 2024
  4. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r Goforth, J. (2020). Sepia-capped Flycatcher (Leptopogon amaurocephalus), version 1.0. In Birds of the World (T. S. Schulenberg, Editor). Cornell Lab of Ornithology, Ithaca, NY, USA. https://doi.org/10.2173/bow.secfly1.01 retrieved December 29, 2024
  5. ^ a b c d e f g van Perlo, Ber (2009). A Field Guide to the Birds of Brazil. New York: Oxford University Press. pp. 302–303. ISBN 978-0-19-530155-7.
  6. ^ a b c de la Peña, Martín R.; Rumboll, Maurice (2001). Birds of Southern South America and Antarctica. Princeton Illustrated Checklists. New Jersey: Princeton University Press. pp. Plate 72, map 72.10. ISBN 0691090351.
  7. ^ a b c d vanPerlo, Ber (2006). Birds of Mexico and Central America. Princeton Illustrated Checklists. New Jersey: Princeton University Press. pp. Plate 67, map 67.20. ISBN 0691120706.
  8. ^ a b c d Fagan, Jesse; Komar, Oliver (2016). Field Guide to Birds of Northern Central America. Peterson Field Guides. Boston: Houghton Mifflin Harcourt. pp. 250–251. ISBN 978-0-544-37326-6.
  9. ^ a b c d Garrigues, Richard; Dean, Robert (2007). The Birds of Costa Rica. Ithaca: Zona Tropical/Comstock/Cornell University Press. pp. 194–195. ISBN 978-0-8014-7373-9.
  10. ^ a b c d McMullan, Miles; Donegan, Thomas M.; Quevedo, Alonso (2010). Field Guide to the Birds of Colombia. Bogotá: Fundación ProAves. p. 153. ISBN 978-0-9827615-0-2.
  11. ^ a b c d e f g h i Hilty, Steven L. (2003). Birds of Venezuela (second ed.). Princeton NJ: Princeton University Press. p. 584.
  12. ^ a b c d e Ridgely, Robert S.; Greenfield, Paul J. (2001). The Birds of Ecuador: Field Guide. Vol. II. Ithaca: Cornell University Press. pp. 474–475. ISBN 978-0-8014-8721-7.
  13. ^ a b c d e Schulenberg, T.S.; Stotz, D.F.; Lane, D.F.; O'Neill, J.P.; Parker, T.A. III (2010). Birds of Peru. Princeton Field Guides (revised and updated ed.). Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press. p. 404. ISBN 978-0691130231.
  14. ^ a b c d e f g Check-list of North American Birds (7th ed.). Washington, D.C.: American Ornithologists' Union. 1998. pp. 378–379.
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