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| altname = Thado, Thaadou, Thado-Pao
| altname = Thado, Thaadou, Thado-Pao
| nativename = Thadou
| nativename = Thadou
| states = [[India]] and [[Myanmar]]
| states = [[India]] [[Myanmar]]
| region = [[Manipur]], [[Nagaland]], [[Assam]] , [[Mizoram]] and [[Tripura]]
| region = [[Manipur]] [[Nagaland]] [[Assam]] [[Mizoram]]
| ethnicity = [[Thadou people]], [[Kuki people]] and [[Zo people]]
| ethnicity = [[Thadou people]] and [[Kuki people]]
| speakers = {{sigfig|800,100|2}} +
| speakers = {{sigfig|346,100|2}}
| date = 2011–2020
| date = 2011–2017
| ref = e25
| ref = e25
| familycolor = Sino-Tibetan
| familycolor = Sino-Tibetan
| fam2 = [[Tibeto-Burman languages|Tibeto-Burman]]
| fam2 = [[Tibeto-Burman languages|Tibeto-Burman]]
| fam3 = [[Central Tibeto-Burman languages|Central Tibeto-Burman]] (?)
| fam3 = [[Kuki-Chin-Naga languages|Kuki-Chin-Naga]]
| fam4 = [[Kuki-Chin-Naga languages|Kuki-Chin-Naga]]
| fam4 = [[Kuki-Chin languages|Kuki-Chin]]
| fam5 = [[Kuki-Chin languages|Kuki-Chin]]
| fam5 = [[Northern Kuki-Chin languages|Northern]]
| fam6 = [[Northern Kuki-Chin languages|Northern]]
| iso3 = tcz
| iso3 = tcz
| glotto = thad1238
| glotto = thad1238
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}}
}}
<!-- Deleted image removed: [[File:Map thado.png|thumb|This map shows in what areas this language is primarily used.]] -->
<!-- Deleted image removed: [[File:Map thado.png|thumb|This map shows in what areas this language is primarily used.]] -->
'''Thadou''' or '''Thado Chin''' is a [[Sino-Tibetan languages|Sino-Tibetan]] language of the [[Northern Kuki-Chin languages|Northern]] [[Kuki-Chin languages|Kuki-Chin-Mizo]] sub-branch. It is spoken mainly by the [[Thadou people]] and also the other [[Zo people]]/[[Kuki people]] tribes as their second language, as well as first in [[Northeast India]] (specifically in [[Manipur]], [[Assam]] , [[Mizoram]] , [[Nagaland]] and also in [[Tripura]]).<ref>{{Cite book|last1=Mahapatra|first1=Bijaya P.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=UhcLAQAAMAAJ&q=number+of+thadou+speaking+states+in+india|title=The Written Languages of the World: A Survey of the Degree and Modes of Use : Book 2, Non-Constitutional Languages|last2=Padmanabha|first2=P.|date=December 1989|publisher=Pr De L'Universite Laval|isbn=978-2-7637-7196-0|page=1311|language=en}}</ref>
'''Thadou''' or '''Thado Chin''' is a [[Sino-Tibetan languages|Sino-Tibetan]] language of the [[Northern Kuki-Chin languages|Northern]] [[Kuki-Chin languages|Kuki-Chin-Mizo]] sub-branch. It is spoken by the [[Thadou people]] in [[Northeast India]] (specifically in [[Manipur]] and [[Assam]]).<ref>{{Cite book|last1=Mahapatra|first1=Bijaya P.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=UhcLAQAAMAAJ&q=number+of+thadou+speaking+states+in+india|title=The Written Languages of the World: A Survey of the Degree and Modes of Use : Book 2, Non-Constitutional Languages|last2=Padmanabha|first2=P.|date=December 1989|publisher=Pr De L'Universite Laval|isbn=978-2-7637-7196-0|page=1311|language=en}}</ref>
The speakers of this language use [[Meitei language]] as their [[second language]] (L2) according to the [[Ethnologue]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Meitei {{!}} Ethnologue |url=https://www.ethnologue.com/language/mni/ |access-date=2023-05-03 |website=[[Ethnologue]] |language=en}}</ref>
The speakers of this language use [[Meitei language]] as their [[second language]] (L2) according to the [[Ethnologue]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Meitei {{!}} Ethnologue |url=https://www.ethnologue.com/language/mni/ |access-date=2023-05-03 |website=[[Ethnologue]] |language=en}}</ref>


The language is known by many names, including '''Thado''', '''Thado-Pao''', '''Thado-Ubiphei''', '''Thādo''', '''Thaadou Kuki''', or just '''Kuki''' or '''Chin'''.
The language is known by many names, including '''Thado''', '''Thado-Pao''', '''Thado-Ubiphei''', '''Thādo''', '''Thaadou Kuki''', or just '''Kuki''' or '''Chin'''.

Thadou language is the second most spoken language in Manipur and was given the recognition of second language and main language in the Manipur hills during the British period.


There are several dialects of this language: Hangshing, Khongsai, Kipgen, Saimar, Langiung, Sairang, Thangngeo, Haokip, Sitlhou, Singson (Shingsol).<ref name=e25/> The Saimar dialect was reported in the Indian press in 2012 to be spoken by only four people in one village in the state of [[Tripura]].<ref name="Saimar hindu">{{cite news|url = http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/article3650421.ece |title= Just 4 people keep a language alive |newspaper= The Hindu | date= 18 July 2012 |access-date=7 April 2013}}</ref> The variety spoken in [[Manipur]] has partial mutual intelligibility with the other [[Kuki-Chin languages|Mizo-Kuki-Chin languages]] varieties of the area including [[Paite language|Paite]], [[Hmar language|Hmar]], [[Vaiphei language|Vaiphei]], [[Simte language|Simte]], [[Kom language (India)|Kom]] and [[Gangte language|Gangte]] languages.<ref name=Singh>{{cite journal|last1=Singh|first1=Chungkham Yashawanta|title=The linguistic situation in Manipur|journal=Linguistics of the Tibeto-Burman Area|date=1995|volume=18|issue=1|pages=129–134|url=http://sealang.net/sala/archives/pdf8/singh1995linguistic.pdf|access-date=19 June 2014}}</ref>
There are several dialects of this language: Hangshing, Khongsai, Kipgen, Saimar, Langiung, Sairang, Thangngeo, Haokip, Sitlhou, Singson (Shingsol).<ref name=e25/> The Saimar dialect was reported in the Indian press in 2012 to be spoken by only four people in one village in the state of [[Tripura]].<ref name="Saimar hindu">{{cite news|url = http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/article3650421.ece |title= Just 4 people keep a language alive |newspaper= The Hindu | date= 18 July 2012 |access-date=7 April 2013}}</ref> The variety spoken in [[Manipur]] has partial mutual intelligibility with the other [[Kuki-Chin languages|Mizo-Kuki-Chin languages]] varieties of the area including [[Paite language|Paite]], [[Hmar language|Hmar]], [[Vaiphei language|Vaiphei]], [[Simte language|Simte]], [[Kom language (India)|Kom]] and [[Gangte language|Gangte]] languages.<ref name=Singh>{{cite journal|last1=Singh|first1=Chungkham Yashawanta|title=The linguistic situation in Manipur|journal=Linguistics of the Tibeto-Burman Area|date=1995|volume=18|issue=1|pages=129–134|url=http://sealang.net/sala/archives/pdf8/singh1995linguistic.pdf|access-date=19 June 2014}}</ref>
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***[[Tengnoupal district]]
***[[Tengnoupal district]]
***[[Pherzawl district]]
***[[Pherzawl district]]
***[[Kamjong district]]
***[[Noney district]]
**[[Assam]]
**[[Assam]]
***[[Karbi Anglong district|Karbi Anglong]] (Mikil Hills)
***[[Karbi Anglong district|Karbi Anglong]] (Mikil Hills)
***NC hills ([[Dima Hasao district|Dima Hasoa]])
***NC hills ([[Dima Hasao district|Dima Hasoa]])
**[[Nagaland]]
***[[Peren district]]
***[[phek district]]
***[[Dimapur district]]
**[[Mizoram]]
*[[Myanmar]]
**[[Chin state]]
**[[Sagaing Region|Sagaing region]]
**[[Kachin State]]


==Dialects==
==Dialects==
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*Haolai
*Haolai
*Singson (Shingsol)
*Singson (Shingsol)
⚫
*Hanghal
*Lhouvum
*Lhouvum
*Mate
*Mate
*Lhungdim
*Lhungdim
*Baite
*Baite
*Guite
*Kholhou
*Changsan
*Singsit
⚫
*Hanghal/Lhanghal
*Doungel
*Milhiem
*Dimngel
*Lunkim
*Lhoujem
*Lotjem
*Saimar
*Lhangum
*Lengthang
*Sa’um
*Lhangum
*Ngailut
*Insun
*Jongbe
*Khuongthang
*Tuboi
*Kilong/Kiloung.

{{div col end}}
{{div col end}}


Revision as of 19:15, 22 August 2023

"Kuki language" redirects here. Not to be confused with Kuki language (Nigeria).

Thadou-Kuki
Thado, Thaadou, Thado-Pao
Thadou
Native toIndia Myanmar
RegionManipur Nagaland Assam Mizoram
EthnicityThadou people and Kuki people
Native speakers
350,000 (2011–2017)[1]
Language codes
ISO 639-3tcz
Glottologthad1238
ELPThado Chin

Thadou or Thado Chin is a Sino-Tibetan language of the Northern Kuki-Chin-Mizo sub-branch. It is spoken by the Thadou people in Northeast India (specifically in Manipur and Assam).[2] The speakers of this language use Meitei language as their second language (L2) according to the Ethnologue.[3]

The language is known by many names, including Thado, Thado-Pao, Thado-Ubiphei, Thādo, Thaadou Kuki, or just Kuki or Chin.

There are several dialects of this language: Hangshing, Khongsai, Kipgen, Saimar, Langiung, Sairang, Thangngeo, Haokip, Sitlhou, Singson (Shingsol).[1] The Saimar dialect was reported in the Indian press in 2012 to be spoken by only four people in one village in the state of Tripura.[4] The variety spoken in Manipur has partial mutual intelligibility with the other Mizo-Kuki-Chin languages varieties of the area including Paite, Hmar, Vaiphei, Simte, Kom and Gangte languages.[5]

Geographical distribution

Thadou is spoken in the following locations (Ethnologue).

Dialects

Ethnologue lists the following dialects of Thadou, the names of which mostly correspond to clan names. There is high mutual intelligibility among dialects.

  • Lupho
  • Lupheng
  • Misao
  • Hangsing
  • Chongloi
  • Khongsai
  • Kipgen
  • Langiung
  • Sairang
  • Thangngeo
  • Haokip
  • Sitlhou
  • Touthang
  • Haolai
  • Singson (Shingsol)
  • Hanghal
  • Lhouvum
  • Mate
  • Lhungdim
  • Baite

The Saimar dialect is only spoken by 4 people in one village, which is located in Tripura.[6]

Phonology

Consonants

Labial Alveolar Palatal Velar Glottal
Plosive voiceless p t k ʔ
aspirated pʰ tʰ
voiced b d ɡ
Affricate ts
Nasal m n ŋ
Fricative voiceless s x h
voiced v z
lateral ɬ
Approximant w l j
  • /p t k/ are heard unreleased as [p̚ t̚ k̚] in word-final position.
  • /ts/ is heard as more apical [ts̺] when occurring before front and central vowels.
  • /x/ can have a cognate of an aspirated velar plosive [kʰ] in the dialect spoken in Burma.
  • /ɬ/ can have an allophone of [l̥] in word-medial position.[7]

Vowels

Front Central Back
Close i u
Mid e ə o
Open a

References

  1. ^ a b Thadou-Kuki at Ethnologue (25th ed., 2022) Closed access icon
  2. ^ Mahapatra, Bijaya P.; Padmanabha, P. (December 1989). The Written Languages of the World: A Survey of the Degree and Modes of Use : Book 2, Non-Constitutional Languages. Pr De L'Universite Laval. p. 1311. ISBN 978-2-7637-7196-0.
  3. ^ "Meitei | Ethnologue". Ethnologue. Retrieved 3 May 2023.
  4. ^ "Just 4 people keep a language alive". The Hindu. 18 July 2012. Retrieved 7 April 2013.
  5. ^ Singh, Chungkham Yashawanta (1995). "The linguistic situation in Manipur" (PDF). Linguistics of the Tibeto-Burman Area. 18 (1): 129–134. Retrieved 19 June 2014.
  6. ^ "Just 4 people keep a language alive". The Hindu. 18 July 2012.
  7. ^ Haokip, Marykim (2014). Grammar of Thadou-Kuki: A Descriptive Study. New Delhi: Jawaharlal Nehru University.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)

Further reading

Thadou language test of Wikipedia at Wikimedia Incubator
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Thadou_language&oldid=1171706585"