World Trade Center Site Memorial Competition: Difference between revisions
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| ⚫ | The '''World Trade Center Site Memorial Competition''' was an open, international memorial contest, initiated by the [[Lower Manhattan Development Corporation]] (LMDC), as per the specifications of architect [[Daniel Libeskind]], to design a [[World Trade Center Site Memorial]] (later renamed the [[National September 11 Memorial]]) on a portion of the [[World Trade Center site]]. The Competition began April 28, 2003 and the winner—[[Michael Arad]] and [[Peter Walker (architect)|Peter Walker]]'s [[Reflecting Absence]]—was revealed January 14, 2004 in a press conference at [[Federal Hall]] in New York City. The contest garnered 5,201 entries from 63 nations and 49 US states out of 13,683 registrants from all 50 US states and 94 nations, making it the largest design competition in history. |
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<!-- Deleted image removed: [[Image:contestsite.jpg|thumb|300px|A view of the memorial site from the Southwest from the LMDC's Competition Guidelines|{{ifdc|1=Contestsite.jpg|log=2009 June 13}}]] --> |
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| ⚫ | The '''World Trade Center Site Memorial Competition''' was an open, international memorial contest, initiated by the [[Lower Manhattan Development Corporation]] (LMDC), as per the specifications of |
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==History== |
==History== |
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{{Unreferenced section|date=September 2009}} |
{{Unreferenced section|date=September 2009}} |
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[[ |
[[File:skylineview.jpg|thumb|300px|A skyline view]] |
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===2002=== |
===2002=== |
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On January 2, 2003, LMDC and [[Port Authority of New York and New Jersey|Port Authority]] announced that a series of public meetings would take place to discuss a future World Trade Center Site Memorial. |
On January 2, 2003, LMDC and [[Port Authority of New York and New Jersey|Port Authority]] announced that a series of public meetings would take place to discuss a future World Trade Center Site Memorial. |
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The [[World Trade Center Site Memorial Competition#Selection jury|Selection Jury]] for the World Trade Center Site Memorial Competition were announced on April 10. The Competition began on April 28, when the [[World Trade Center Site Memorial Competition#Guidelines|Guidelines]] were released, Registration was opened. The LMDC accepted questions from competitors between April 28 and May 18, which were answered on its website on May 23 and removed at the end of the competition. Potential entrants were given until May 29 to register for the stated purpose of gauging the volume of entires. On May 15, the LMDC announced that it had received registrants from all 50 |
The [[World Trade Center Site Memorial Competition#Selection jury|Selection Jury]] for the World Trade Center Site Memorial Competition were announced on April 10. The Competition began on April 28, when the [[World Trade Center Site Memorial Competition#Guidelines|Guidelines]] were released, Registration was opened. The LMDC accepted questions from competitors between April 28 and May 18, which were answered on its website on May 23 and removed at the end of the competition. Potential entrants were given until May 29 to register for the stated purpose of gauging the volume of entires. On May 15, the LMDC announced that it had received registrants from all 50 US states and 70 other nations; on May 30, the LMDC announced that 13,683 competitors had registered from 94 nations. |
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Submissions were accepted from registered entrants between June 9 and |
Submissions were accepted from registered entrants between June 9 and 30. On July 17, the LMDC accounced that 5,201 submissions had been received, representing competitors from 49 U.S. states and 63 nations. The LMDC displayed the 8 finalists in the [[Winter Garden Theatre|Winter Garden]] on November 19. |
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===2004=== |
===2004=== |
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==Guidelines== |
==Guidelines== |
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| ⚫ | |||
<!-- Deleted image removed: [[Image:contestmap.jpg|thumb|300px|A map clarifying the boundaries of the contest from the LMDC's Contest Guidelines]] --> |
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| ⚫ | |||
* Recognize each individual who was a victim of the September 11, 2001 and February 26, 1993 attacks |
* Recognize each individual who was a victim of the September 11, 2001 and February 26, 1993 attacks |
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* Provide an area for quiet visitation and contemplation |
* Provide an area for quiet visitation and contemplation |
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* [[Paula Grant-Berry]], victim family member, LMDC Families Advisory Council |
* [[Paula Grant-Berry]], victim family member, LMDC Families Advisory Council |
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* Susan K. Freedman, President of the [[Public Art Fund]] |
* Susan K. Freedman, President of the [[Public Art Fund]] |
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* [[Vartan Gregorian]], |
* [[Vartan Gregorian]], PhD, President of the [[Carnegie Corporation]] of New York |
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* [[Patricia Harris]], Deputy Mayor for Administration for the City of New York |
* [[Patricia Harris]], Deputy Mayor for Administration for the City of New York |
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* [[Maya Lin]], artist/architect, winner of the [[Vietnam Veterans Memorial|Vietnam Veterans Memorial Design Competition]] |
* [[Maya Lin]], artist/architect, winner of the [[Vietnam Veterans Memorial|Vietnam Veterans Memorial Design Competition]] |
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* [[Martin Puryear]], artist |
* [[Martin Puryear]], artist |
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* [[Nancy Rosen]], public artist |
* [[Nancy Rosen]], public artist |
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* [[Lowery Stokes Sims]], |
* [[Lowery Stokes Sims]], PhD, Executive Director of the [[Studio Museum]] in [[Harlem]] |
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* [[Michael Van Valkenburgh]], architect |
* [[Michael Van Valkenburgh]], architect |
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* [[James E. Young]], |
* [[James E. Young]], PhD, Professor & Chair of the Department of [[Jewish studies|Judaic & Near Eastern Studies]] at the [[University of Massachusetts Amherst]]. |
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Honorary Member: |
Honorary Member: |
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*[[David Rockefeller]] philanthropist |
*[[David Rockefeller]] philanthropist |
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{{main|World Trade Center Memorial}} |
{{main|World Trade Center Memorial}} |
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{{Unreferenced section|date=September 2009}} |
{{Unreferenced section|date=September 2009}} |
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[[Michael Arad]] and [[Peter Walker (architect)|Peter Walker]]'s [http://www.wtcsitememorial.org/fin7.html Reflecting Absence] consists of a field of trees interrupted by two large voids containing recessed pools, marking the footprints of the [[World Trade Center|Twin Towers]]. The [[deciduous]] trees (swamp white oaks<ref>[http://www.911memorial.org/selecting-trees 9/11 Memorial |
[[Michael Arad]] and [[Peter Walker (architect)|Peter Walker]]'s [http://www.wtcsitememorial.org/fin7.html Reflecting Absence] consists of a field of trees interrupted by two large voids containing recessed pools, marking the footprints of the [[World Trade Center|Twin Towers]]. The [[deciduous]] trees (swamp white oaks<ref>[http://www.911memorial.org/selecting-trees 9/11 Memorial – Selecting Trees]</ref>) are arranged in rows, forming informal clusters, clearings and groves. The park is at street level, sitting above the Memorial Museum.<ref>[http://www.911memorial.org/plaza-details-0 9/11 Memorial – Plaza Details]</ref> The World Trade Center site is a [[The Bathtub|bathtub]], as the area was excavated to construct the original World Trade Center and the earth was used to build [[Battery Park City]], a neighboring residential community. |
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The names of the victims of the attacks (including those from [[the Pentagon]], [[American Airlines flight 77]], and [[United Airlines flight 93]]) and the [[1993 World Trade Center bombing|1993 bombing]] are inscribed on the [[parapet]]s surrounding the waterfalls,<ref>[http://www.911memorial.org/names-arrangement 9/11 Memorial |
The names of the victims of the attacks (including those from [[the Pentagon]], [[American Airlines flight 77]], and [[United Airlines flight 93]]) and the [[1993 World Trade Center bombing|1993 bombing]] are inscribed on the [[parapet]]s surrounding the waterfalls,<ref>[http://www.911memorial.org/names-arrangement 9/11 Memorial – Names Arrangement]</ref> in an arrangement based on "meaningful adjacencies".<ref>[http://www.newyorker.com/talk/2011/05/16/110516ta_talk_paumgarten The New Yorker – Dept. of Remembering – The Names]</ref> |
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A portion of the [[Slurry Wall]] (approximately half of what [[Daniel Libeskind]] originally wanted to preserve<ref>[http://nymag.com/nymetro/arts/architecture/reviews/n_9348/ New York |
A portion of the [[Slurry Wall]] (approximately half of what [[Daniel Libeskind]] originally wanted to preserve<ref>[http://nymag.com/nymetro/arts/architecture/reviews/n_9348/ New York – Disappearing Act]</ref>), originally designed to hold back the [[Hudson River]], will be maintained in the Museum. |
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==Controversy== |
==Controversy== |
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{{unreferenced section|date=September 2006}} |
{{unreferenced section|date=September 2006}} |
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Some have argued that the competition allowed very little room for creativity and that the 8 finalists chosen exhibited very little deviation from the design elements dictated in the guidelines. Many who disputed the selection of [[Daniel Libeskind]], whose design ([[Memory Foundations]]) was announced by [[George Pataki|Governor Pataki]] and [[Michael Bloomberg|Mayor Bloomberg]] on February 27, 2003 as the master plan for the World Trade Center site,<ref>[http://www.renewnyc.com/plan_des_dev/wtc_site/ Renew NYC |
Some have argued that the competition allowed very little room for creativity and that the 8 finalists chosen exhibited very little deviation from the design elements dictated in the guidelines. Many who disputed the selection of [[Daniel Libeskind]], whose design ([[Memory Foundations]]) was announced by [[George Pataki|Governor Pataki]] and [[Michael Bloomberg|Mayor Bloomberg]] on February 27, 2003 as the master plan for the World Trade Center site,<ref>[http://www.renewnyc.com/plan_des_dev/wtc_site/ Renew NYC – World Trade Center Site Overview]</ref> felt that the limited competition was designed to grant legitimacy to the overall site memorial plan although only 4.7 of the {{convert|16|acre|m2}} to be reconstructed were opened to the competition. |
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Some have also claimed that the stringent guidelines, shortened time period for the competition, and/or the influence of political and economic elites have marginalized local discourses and imposes a specific interpretation of the events of September 11, 2001 onto the memorial site. Those under the age of 18 were excluded from entering the competition on the grounds that they could not enter into agreements with the LMDC. |
Some have also claimed that the stringent guidelines, shortened time period for the competition, and/or the influence of political and economic elites have marginalized local discourses and imposes a specific interpretation of the events of September 11, 2001 onto the memorial site. Those under the age of 18 were excluded from entering the competition on the grounds that they could not enter into agreements with the LMDC. |
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{{reflist}} |
{{reflist}} |
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* {{cite journal | doi = 10.1525/tph.2003.25.2.129 | last1 = Greenspan | first1 = Elizabeth | year = 2003 | title = Spontaneous Memorials, Museums, and Public History: Memorialization of September 11, 2001 at the Pentagon | url = | journal = Public Historian | volume = 25 | issue = 2| pages = 129–132 }} |
* {{cite journal | doi = 10.1525/tph.2003.25.2.129 | last1 = Greenspan | first1 = Elizabeth | year = 2003 | title = Spontaneous Memorials, Museums, and Public History: Memorialization of September 11, 2001 at the Pentagon | url = | journal = Public Historian | volume = 25 | issue = 2| pages = 129–132 }} |
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* {{cite journal | doi = 10.1525/ae.2004.31.3.326 | last1 = Low | first1 = Setha M. | year = 2004 | title = The Memorialization of September 11: Dominant and local discourses on the rebuilding of the World Trade Center site | url = | journal = American Ethnologist | volume = 31 |
* {{cite journal | doi = 10.1525/ae.2004.31.3.326 | last1 = Low | first1 = Setha M. | year = 2004 | title = The Memorialization of September 11: Dominant and local discourses on the rebuilding of the World Trade Center site | url = | journal = American Ethnologist | volume = 31 | pages = 326–339 }} |
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* {{cite journal | doi = 10.2747/0272-3638.24.5.442 | last1 = Mitchell | first1 = K. | year = 2003 | title = Monuments, memorials, and the politics of memory | url = | journal = Urban Geography | volume = 24 | issue = 5| pages = 442–459 }} |
* {{cite journal | doi = 10.2747/0272-3638.24.5.442 | last1 = Mitchell | first1 = K. | year = 2003 | title = Monuments, memorials, and the politics of memory | url = | journal = Urban Geography | volume = 24 | issue = 5| pages = 442–459 }} |
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* {{cite journal | last1 = Rybczynski | first1 = Witold | year = 2004 | title = Less is Less: Was minimalism the proper design response to commemorate September 11?. | url = | journal = Landscape Architecture | volume = 94 | issue = 3| pages = 20–23 }} |
* {{cite journal | last1 = Rybczynski | first1 = Witold | year = 2004 | title = Less is Less: Was minimalism the proper design response to commemorate September 11?. | url = | journal = Landscape Architecture | volume = 94 | issue = 3| pages = 20–23 }} |
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* {{cite journal | doi = 10.1525/ae.2004.31.3.311 | last1 = Sturken | first1 = Marita | year = 2004 | title = The aesthetics of absence: Rebuilding Ground Zero | url = | journal = American Ethnologist | volume = 31 |
* {{cite journal | doi = 10.1525/ae.2004.31.3.311 | last1 = Sturken | first1 = Marita | year = 2004 | title = The aesthetics of absence: Rebuilding Ground Zero | url = | journal = American Ethnologist | volume = 31 | pages = 311–325 }} |
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==External links== |
==External links== |
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Revision as of 08:29, 5 October 2012
 | This article needs additional citations for verification. (November 2007) |
 |
The World Trade Center Site Memorial Competition was an open, international memorial contest, initiated by the Lower Manhattan Development Corporation (LMDC), as per the specifications of architect Daniel Libeskind, to design a World Trade Center Site Memorial (later renamed the National September 11 Memorial) on a portion of the World Trade Center site. The Competition began April 28, 2003 and the winner—Michael Arad and Peter Walker's Reflecting Absence—was revealed January 14, 2004 in a press conference at Federal Hall in New York City. The contest garnered 5,201 entries from 63 nations and 49 US states out of 13,683 registrants from all 50 US states and 94 nations, making it the largest design competition in history.
History
|
2002
On March 5, 2002, Governor Pataki, Mayor Bloomberg, and the Lower Manhattan Development Corporation (LMDC) jointly announced plans for an interim memorial to the victims September 11, 2001 and February 26, 1993 World Trade Center attacks.
2003
On January 2, 2003, LMDC and Port Authority announced that a series of public meetings would take place to discuss a future World Trade Center Site Memorial.
The Selection Jury for the World Trade Center Site Memorial Competition were announced on April 10. The Competition began on April 28, when the Guidelines were released, Registration was opened. The LMDC accepted questions from competitors between April 28 and May 18, which were answered on its website on May 23 and removed at the end of the competition. Potential entrants were given until May 29 to register for the stated purpose of gauging the volume of entires. On May 15, the LMDC announced that it had received registrants from all 50 US states and 70 other nations; on May 30, the LMDC announced that 13,683 competitors had registered from 94 nations.
Submissions were accepted from registered entrants between June 9 and 30. On July 17, the LMDC accounced that 5,201 submissions had been received, representing competitors from 49 U.S. states and 63 nations. The LMDC displayed the 8 finalists in the Winter Garden on November 19.
2004
On January 6, 2004, the Selection Jury named Michael Arad and Peter Walker's "Reflecting Absence" as the winning design, which was displayed publicly January 14.
On February 19, all 5,201 entries on its website were made available on the LMDC's website. On April 8, the LMDC announced the creation of an Advisory Committee to ensure that the Competition Guidelines are incorporated into the final design, which had undergone revision since January 14. On April 13, the LMDC announced that associate architect Davis Brody Bond would assist Arad and Walker with their final design.
Guidelines
There were five required "program elements"[1]:
- Recognize each individual who was a victim of the September 11, 2001 and February 26, 1993 attacks
- Provide an area for quiet visitation and contemplation
- Provide an area for the families and loved ones of victims
- Provide a separate accessible space to serve as the final resting-place for the unidentified remains from the World Trade Center Site
- Make visible the footprints of the original World Trade Center Towers
In addition, entrants were expected to conform to the following "guiding principles":
- Embody the goals and spirit of the mission statement
- Convey the magnitude of personal and physical loss at this location
- Acknowledge all those who aided in rescue, recovery, and healing
- Respect and enhance the sacred quality of the overall site and the space designed for the memorial
- Encourage reflection and contemplation
- Evoke the historical significance of the worldwide impact of September 11, 2001
- Create an original and powerful statement of enduring and universal symbolism
- Inspire and engage people to learn more about the events and impact of September 11, 2001 and February 26, 1993
- Evolve over time
Entries were examined by "LMDC staff" prior to jury review to determine whether they met the competition requirements. Although the Jury was allowed to review the list of ineligible submissions, the LMDC itself was to make the final determination.
Selection jury
The jury was selected by the LMDC in consultation with the mayor and governor. It consisted mostly of architects and artists but also individuals with other affiliations[2]:
- Paula Grant-Berry, victim family member, LMDC Families Advisory Council
- Susan K. Freedman, President of the Public Art Fund
- Vartan Gregorian, PhD, President of the Carnegie Corporation of New York
- Patricia Harris, Deputy Mayor for Administration for the City of New York
- Maya Lin, artist/architect, winner of the Vietnam Veterans Memorial Design Competition
- Michael McKeon, Governor Pataki's Director of Communications, the Governor's chief liaison on September 11 issues to City Hall and family groups
- Julie Menin, President and Founder of Wall Street Rising
- Enrique Norten, architect
- Martin Puryear, artist
- Nancy Rosen, public artist
- Lowery Stokes Sims, PhD, Executive Director of the Studio Museum in Harlem
- Michael Van Valkenburgh, architect
- James E. Young, PhD, Professor & Chair of the Department of Judaic & Near Eastern Studies at the University of Massachusetts Amherst.
Honorary Member:
- David Rockefeller philanthropist
Finalists
The jury selected 8 finalists[3]:
- Norman Lee and Michael Lewis's Votives in Suspension
- Joseph Karadin and Hsin-Yi Wu's Suspending Memory
- Bradley Campbell and Matthias Neumann's Lower Waters
- Pierre David, Sean Corriel, and Jessica Kmetovic's Garden of Lights
- Gisela Baurmann, Sawad Brooks and Jonas Coersmeier's Passages of Light : Memorial Cloud
- Toshio Sasaki's Inversion of Light
- Brian Strawn and Karla Sierralta's Dual Memory
- Michael Arad and Peter Walker's Reflecting Absence
Reflecting absence
|
Michael Arad and Peter Walker's Reflecting Absence consists of a field of trees interrupted by two large voids containing recessed pools, marking the footprints of the Twin Towers. The deciduous trees (swamp white oaks[4]) are arranged in rows, forming informal clusters, clearings and groves. The park is at street level, sitting above the Memorial Museum.[5] The World Trade Center site is a bathtub, as the area was excavated to construct the original World Trade Center and the earth was used to build Battery Park City, a neighboring residential community.
The names of the victims of the attacks (including those from the Pentagon, American Airlines flight 77, and United Airlines flight 93) and the 1993 bombing are inscribed on the parapets surrounding the waterfalls,[6] in an arrangement based on "meaningful adjacencies".[7]
A portion of the Slurry Wall (approximately half of what Daniel Libeskind originally wanted to preserve[8]), originally designed to hold back the Hudson River, will be maintained in the Museum.
Controversy
|
Some have argued that the competition allowed very little room for creativity and that the 8 finalists chosen exhibited very little deviation from the design elements dictated in the guidelines. Many who disputed the selection of Daniel Libeskind, whose design (Memory Foundations) was announced by Governor Pataki and Mayor Bloomberg on February 27, 2003 as the master plan for the World Trade Center site,[9] felt that the limited competition was designed to grant legitimacy to the overall site memorial plan although only 4.7 of the 16 acres (65,000 m2) to be reconstructed were opened to the competition.
Some have also claimed that the stringent guidelines, shortened time period for the competition, and/or the influence of political and economic elites have marginalized local discourses and imposes a specific interpretation of the events of September 11, 2001 onto the memorial site. Those under the age of 18 were excluded from entering the competition on the grounds that they could not enter into agreements with the LMDC.
See also
- World Trade Center Memorial
- September 11, 2001 attacks
- Daniel Libeskind
- World Trade Center
- World Trade Center site
References
- ^ "World Trade Center Site Memorial Competition Guidelines". Retrieved July 22, 2010.
- ^ "World Trade Center Site Memorial Competition". Retrieved July 22, 2010.
- ^ "World Trade Center Site Memorial Competition Finalists". Retrieved July 22, 2010.
- ^ 9/11 Memorial – Selecting Trees
- ^ 9/11 Memorial – Plaza Details
- ^ 9/11 Memorial – Names Arrangement
- ^ The New Yorker – Dept. of Remembering – The Names
- ^ New York – Disappearing Act
- ^ Renew NYC – World Trade Center Site Overview
- Greenspan, Elizabeth (2003). "Spontaneous Memorials, Museums, and Public History: Memorialization of September 11, 2001 at the Pentagon". Public Historian. 25 (2): 129–132. doi:10.1525/tph.2003.25.2.129.
- Low, Setha M. (2004). "The Memorialization of September 11: Dominant and local discourses on the rebuilding of the World Trade Center site". American Ethnologist. 31: 326–339. doi:10.1525/ae.2004.31.3.326.
- Mitchell, K. (2003). "Monuments, memorials, and the politics of memory". Urban Geography. 24 (5): 442–459. doi:10.2747/0272-3638.24.5.442.
- Rybczynski, Witold (2004). "Less is Less: Was minimalism the proper design response to commemorate September 11?". Landscape Architecture. 94 (3): 20–23.
- Sturken, Marita (2004). "The aesthetics of absence: Rebuilding Ground Zero". American Ethnologist. 31: 311–325. doi:10.1525/ae.2004.31.3.311.
External links
- National September 11 Memorial & Museum official website
- World Trade Center Site Memorial Competition's Official Website
- Lower Manhattan Development Corporation's Official Website
- The Competition Guidelines
- Jury Statement
- Jury Members
- Arad and Walker's Reflecting Absence Statement
- Michael Arad's Entry
- Peter Walker's Entry