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The Senior High School Entrance Examination determines which [[senior high school]] students will be admitted. The quality of the senior high school is also an important issue of the [[National Higher Education Entrance Examination]], so students who fail the Senior High School Entrance Examination do not get a second chance. However those who "stay in the old grade" (留级){{#tag:ref|This is a Chinese educational jargon term which stands for the students still staying in the old grade abnormally in the school. For example, first year you are in Grade One, and second year you should be in Grade Two, but some students in the second year are still in Grade One, which is called "stay in the old grade" (留级)|group=nb}} are permitted to retake the test, but will be penalized (e.g., points are subtracted from their test scores).
The Senior High School Entrance Examination determines which [[senior high school]] students will be admitted. The quality of the senior high school is also an important issue of the [[National Higher Education Entrance Examination]], so students who fail the Senior High School Entrance Examination do not get a second chance. However those who "stay in the old grade" (留级){{#tag:ref|This is a Chinese educational jargon term which stands for the students still staying in the old grade abnormally in the school. For example, first year you are in Grade One, and second year you should be in Grade Two, but some students in the second year are still in Grade One, which is called "stay in the old grade" (留级)|group=nb}} are permitted to retake the test, but will be penalized (e.g., points are subtracted from their test scores).


In mainland China the Senior High School Entrance Examination is considered to be second only to the National Higher Education Entrance Examination. People often believe that scoring well on the exam is the only way to success. Therefore, the Senior High School Entrance Examination has caused an "industry of the Senior High School Entrance Examination" (中考产业), such as educational counseling books and reference books, to flourish. It has also, however, led to a proliferation of cheating. During the Senior High School Entrance Examination, many invigilators have found "cheating equipment" among students, such as micro-earphones, mini microphones, "Cheating Pens"{{#tag:ref|Xian Ying Pen (显影笔), a device for hiding the answers and blocking the eyes of invigilators|group=nb}},<ref>[http://edu.people.com.cn/GB/4351299.html 中考高考临近 隐形“作弊笔”悄现哈尔滨，人民网]{{zh-cn}}</ref> etc. Besides these instances of cheating during the exam, there has also been a rise in other forms of misconduct, such as exam theft, teachers who give out answers to the exams, and teachers who help students to bypass the invigilators. In Hunan, a student was murdered when he refused to cooperate in a cheating ring.<ref>[http://www.people.com.cn/GB/other4788/20020724/783480.html 中考时未配合作弊 湖南一中学生惨死同学乱棒下，人民网]{{zh-cn}}</ref>
In mainland China the Senior High School Entrance Examination is considered to be second only to the National Higher Education Entrance Examination. People often believe that scoring well on the exam is the only way to success. Therefore, the Senior High School Entrance Examination has caused an "industry of the Senior High School Entrance Examination" (中考产业), such as educational counseling books and reference books, to flourish. It has also, however, led to a proliferation of cheating. During the Senior High School Entrance Examination, many invigilators have found "cheating equipment" among students, such as micro-earphones, mini-microphones, and "Cheating Pens"{{#tag:ref|Xian Ying Pen (显影笔), a device for hiding the answers and blocking the eyes of invigilators|group=nb}},<ref>[http://edu.people.com.cn/GB/4351299.html 中考高考临近 隐形“作弊笔”悄现哈尔滨，人民网]{{zh-cn}}</ref>. Besides these instances of cheating during the exam, there has also been a rise in other forms of misconduct, such as exam theft, teachers who give out answers to the exams, and teachers who help students to bypass the invigilators. In Hunan, a student was murdered when he refused to cooperate in a cheating ring.<ref>[http://www.people.com.cn/GB/other4788/20020724/783480.html 中考时未配合作弊 湖南一中学生惨死同学乱棒下，人民网]{{zh-cn}}</ref>


In many places in mainland China, the Senior High School Entrance Examination also has several undesirable effects outside of the test. For example, if a student does not achieve the basic [[score line]] for a senior high school in the Senior High School Entrance Examination, then the parents may bribe the school so that their children may attend. Around the time of the Senior High School Entrance Examination in 2011, several students who were qualified to enroll into the provincial model high school were not enrolled. After verification, it was discovered that the reason was because many of the students that did not reach the score line were enrolled into the provincial model high school illegally, thus occupying the placements that legal students would have received.
In many places in mainland China, the Senior High School Entrance Examination also has several undesirable effects outside of the test. For example, if a student does not achieve the basic [[score line]] for a senior high school in the Senior High School Entrance Examination, then the parents may bribe the school so that their children may attend. Around the time of the Senior High School Entrance Examination in 2011, several students who were qualified to enroll into the provincial model high school were not enrolled. After verification, it was discovered that the reason was because many of the students that did not reach the score line were enrolled into the provincial model high school illegally, thus occupying the placements that legal students would have received.

Revision as of 16:43, 28 May 2015

Zhongkao
Traditional Chinese高級中等學校招生考試
Simplified Chinese高级中等学校招生考试
Transcriptions
Standard Mandarin
Hanyu Pinyingāojí zhōngděng xuéxiào zhāoshēng kǎoshì
Secondary Education Exam
Chinese中考
Transcriptions
Standard Mandarin
Hanyu PinyinZhōngkǎo

Template:ChineseText

The Senior High School Entrance Examination, or commonly known as Zhongkao (中考), is the academic examination held annually in the mainland of the People's Republic of China to distinguish junior high school graduates. This examination is a prerequisite for entrance into almost all education institutions at the senior high school level, such as common senior high schools, secondary skill schools, vocational high schools, technical high schools. It is usually taken by students in their last year of junior high school.

Before the Senior High School Entrance Examination, every province will hold two simulation examination twice, few places even three times. The Senior High School Entrance Examination usually make out problems by province, but few provinces transmit the power of making out problems to cities. This exam is the second examination system recovered after the Cultural Revolution. It takes place in early June every year, however in few place it takes place in late June or even early July.

In 1980, the decades that just recover the exams, the Graduation Examination of Junior High School and the Senior High School Entrance Examination are the same exam. If the students failed the Senior High School Entrance Examination, then they cannot graduate from the junior high school, even if there are senior high school who want to admit them. These students will be refused by the senior high school for the reason "failure in graduation from junior high school" (初中肄业), that is what is commonly called “sending back the document” (退档). However some places has the system of makeup exam of the Senior High School Entrance Examination. Since mid-1990s, the Graduation Examination of Junior High School becomes separated from the Senior High School Entrance Examination, but some provinces and cities such as Shanghai combined the two exams again.

Make out problems and register the score

Generally speaking, the Senior High School Entrance Examination is made by provincial educational examination institute. However in recent year, exams are made by counties and cities except the municipalities directly under the Central Government.

The exam is usually written examination, physical education (PE) additional examination and policy additional score. The former two are standard score of the Senior High School Entrance Examination. So-called "policy additional score" is the points addition to the Senior High School Entrance Examination for the provincial, civic, countial "Triple A Student", student speciality that gains certificate, the children of disabled veterans, minorities, overseas children, etc. Although the policy is not the same, yet some the children of disabled veterans, minorities, overseas children always have 1-3 points additionally. The additional points will not be more than 30 points.

The place to take the Senior High School Entrance Examination

In different places in mainland China, there are different subjects, points and difficulty in different places. Generally speaking, the exam has Chinese, mathematics, English, physics, chemistry, history, politics, physical education (PE). Some places have geography and biology. In most of the places, history and politics are open-book examination, and some places even are allowed to take all paper material. The Senior High School Entrance Examination in Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region (新疆维吾尔自治区), the non-Han students are allowed to bring textbooks and Xinhua Zidian (新华字典) when having Chinese exam.

Subjects and scores of Senior High School Entrance Examination in different parts of the People's Republic of China

Beijing Municipality (北京市)

Beijing call it Beijing Senior High School Entrance Examination (北京市高级中等学校招生考试). The exams are referred to the textbooks in Beijing.

In 2006, it was separated as "Syllabus Examination Paper" (大纲卷) and "Curriculum Standards Examination Paper" (课标卷). The "Syllabus Examination Paper" is the exam according to the curriculum syllabus, and therefore it is much easier. The "Curriculum Standards Examination Paper" is according to the curriculum standard, and therefore it is much more difficult. The "Curriculum Standards Examination Paper" was firstly test in Haidian District, Beijing City. In 2008, all exam paper turned back to be all the same.

Subjects Chinese Mathematics English Physics Chemistry Physical Education
Time Limit 150 minutes 120 minutes 120 minutes 120 minutes 100 minutes Half a day[1]
Full marks 120 120 120 100 80 40
Description
  1. Full marks is totally 580.
  2. The full marks of the compositions in Chinese exam became 50 points since 50. It had been 60 before that.
  3. The difficulties ratio of English and physics is easy:midium:hard = 6:2:2, the others subjects are easy:midium:hard = 5:3:2. During recent years, Beijing Senior High School Entrance Examination becomes more and more difficult.

Shanghai Municipality (上海市)

Subjects Chinese Mathematics English Physics and Chemistry Physical Education Politics Operation skills of physics and chemistry
Time Limit 100 minutes 100 minutes 100 minutes 100 minutes -- 70 minutes --
Full marks 150 150 150 90 in physics and 60 in chemistry 30 -- --
Description
  1. In physical education, 15 points are for routine examination (i.e. in normal days, rather in formal ways), 15 points for uniform examination.
  2. Politics is open-book examination, students are allowed to take any thing. There for four grades for politics, namely "优秀" (excellent), "良好" (good), "及格" (pass) and "不及格"(failed).
  3. Physics and Chemistry only have two grades, namely "及格"(pass) and "不及格"(failed).

Chongqing Municipality (重庆市)

(the year 2010[2])

Subjects Chinese Mathematics English Physics Politics and History Physical Education
Time Limits 120 minutes 120 minutes 120 minutes 120 minutes 90 minutes —
Full Marks 150 150 150 80 in physics, 70 in chemistry 50 in politics, 50 in history 50

The full marks is totally 750.

Nanjing City (南京市)

(the year 2010)

Subjects Chinese Mathematics English Physics Chemistry Politics and History Biology and Geography Physical Education
Time Limit 120 minutes 120 minutes 120 minutes 100 minutes 100 minutes 120 minutes 100 minutes --
Full Marks 120 120 120 100 80 60 in politics, 60 in history 20 in biology, 20 in geography 40

The full marks is totally 740.

Shenzhen City (深圳市)

(the year 2012[3])

Subjects Chinese Mathematics Written English Examination Spoken English Examination Science History and Society Physical Education
Time Limit (measured in minutes) 100 90 90 - 120 60 -
Full Marks 100 100 85 15 150 100 100
Weight of Standard Points 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.5 0.6 0.3

Yichang City (宜昌市)

Subjects Chinese Mathematics English Physics Chemistry Politics and History Biology and Geography Physical Education
Time Limit (measured in minutes) 150 120 120 100 100 60 in politics, 60 in history 60 in biology, 60 in geography -
Full Marks 120 120 120 80 50 60 in politics, 60 in history 60 in biology, 60 in geography 20
Description
  1. In the year 2012, the Bureau of Education in Yichang announced that the Senior High School Entrance Examination changed into "Total Marks System" (总分制). Politics, history, geography and biology is not a part of the "total mark". The full marks in total is 510.[4]。

Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region (新疆维吾尔自治区)

(After the year 2006[5])

Subjects Chinese Mathematics English Physics and Chemistry Politics and History Physical Education
Time Limit (measured in minutes) 120 120 120 120 120 --
Full Marks 150 150 150 120 120 70
Description
  1. The scores will be converted into grades and then students will be informed the grades.

Tianjin Municipality (天津市)

(the year 2008[6])

Subjects Chinese Mathematics English Physics Chemistry
Time Limit (measured in minutes) 120 100 100 90 90
Full Marks 120 120 120 100 100

Hebei Province (河北省)

(the year 2007[7])

Subjects Chinese Mathematics English Liberal arts altogether (文科综合) Natural science altogether (理科综合)
Time Limit (measured in minutes) 120 120 120 120 120
Full Marks 120 120 120 120 120

Zhejiang Province (Curriculum Reform Zone) (浙江省（课改区）)

Subjects Chinese Mathematics English Science Social politics
Time Limits (measured in minutes) 120 120 90 120 60
Full Marks 150 150 120 200 60
Description
  1. The score in English examination includes the score of listening test
  2. Social politics examination includes three subjects, namely history, society and politics
  3. Social politics examination is an open-book exam.

Heilongjiang Province (黑龙江省)

Subjects Chinese Mathematics English Physics Chemistry Politics Physical Education
Time Limit (measured in minutes) 120 120 120 100 100 100 ——
Full Marks 120 120 120 100 100 100 30
Description
  1. Physical Education examination includes five subjects, namely height and weight, grip force, forced vital capacity (FVC), long jump, step test.
  2. Politics is an open-book exam.

Guangzhou City (广州市)

Subjects Chinese Mathematics English Physics Chemistry Politics Physical Education
Time Limit (measured in minutes) 120 120 120 80 80 80(15 minutes for closed-book exam, 65 minutes for open-book exam)
Full Marks 150 150 150 100 100 100(40 points for closed-book exam, 60 points for open-book exam) 60
Description
  1. Physical Education includes 200-metre race and optional. The optional can be one of the one-minute sit-ups, one-minute volleyball to the wall
  2. The full marks of physical education is 60.
  3. Politics exam is separated into open-book exam and closed-book exam. The closed-book section is multiple choice section. The open-book section is the Question and Answer section, and the books that are allowed to take into the test room is the politics textbook and the "The Study Handbook of Current Events for the High School Students in Guangdong" (《广州市中学生时事学习手册》).

Harbin City (哈尔滨市)

Harbin separates the exam into Graduation Examination of Junior High School and Senior High School Entrance Examination. Graduation Examination of Junior High School takes place in late May. Students who do not get less than 60 points on any exams are allowed to graduate. However this exam is not so important than Senior High School Entrance Examination, because the exam room of Graduation Examination of Junior High School is just the junior high school of the students, and the failed students can change their score into pass level sneakily

Subjects Chinese Mathematics English Physics Chemistry
Time Limits (measured in minutes) 60 60 60 60 60
Full Marks 100 100 100 100 100

Senior High School Entrance Examination takes place on July 25 and 26, Small languages (小语种) exam is on 27th.[8] This exam decides which senior high school they will study in and therefore people really care about it, and even escort exam by the public security organs.

Subjects Chinese Mathematics English Physics and Chemistry Physical Education
Time Limits (measured in minutes) 120 120 100 120 ——
Full Marks 120 120 120 140 30

Huai'an City (淮安市)

Subjects Chinese Mathematics Written English Examination Oral English Examination Physics Chemistry Politics and History Physical Education
Time Limit (measured in minutes) 150 120 120 30 90 60 50 in physics, 50 in history --
Full Marks 150 150 120 30 85 60 50 points in politics, 50 points in history 35

Fuzhou City (福州市)

This exam in Fuzhou is called Fuzhou City Graduation Uniform Examination of Junior High School and Senior High School Entrance Examination (福州市初中毕业会考、高级中等学校招生考试).

Before the year 2006, it was separated into Non-curriculum-reform Examination Paper used in Luoyuan (罗源) and Pingtan (平潭), and Curriculum Reform Experimental Zone Examination Paper used in the other counties. Since the year 2007, the exam paper became the same, Fuzhou Bureau of Education prepares the exam paper and the reviewers mark the exam paper online. Fuzhou Bureau of Education also organizes failed students to make up the exam.

Subjects Chinese Mathematics English Physics Chemistry Politics History Geography Biology Physical Education
Time Limits 120 minutes 120 minutes 120 minutes 90 minutes 60 minutes 90 minutes 60 minutes 60 minutes 60 minutes Half a day
Full Marks 150 150 150 100 100 100 100 100 100 300
Description
  1. The pass score is 550 points. Each score of Chinese, mathematics and English is 150. Physics is 40% added into the exam, and chemistry 60%. Physics, chemistry, biology, politics and physical education are finally converted into one of the four grades, namely A, B, C, D.
  2. Since 2012, the writing script points of the composition in Chinese exam is 5 points in total. The full mark of Chinese exam is still 150.
  3. Difficulties ratio is easy:midium:hard = 8:1:1 (formulated by the Fujian Provincial Department of Education).
  4. Politics and history exams are all open-book exam, students are allowed to take the "Current Event" (《时事》) book and the "formal" reference book ("formal" stands for the book should have ISBN, International Standard Book Number).

Difficulties

The Senior High School Entrance Examination is easier than National Higher Education Entrance Examination. The difficulties coefficient is 0.1-0.8 (i.e. students will get 70%-75% of the full marks in average).

Problems

The Senior High School Entrance Examination and the National Higher Education Entrance Examination are an important symbol of examination-oriented education in mainland China. Although some places participate in "Curriculum Reform" and the Chinese authorities insist that the Senior High School Entrance Examination has become more focused on ability rather that rote memorization, yet the Senior High School Entrance Examination is still considered a product of the exam-oriented education system; it does not conform to the so-called quality-oriented education by the Chinese authorities. The Senior High School Entrance Examination is much easier than National Higher Education Entrance Examination. It leads students admission difficult because of much too little differences in scores. This exam is scored in such a way that hundreds or even thousands of students obtain exactly the same score.

The Senior High School Entrance Examination determines which senior high school students will be admitted. The quality of the senior high school is also an important issue of the National Higher Education Entrance Examination, so students who fail the Senior High School Entrance Examination do not get a second chance. However those who "stay in the old grade" (留级)[nb 1] are permitted to retake the test, but will be penalized (e.g., points are subtracted from their test scores).

In mainland China the Senior High School Entrance Examination is considered to be second only to the National Higher Education Entrance Examination. People often believe that scoring well on the exam is the only way to success. Therefore, the Senior High School Entrance Examination has caused an "industry of the Senior High School Entrance Examination" (中考产业), such as educational counseling books and reference books, to flourish. It has also, however, led to a proliferation of cheating. During the Senior High School Entrance Examination, many invigilators have found "cheating equipment" among students, such as micro-earphones, mini-microphones, and "Cheating Pens"[nb 2],[9]. Besides these instances of cheating during the exam, there has also been a rise in other forms of misconduct, such as exam theft, teachers who give out answers to the exams, and teachers who help students to bypass the invigilators. In Hunan, a student was murdered when he refused to cooperate in a cheating ring.[10]

In many places in mainland China, the Senior High School Entrance Examination also has several undesirable effects outside of the test. For example, if a student does not achieve the basic score line for a senior high school in the Senior High School Entrance Examination, then the parents may bribe the school so that their children may attend. Around the time of the Senior High School Entrance Examination in 2011, several students who were qualified to enroll into the provincial model high school were not enrolled. After verification, it was discovered that the reason was because many of the students that did not reach the score line were enrolled into the provincial model high school illegally, thus occupying the placements that legal students would have received.

Notes

  1. ^ This is a Chinese educational jargon term which stands for the students still staying in the old grade abnormally in the school. For example, first year you are in Grade One, and second year you should be in Grade Two, but some students in the second year are still in Grade One, which is called "stay in the old grade" (留级)
  2. ^ Xian Ying Pen (显影笔), a device for hiding the answers and blocking the eyes of invigilators

References

  1. ^ 北京市2012年高级中等学校招生考试工作方案解读Template:Zh-cn
  2. ^ 重庆中考毕业升学“两考合一” _ 重庆市政府公众信息网Template:Zh-cn
  3. ^ 深圳市2012年中考中招政策和日程安排公布，深圳招生考试办公室Template:Zh-cn
  4. ^ 2012年湖北省宜昌市中考成绩回归分数制Template:Zh-cn
  5. ^ 新疆乌鲁木齐市2007年中考科目分值现已确定Template:Zh-cn
  6. ^ 初中毕业生学业考试Template:Zh-cn
  7. ^ 2007年河北省中考推迟两天，石家庄热线，文章出自《燕赵都市报》Template:Zh-cn
  8. ^ 哈尔滨中考时间25日至27日 6万余名考生赴考Template:Zh-cn
  9. ^ 中考高考临近 隐形“作弊笔”悄现哈尔滨，人民网Template:Zh-cn
  10. ^ 中考时未配合作弊 湖南一中学生惨死同学乱棒下，人民网Template:Zh-cn
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