List of wars involving Albania
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History of Albania |
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Timeline |
This is a list of wars that Albanian states and Albanian forces have been involved in.
- Albanian victory
- Albanian defeat
- Another result (e.g. a treaty or peace without a clear result, status quo ante bellum, result of civil war or internal conflict, result unknown, mixed results, stalemate, ceasefire or indecisive)
- Ongoing conflict
Medieval Albania: Principality of Arbanon to the Fall of Shkodër (1190–1479)
Conflict | Combatant 1 | Combatant 2 | Result |
---|---|---|---|
Byzantine conquest of Bulgaria (968–1018) | Bulgarian Empire Kievan Rus' (970–971) Pechenegs |
Byzantine Empire *Arianiti family[1] Kievan Rus' (968–969) Kingdom of Hungary Principality of Duklja Kingdom of Croatia |
Byzantine victory
|
Leka's Revolt in The Eastern Balkans (1078–79) | Supporters of Leka | Byzantine Empire | Ceasefire
|
Rebellion of Arbanon (1257–59) | Arbanon rebels | Empire of Nicaea | Ceasefire
|
Byzantine-Angevin war (1274-1281) | Byzantine Empire | Kingdom of Albania Angevin Kingdom of Sicily | Victory
|
Revolt of Albanian nobles against Stefan Milutin (1318) | Albanian nobility | Kingdom of Serbia (medieval) | Defeat
|
Stefan Milutin's invasion of North Albania | Principality of Muzaka Byzantine Empire |
Kingdom of Serbia (medieval) | Victory
|
Byzantine civil war of 1341–1347 | John V Palaiologos Regents: Anna of Savoy John XIV Kalekas Alexios Apokaukos Allies: Zealots of Thessalonica Serbia (1343–1347) Bulgaria Principality of Karvuna |
John VI Kantakouzenos Allies: Serbia (1342–1343) Beylik of Aydin (1342/3–1345) Ottoman beylik (1345–1347) Beylik of Saruhan Topia Principality Principality of Muzaka |
Mixed Results
|
Albanian Resistance against the Serbian Kingdom/Empire
(1336-1355) |
Kingdom of Albania | Kingdom of Serbia (medieval) (1336-1346)
Serbian Empire (1346-1355) |
Eventual Albanian victory
|
Thopia Uprising against the Anjou (1358–68) | Albanian Principality of Albania (medieval) | Angevin Kingdom of Naples | Victory
|
Albanian-Epirote War of 1359 (1359) | Albanian Losha Family and Shpata Family | Despotate of Epirus | Victory
|
Albanian-Epirote War (1367–70) (1367–70) | Albanian Losha Family | Despotate of Epirus in Ioannina | Ceasefire
|
Muzaka-Serbian war
(1369) |
Principality of Muzaka | Serbian Empire | Victory
|
Thopia-Muzaka War (1370) | Albanian Principality of Albania (medieval) | Principality of Muzaka | Thopia victory
|
Albanian-Prilep War (1371) | Principality of Muzaka Principality of Gropa |
Lordship of Prilep | Victory
|
Albanian-Epirote War (1374–1375) (1374-1375) | Despotate of Arta | Despotate of Epirus in Ioannina | Ceasefire
|
Invasion of Arta by the Knights Hospitaller (1378) | Despotate of Arta | Knights Hospitaller | Victory
|
Albanian-Epirote War (1381–84) (1381–84) |
Despotate of Arta | Despotate of Epirus in Ioannina Ottoman Empire |
Victory
|
Zetan-Albania War (1382–1385) | Princedom of Albania | Lordship of Zeta | Victory
|
Albanian-Epirote War of 1385[8] (1385) |
Despotate of Arta | Despotate of Epirus | Defeat
|
First Zenebishi Uprising against the Ottomans (1385–86) | Albanian Zenebishi Family | Ottoman Empire | Victory
|
Zaharia-Balšić conflict (1386 and 1389) | Zaharia family | Lordship of Zeta | Mixed Results
|
Dukagjini Rebellion against Balšić (1387) | Dukagjini Family | Lordship of Zeta | Victory
|
Battle of Kosovo (1389) | Moravian Serbia District of Branković Kingdom of Bosnia Knights Hospitaller The Albanian nobility that fought under the command of Prince Lazar:[10][11] |
Ottoman Empire | Inconclusive
|
Albanian-Epirote War of 1389–90[12] (1389–1390) |
Despotate of Arta (all four battles) Malakasi Tribe (second battle) |
Despotate of Epirus (all four battles) Thessaly (second battle) Ottoman Empire (third and fourth battles) |
Defeat
|
Venetian-Albanian War (1392)(1392) | Princedom of Albania | Republic of Venice | Defeat
|
Bosnian Invasion of Zeta under the Balšići (1396) | Principality of Zeta | Kingdom of Bosnia Republic of Venice |
Victory
|
Thopia civil War(1392-1403) | Forces under Niketa Thopia | Forces under Helena Thopia | Niketa Thopia Victory
|
Albanian-Epirote War of 1399-1400 (April 1399 – July 1400) |
Albanian Zenebishi Family | Despotate of Epirus Pro-Epirote Albanian Clans |
Victory
|
Vonko–Shpata War (November 1400 – Late 1401) |
Despotate of Arta | Vonko's Forces | Victory
|
Civil war of the Despotate of Arta (1401–08)[13] (late 1401 – 1408) | 1401–1403: Despotate of Arta supported by Skurra Bua Shpata and Muriq Shpata 1403–1407:
Ottoman Empire (1406 only) |
County palatine of Cephalonia and Zakynthos | Sgouros and Paul are defeated, Maurice is victorious
|
Battle of Ankara (July 1402) | Timurid Empire | Ottoman Empire Zaharia family Albanian Jonima family Principality of Dukagjini Albanian Dushmani family Serbian Despotate Wallachia |
Defeat
|
Zenebishi-Venetian war
(1402-1413) |
Principality of Gjirokastër | Republic of Venice | Defeat
|
First Scutari War (early 1405 – January 1413) | Balšići Lordship of Zeta Crnojević family Albanian Humoj family Serb peasants Albanian peasants Albanian Zaharia family (late 1412 – early 1413) |
Republic of Venice Zaharia family (early 1405 – late 1412) Albanian Jonima family |
Mixed results
|
Second Thopia-Muzaka War (late 1411) |
Albanian Thopia family | Muzaka family | Muzaka Victory
|
Albanian-Epirote War of 1412 (1412) | Albanian Zenebishi Family
Albanian Shpata Family |
Despotate of Epirus Greeks of Ioannina |
Victory
|
Ottoman-Gjirokastër War (1414) | Albanian Zenebishi Family | Ottoman Empire | Defeat
|
Second Zenebishi Uprising against the Ottomans (1416) | Albanian Mountain Tribes Zenebishi Family Republic of Venice |
Ottoman Empire | Victory
|
Albanian-Epirote War of 1416 (October 1416) |
Despotate of Arta | Despotate of Epirus | Defeat
|
Second Ottoman-Gjirokastër War (1418) | Albanian Zenebishi Family | Ottoman Empire | Defeat
|
Second Scutari War (1419–23) | Zeta Serbian Despotate (after 1421) Albanian nobility: |
Republic of Venice | Inconclusive
|
Albanian Revolt (1432–36) | Albanian rebels
|
Ottoman Empire | Mixed results
|
Muzaka Revolt in Berat (1437–38) |
Albanian rebels | Ottoman Empire | Defeat
|
Ottoman-Albanian Wars of 1443 to 1479 (1443–1479) |
1443–44: Kastrioti Family Arianiti Family 1444–46: 1446–50: 1450–51: 1451–54: 1454–56: 1456–68: 1468–78: 1478–79:
Lordship of Zeta (Siege of Shkodra only) |
1443–44: Ottoman Empire 1444–46: 1446–50: 1450–51: 1451–54: 1454–56: 1456–68: 1468–78: 1478–79: |
Ottoman conquest of Albania halted until 1479
|
Albanian–Venetian War (December 1447 – October 1448) |
League of Lezhë | Republic of Venice Pro-Venetian Alliance:
|
Victory
|
Skanderbeg's Serbian Campaign (1448) |
League of Lezhë | Despotate of Serbia | Victory
|
Skanderbeg's Italian expedition (1460–62) | League of Lezhë Papal States Kingdom of Naples Duchy of Milan |
House of Anjou Principality of Taranto Pro-Angevin Italian nobles |
Victory
|
Ottoman–Venetian War (1463–1479) | Republic of Venice Papal States League of Lezhë Principality of Zeta Maniots Greek rebels |
Ottoman Empire | Ottoman victory, Treaty of Constantinople (1479) |
Ottoman Albania and the Albanian National Awakening (1479–1912)
Conflict | Combatant 1 | Combatant 2 | Result | |
---|---|---|---|---|
Albanian Uprisings of 1481–1484 (June 1481–1484) |
Albanian rebels Kastrioti family Dukagjini Family Muzaka family |
Ottoman Empire | Mixed results
| |
Crnojević-Kastrioti Invasion of Zeta (June 1481) |
File:Supposed Flag of the House of Crnojevic.svg Zetan rebels File:Supposed Flag of the House of Crnojevic.svg Crnojević family Kastrioti family |
Ottoman Empire | Victory
| |
Albanian Uprising of 1501 (1501) |
Albanian rebels | Ottoman Empire | Defeat
| |
Mirdita Uprising
(1515) |
Principality of Mirdita | Ottoman Empire | Victory
| |
Ottoman expedition of himara led by Sultan Suleiman the Magnificent (1537) | Himariots | Ottoman Empire | Eventualy Albanian Victoy
| |
Albanian rebellion in North Albania against Ottoman empire (1591) | Albanian warriors from behind the mountains of Kruje Lezha and shkoder | Ottoman Empire | Unknown
| |
1638 Ottoman expedition against Kelmendi | Kelmendi | Ottoman Empire | Outcome | |
Seven-fold barjak Uprising (1658) |
"Seven-fold barjak" Alliance:
|
Ottoman Empire | Unknown | |
First Süleyman Invasion of Montenegro
(1685) |
Bushati family | Prince-Bishopric of Montenegro
Support: |
Victory
| |
Medun Uprising (1688) |
Ottoman Empire | Anti-Ottoman Tribal Alliance: | Bushati Defeat
| |
Kosovo campaign of The Holy League (1689) | Holy League | Ottoman empire | Victory
| |
Second Süleyman Invasion of Montenegro
(1692) |
Bushati family | Prince-Bishopric of Montenegro | Victory
| |
Hoti-Kuči Uprising of 1694 (1694) |
Anti-Ottoman Tribal Alliance: | Ottoman Empire | Unknown | |
Orlov Revolt
(1770) |
Ottoman Empire | Russian Empire
Greek revolutionaries |
Victory
| |
Shkodran Invasion of Ulcinj (1772) |
Pashalik of Scutari | Prince-Bishopric of Montenegro | Victory
| |
Shkodran Invasion of Brda (1774) (1774) |
Pashalik of Scutari | Brda Tribes:
|
Bushati Defeat
| |
First Scutari-Berat War | Pashalik of Scutari | Pashalik of Berat | Scutari victory
| |
Scutari invasion of Montenegro (1785) | Pashalik of Scutari | Prince-Bishopric of Montenegro
|
Victory
| |
First Scutari-Ottoman War | Pashalik of Scutari | Ottoman Empire | Inconclusive
| |
Souliote War (1789-1793) (1789-1793) |
Pashalik of Yanina | Albanian Souliotes | Souliote Victory | |
Shkodran Invasion of Brda (1794) (1794) |
Bushati family | Brda Tribes: | Bushati Defeat | |
Second Scutari-Ottoman War
(1795) |
Pashalik of Scutari | Ottoman Empire | Albanian Victory
| |
Second Scutari invasion of Montenegro (Early 1796–September 1796) |
Pashalik of Scutari | Prince-Bishopric of Montenegro
|
Defeat
| |
Ali Pasha's Invasion of Butrint
(18–25 October 1798) |
Pashalik of Yanina
|
First French Republic | Victory
| |
Battle of Nicopolis
(1798) |
Pashalik of Yanina
|
First French Republic
Greek Volunteers |
Victory
| |
Muhammad Ali's seizure of power (March 1803 – March 1811) |
Forces loyal to Tahir Pasha (March 1803 – April 1803) Forces loyal to Muhammad Ali (April 1803 – March 1811) Albanian bashi-bazouks Mamluks (April 1803 – February 1804) Mamluks loyal to al-Bardisi (February 1804 – March 1804) Militia of Cairo |
Ottoman Empire
|
Victory
| |
First Serbian Uprising
(1804-1813) |
Ottoman Empire | Revolutionary Serbia
Support: |
Victory
| |
Ali Pasha's Invasion of the Pashalik of Berat
(1808) |
Pashalik of Yanina | Pashalik of Berat | Pashalik of Yanina Victory
| |
Suppression of the Pashalik of Yanina
(1820–22) |
Pashalik of Yanina | Ottoman Empire | Defeat
| |
Turco-Egyptian conquest of Sudan (1820–1824) | Egypt Eyalet under Muhammad Ali | Sennar Sultanate Shayqih Kingdom Sultanate of Darfur | Victory
| |
Wallachian uprising
(1821) |
Wallachia (revolutionary)
|
Greek revolutionaries | Ottoman Empire
Austrian Empire |
Ottoman military victory Wallachian political victory, end of the Phanariote Era |
Ottoman-Bushati War (March – November 1831) |
Bushati family
Financial Support: |
Ottoman Empire | Defeat
| |
First Egyptian–Ottoman War
(1831-1833) |
Egypt Eyalet under Muhammad Ali
Albanian bashi-bazouks |
Ottoman Empire | Victory
| |
Montengrin-Ottoman Konfrontation (1832) | Montengrin Forces
and Albanian tribes: Hoti Kastrati Gruda and Kelmendi |
Ottoman Forces | Victory
| |
Albanian Revolt of 1833 in Kolonjë (January 1833)[26] |
Tosk Rebels | Ottoman Empire | Victory
| |
Albanian Revolt of 1833 in Shkodër (April–December 1833) |
Shkodran Rebels Malsor Rebels[26] |
Ottoman Empire | Victory
| |
Albanian Revolt of 1833 in Southern Albania (July–September 1833) |
Tosk Rebels Lab Rebels |
Ottoman Empire | Victory
| |
Albanian Revolt of 1834 (November 1834– January 1835) |
Tosk Rebels Lab Rebels |
Ottoman Empire | Victory
| |
Albanian Revolt of 1835 in South Albania (January–May 1835) |
Tosk Rebels Lab Rebels Çam Rebels |
Ottoman Empire | Defeat
| |
Albanian Revolt of 1835 in Myzeqe (May 1835) |
Myzeq Rebels | Ottoman Empire | Defeat
| |
Albanian Revolt of 1835 in North Albania (May–September 1835) |
Shkodran Rebels Reinforcements:[26] Kosovar Rebels Volunteers: Malsor Volunteers Gheg Volunteers Mirdita Tribesmen Mati Tribesmen Dibran Volunteers |
Ottoman Empire | Victory
| |
Albanian Revolt of 1836 in South Albania (June–August 1836) |
Tosk Rebels Lab Rebels |
Ottoman Empire | Mixed results
| |
Albanian Revolt of 1837 in Mat (January–February 1837)[26] |
Mati Tribesmen | Ottoman Empire | Mixed results
| |
Albanian Revolt of 1837 in Myzeqe (June–August 1837) |
Myzeq Rebels Tosk Rebels |
Ottoman Empire | Defeat
| |
Albanian Revolt of 1837 in North Albania (June–August 1837)[26] |
Kosovar Rebels Gheg Rebels |
Ottoman Empire | Defeat | |
Albanian Revolt of 1837 in Dibër (September–November 1837)[26] |
Dibran Rebels | Ottoman Empire | Victory
| |
Albanian Revolt of 1839 in South Albania (August–September 1839) |
Tosk Rebels Lab Rebels |
Ottoman Empire | Victory
| |
Albanian Revolt of 1839 in Prizren (September 1839)[26] |
Kosovar Rebels | Ottoman Empire | Victory
| |
Second Egyptian–Ottoman War
(1839-1841) |
Egypt Eyalet under Muhammad Ali
Albanian bashi-bazouks |
Ottoman Empire | Mixed results
| |
Uprising of Dervish Cara (July 1843–June 1844) |
Gheg Rebels Kosovar Rebels Shkodran Rebels Tosk Rebels |
Ottoman Empire Catholic Mirdita Tribesmen |
Defeat
| |
Albanian Revolt of 1843–44 in Dibër (July 1843–November 1844) |
Dibran Rebels | Ottoman Empire | Mixed results
| |
Albanian Revolt of 1845 (May–July 1845) |
Kosovar Rebels Gheg Rebels |
Ottoman Empire Malsor Albanian Conscripts Mirdita Albanian Conscripts Mati Albanian Conscripts Shkodran Albanian Conscripts Gheg Albanian Conscripts from Gucia and Plava Serbian Vasojevići Conscripts Serbo-Albanian Kuči Conscripts |
Rebel Defeat
| |
Albanian Revolt of 1847 (July–December 1847) |
Tosk Rebels Lab Rebels Çam Rebels |
Ottoman Empire | Defeat
| |
Montenegrin Civil War of 1847[27][28][29] | Brda Tribes
Crmnica Tribes |
Prince-Bishopric of Montenegro | Defeat
| |
Albanian revolt on the Highlands of Gjakova (1862) | Albanian tribes: Krasniqi Gashi Bytyçi Nikaj-mertrur Shala | Ottoman empire | Victory
| |
Albanian Revolt of 1862 (1862) |
Catholic Mirdita Rebels Vocal Support: Second French Empire |
Ottoman Empire Albanian volunteers under Bibë Dodë Pasha Alleged Support: Austro-Hungarian Empire British Empire |
Defeat | |
Attack against Mehmed Ali Pasha
(1878) |
League of Prizren | Ottoman Empire | Victory
| |
Battles for Plav and Gusinje (1878–1880) | League of Prizren Support: Ottoman Empire |
Principality of Montenegro | Victory
| |
League of Prizren Secessionist War (1880–1881) |
League of Prizren | Ottoman Empire
Support: |
Defeat
| |
Greco-Turkish War of 1897 | Ottoman Empire | Greece | Victory | |
Albanian Uprising of Gjakova (1904) | Albanian fighters | Ottoman Empire | Victory
| |
Albanian Revolt of 1909 (1909) |
Malsor Tribesman | Ottoman Empire | Defeat
| |
Albanian Revolt of 1910 (May–June 1910) |
Kosovar Rebels Shkodran Rebels Dibran Rebels Malsor Tribesman Support: Kingdom of Serbia |
Ottoman Empire | Defeat
| |
Albanian Revolt of 1911 (1911) |
Malsor Tribesman Shkodran Tribesmen |
Ottoman Empire | Peace is negotiated
| |
Albanian Revolt of 1912 (1912) |
Kosovar Rebels Gheg Rebels Shkodran Rebels Malsor Rebels Dibran Rebels Central Albanian Muslims Tosk Rebels Mati Tribesmen Mirdita Tribesmen Ottoman Albanian Deserters Armaments Support: Kingdom of Montenegro Vocal Support: Austria-Hungary Kingdom of Bulgaria British Empire |
Ottoman Empire | Victory
|
Independence to the end of the First World War (1912–1918)
Conflict | Combatant 1 | Combatant 2 | Result |
---|---|---|---|
Ohrid-Debar Uprising (September–October 1913) |
Albanian Rebels in Macedonia IMRO |
Kingdom of Serbia | Defeat
|
Young Turk Uprising In Albania (1914) |
Principality of Albania Kingdom of the Netherlands Support: Kingdom of Serbia |
Young Turks | Victory
|
First Northern Epirote Uprising (March–May 1914) |
Principality of Albania Albanian irregulars Kingdom of the Netherlands |
Autonomous Republic of Northern Epirus Kingdom of Greece |
Ceasefire
|
Peasant Revolt in Albania (May–October 1914) |
Principality of Albania Kosovar Albanian Kachaks Mirdita Tribesmen Mati Tribesmen Austro-Hungarian Volunteers Romanian Volunteers Support: Austro-Hungarian Empire Kingdom of the Netherlands |
Muslim Albanian Rebels Republic of Central Albania Support: Ottoman Empire |
Principality of Albania victory
|
Second Northern Epirote Uprising (September–October 1914) |
Principality of Albania |
Autonomous Republic of Northern Epirus | Defeat
|
Italian invasion of Vlorë(December 1914) | Principality of Albania | Kingdom of Italy | Defeat
|
Austro-Hungarian invasion of Albania (January 1916–April 1916) |
Austro-Hungarian Empire Albanian guerrillas |
Kingdom of Italy Republic of Central Albania |
Austro-Hungarian victory |
Central Power invasion of Albania (December 1915) |
Austro-Hungarian Empire Kingdom of Bulgaria (Until September 1917) Gheg guerrillas Tosk guerrillas Mati Tribesmen |
Republic of Central Albania |
Interwar Period (1918–1939)
Conflict | Combatant 1 | Combatant 2 | Result |
---|---|---|---|
Drenica-Dukagjin Uprisings (1919-1924) |
Kosovar Albanian Kachaks Committee for the National Defence of Kosovo |
Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes | Mixed results
|
Koplik War
(1920-1921) |
Principality of Albania Albanian Rebels |
Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes | Victory |
Vlora War (1920) |
Principality of Albania Albanian Rebels |
Kingdom of Italy | Victory |
War in Dibra (1920) | Albanian highlanders | Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes | Victory
|
Albanian–Yugoslav border war (1921)(1921) | Principality of Albania | Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes | Victory
|
Albanian Revolt of 1922 (1922) |
Principality of Albania | Albanian Kachaks Committee for the National Defence of Kosovo |
Albanian Principality Victory
|
Kachak Invasion of Albania (1923) |
Principality of Albania | Albanian Kachaks Committee for the National Defence of Kosovo |
Albanian Principality Victory
|
June Revolution (1924) |
Fan Noli supporters (Albanian peasants) Committee for the National Defence of Kosovo |
Ahmet Zogu supporters (Mati Tribesmen) | Noli Victory
|
Zogu Invasion of Albania (1924) |
Ahmet Zogu supporters (Mati Tribesmen) Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes |
Fan Noli supporters (Albanian peasants) Principality of Albania Committee for the National Defence of Kosovo |
Zogu Victory
|
Italian invasion of Albania (1939) |
Kingdom of Albania | Kingdom of Italy | Defeat |
Second World War and Cold War (1939–1991)
Conflict | Combatant 1 | Combatant 2 | Result |
---|---|---|---|
Greco-Italian War (1940–1941) |
Kingdom of Italy | Kingdom of Greece Air support: British Empire |
Stalemate
|
Uprising in Montenegro
(1941) |
Kingdom of Italy | Partisans | Victory
|
Greek Insurgency in South Albania
(1941-1944) |
Italian Albania (Until 1943)
German Albania (From 1943) |
EDES | Albanian Victory
|
First Karadak-Gollak Uprising(1941-1944) | Balli Kombëtar | Partisans | Albanian Victory
|
Albanian Resistance of World War II (1939–1944) |
LANÇ Legality Movement Balli Kombëtar (Until 1943) |
Kingdom of Italy (Until 1943)
Nazi Germany (From 1943) Balli Kombëtar (From 1943) |
Albanian Communist Victory
|
Cold War (1945–1991) | |||
Corfu Channel incident (1946–1948) |
Albania | United Kingdom | World Court case in 1949
|
Greek Civil War (1946–1949) |
Provisional Democratic Government
NOF partisans |
Kingdom of Greece
Supported by: |
Defeat
|
Albanian-Greek Border War(1949) | Albania | Kingdom of Greece | Victory
|
Operation Valuable (1949) | Albania | United Kingdom United States |
Communist Albania Victory
|
References
Citations
- ^ Shuteriqi, Dhimitër (2012). Zana Prela (ed.). Aranitët: Historia - Gjenealogjia - Zotërimet. Toena. pp. 20–9, 50–1. ISBN 978-99943-1-729-5.
- ^ a b c Fine, John V. A. (1994). The Late Medieval Balkans: A Critical Survey from the Late Twelfth Century to the Ottoman Conquest. University of Michigan Press. pp. 290–291. ISBN 978-0-472-08260-5.
- ^ Rivista di etnografia. Vol. 25. 1971. p. 6.
- ^ Historia e popullit shqiptar (in Albanian). Botimet Toena. 2002. ISBN 978-99927-1-622-9.
- ^ M. Th. Houtsma (1987). E. J. Brill's first encyclopaedia of Islam 1913-1936. BRILL. p. 456. ISBN 9004082654. Retrieved 15 November 2011.
- ^ Qeriqi, Ahmet (1300s). The stone of the oath. Albania: Ahmet Qeriqi. p. 169. ISBN 978-1-64268-417-9. Retrieved 18 January 2024.
- ^ Nicol, Donald M. (1984). The Despotate of Epiros, 1267–1479: A Contribution to the History of Greece in the Middle Ages. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 142–145. ISBN 978-0-521-13089-9.
- ^ Fine, John V. A. Jr. (1994) [1987]. The Late Medieval Balkans: A Critical Survey from the Late Twelfth Century to the Ottoman Conquest. Ann Arbor, Michigan: University of Michigan Press. p. 355. ISBN 0-472-08260-4.
Early in 1385 John Spata attacked Jannina but soon withdrew when he saw he could not crack the defenses created by Esau.
- ^ Fine, John V. A. Jr. (1994) [1987]. The Late Medieval Balkans: A Critical Survey from the Late Twelfth Century to the Ottoman Conquest. Ann Arbor, Michigan: University of Michigan Press. ISBN 0-472-08260-4.[page needed]
- ^ "Between Serb and Albanian". archive.nytimes.com. Retrieved 2021-08-19.
- ^ "1515 | John Musachi: Brief Chronicle on the Descendants of our Musachi Dynasty". 2010-09-10. Archived from the original on 2010-09-10. Retrieved 2021-08-19.
- ^ Fine, John V. A. Jr. (1994) [1987]. The Late Medieval Balkans: A Critical Survey from the Late Twelfth Century to the Ottoman Conquest. Ann Arbor, Michigan: University of Michigan Press. p. 355. ISBN 0-472-08260-4.
- ^ Fine, John V. A. Jr. (1994) [1987]. The Late Medieval Balkans: A Critical Survey from the Late Twelfth Century to the Ottoman Conquest. Ann Arbor, Michigan: University of Michigan Press. ISBN 0-472-08260-4.[page needed]
- ^ Fine, John V. A. Jr. (1994) [1987]. The Late Medieval Balkans: A Critical Survey from the Late Twelfth Century to the Ottoman Conquest. Ann Arbor, Michigan: University of Michigan Press. ISBN 0-472-08260-4.
However, despite winning a major open-field battle against Tocco's forces in 1412, the Albanian allies could not take Jannina
- ^ Fine, John V. A. Jr. (1994) [1987]. The Late Medieval Balkans: A Critical Survey from the Late Twelfth Century to the Ottoman Conquest. Ann Arbor, Michigan: University of Michigan Press. p. 356. ISBN 0-472-08260-4.
Carlo brought his forces south; the people of Arta submitted to him, and he entered the town in October 1416..
- ^ Rogers, Caferro & Reid 2010, p. 1-PA471.
- ^ Frashëri 2002, pp. 160–161
- ^ MEHMETAJ, GANI. "Gjergj Kastrioti është i vetmi shqiptar që e shkeli dhe e dogji Serbinë!". https://www.botasot.info/. GANI MEHMETAJ. Retrieved 30 January 2024.
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- ^ a b Frashëri, Kristo (2002). Gjergj Kastrioti Skënderbeu: jeta dhe vepra (1405-1468) (in Albanian). Botimet Toena. pp. 160–161. ISBN 978-99927-1-627-4. Archived from the original on 2023-04-12. Retrieved 2023-03-09. Cite error: The named reference ":02" was defined multiple times with different content (see the help page).
- ^ Ciriacono, Salvatore (October 15, 2014). "Scanderbeg tra storia e storiografia" (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on 17 October 2020.
«Indignato per non aver potuto correre in aiuto di Hunyadi, in una guerra che forse poteva mutare il destino dell'Albania e dell'intera penisola balcanica, Scanderbeg corse per la Serbia saccheggiandola e mettendola a ferro e fuoco, per punire il krajl infedele. Se ne tornò poi a Croia, amareggiato, verso la fine di novembre»
- ^ Setton, Kenneth Meyer (1976). The Papacy and the Levant, 1204-1571: The fifteenth century. American Philosophical Society. p. 100. ISBN 978-0-87169-127-9.
Scanderbeg intended to go "peronalmente" with an army to assist Hunyadi, but was prevented from doing so by Branković, whose lands he ravaged as punishment for the Serbian desertion of the Christian cause.
- ^ Waterson, James (2016-07-04). Dracula's Wars: Vlad the Impaler and his Rivals. The History Press. ISBN 978-0-7509-6916-1. Archived from the original on 2023-04-12. Retrieved 2023-04-12.
- ^ Barjaktarović, Mirko (1984). Rovca: etnološka monografija (in Serbian). Crnogorska akademija nauka i umjetnosti.
- ^ Kosovo: A Short History . p. 176
- ^ Kosovo: A Short History . p. 176
- ^ a b c d e f g Pollo 1984, p. 125
- ^ Michael Schuman (14 May 2014). Serbia and Montenegro. Infobase. p. 19. ISBN 9781438122526. Retrieved 24 March 2016.
- ^ Clissold, Henry Clifford Darby (1966). Short History of Yugoslavia. CUP Archive. p. 79. Retrieved 24 March 2016.
civil war montenegro 1847.
- ^ William Miller (12 October 2012). The Ottoman Empire and Its Successors, 1801-1927. Routledge. ISBN 9781136260469. Retrieved 24 March 2016.
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was invoked but never defined (see the help page). - ^ Kokkinos, P. (1965). Կոկինոս Պ., Հունահայ գաղութի պատմությունից (1918–1927) (in Armenian). Yerevan: National Academy of Sciences of the Republic of Armenia. pp. 14, 208–209. ISBN 9789609952002. Cited in Vardanyan, Gevorg (12 November 2012). Հայ-հունական համագործակցության փորձերը Հայոց ցեղասպանության տարիներին (1915–1923 թթ.) [The attempts of the Greek-Armenian Co-operation during the Armenian Genocide (1915–1923)]]. akunq.net (in Armenian). Research Center on Western Armenian Studies. Archived from the original on 25 August 2020. Retrieved 25 August 2020.
- ^ Gyula Andrássy, Bismarck, Andrássy, and Their Successors, Houghton Mifflin, 1927, p. 273.
- ^ Stickney, Edith Pierpont (1926). Southern Albania Or. Northern Epirus in European International Affairs: 1912-1923. Stanford University Press. p. 43. ISBN 9780804761710.
The position of the Greek government during this revolution in Northern Epirus was one of strict neutrality
- ^ Jung, Peter (20 May 2003). The Austro-Hungarian Forces in World War I (1): 1914-16. Bloomsbury USA. p. 13. ISBN 9781841765945. Retrieved 19 April 2015.
- ^ a b "26 July 1920, took place the Koplik war against the Yugoslav army". www.qmksh.al. 25 July 2017.
- ^ a b "Malësorët e Malësisë (Në Mal të Zi) dhe Lufta e Koplikut". 12 October 2020.
- ^ Dorril 2002, p. 357-358.
Bibliography
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