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Haplogroup E-M75

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Haplogroup E-M75
Possible time of origin52,300 years BP[1]
Coalescence age37,400 years BP[1]
Possible place of originAfrica
AncestorE-M96
DescendantsE-M41, E-M54
Defining mutationsM75, P68

Haplogroup E-M75 is a human Y-chromosome DNA haplogroup. Along with haplogroup E-P147, it is one of the two main branches of the older haplogroup E-M96.

Ancient DNA

Within Africa

Kenya

At Prettejohn's Gully, in Nakuru County, Kenya, there were two pastoralists of the early pastoral period; one carried haplogroups E2 (xE2b)/E-M75 and K1a, and another carried haplogroup L3f1b.[2][3]

At Ilkek Mounds, in Nakuru County, Kenya, a pastoralist of the Pastoral Iron Age carried haplogroups E2 (xE2b)/E-M75 and L0f2a.[2][3]

At Kisima Farm/C4, in Laikipia County, Kenya, a pastoralist of the Pastoral Iron Age, carried haplogroups E2 (xE2b)/E-M75 and L3h1a1.[2][3]

Outside of Africa

United States of America

At an Anson Street burial site, in Charleston, South Carolina, there were 18 African Americans found who were dated to the 18th century CE.[4] Coosaw, who was of West African and Native American ancestry, carried haplogroups E2b1a-CTS2400 and A2.[4]

Distribution

Sorted frequency table of E-M75+ populations. Note that a "?" specifies that the sublineage of E-M75 was either untested for or unreported in the relevant study.

Population Region Size E-M75+ M41+ M54+ E-M75+M41-M54-
Alur[5] East Africa 9 66.67% 66.67% 0.00% 0.00%
Hema[5] East Africa 18 38.89% 38.89% 0.00% 0.00%
Xhosa[5] South Africa 80 27.50% 0.00% 27.50% 0.00%
Rimaibe[6] Western Africa 37 27.03% ? 27.03% ?
Mbuti Pygmies[6] Central Africa 12 25.00% ? 25.00% ?
Daba[6] Central Western Africa 18 22.22% ? 22.22% ?
Eviya[7] Central Western Africa 24 20.83% ? ? ?
Zulu[5] South Africa 29 20.69% 0.00% 20.69% 0.00%
Bantu (Kenya)[8] East Africa 29 17.24% 3.45% 13.79% 0.00%
Ethiopia[9] East Africa 88 17.05% 17.05% 0.00% 0.00%
Ganda[5] East Africa 26 15.38% 7.69% 3.85% 3.85%
S.Africa[9] South Africa 53 15.09% 0.00% 15.09% 0.00%
Comorian Shirazi[10] East Africa - 14.00% 0.00% 14.00% 0.00%
Akele[7] Central Western Africa 50 12.00% ? ? ?
Eshira[7] Central Western Africa 42 11.90% ? ? ?
Dama[5] South Africa 18 11.11% 0.00% 5.56% 5.56%
Mixed Nilo-Saharan[6] Central Western Africa 9 11.11% ? 11.11% ?
Obamba[7] Central Western Africa 47 10.64% ? ? ?
Orungu[7] Central Western Africa 21 9.52% ? ? ?
Shake[7] Central Western Africa 43 9.30% ? ? ?
Senegalese[11] West Africa 33 9.09% ? ? ?
Hutu[8] East Africa 69 8.70% 4.35% 4.35% 0.00%
Duma[7] Central Western Africa 46 8.70% ? ? ?
Malagasy[12] Madagascar 35 8.57% 0.00% 8.57% 0.00%
Teke[7] Central Western Africa 48 8.33% ? ? ?
C.Africa[9] Central Africa 37 8.11% 0.00% 8.11% 0.00%
Mandara[5] Central Africa 28 7.14% 0.00% 7.14% 0.00%
Ngoumba[5] Central Africa 31 6.45% 0.00% 6.45% 0.00%
!Kung[6] South Africa 64 6.25% ? 6.25% ?
Ndumu[7] Central Western Africa 36 5.56% ? ? ?
African Americans[11] North America 199 5.53% ? ? ?
Fon[8] West Africa 100 5.00% 0.00% 5.00% 0.00%
Sudan[9] East Africa 40 5.00% 5.00% 0.00% 0.00%
Tsogo[7] Central Western Africa 60 5.00% ? ? ?
Ambo[5] South Africa 22 4.55% 0.00% 4.55% 0.00%
Mbuti Pygmies[5] East Africa 47 4.26% 0.00% 4.26% 0.00%
Tutsi[8] East Africa 94 4.26% 0.00% 4.26% 0.00%
Galoa[7] Central Western Africa 47 4.26% ? ? ?
Ngumba[7] Central Western Africa 24 4.17% ? ? ?
Mossi[6] Western Africa 49 4.08% ? 4.08% ?
Khwe[6] South Africa 26 3.85% ? 3.85% ?
Sotho-Tswana[5] South Africa 28 3.57% 0.00% 3.57% 0.00%
Nzebi[7] Central Western Africa 57 3.51% ? ? ?
Punu[7] Central Western Africa 58 3.45% ? ? ?
Bakola Pygmies[5] Central Africa 33 3.03% 0.00% 3.03% 0.00%
Wolof[5] West Africa 34 2.94% 0.00% 2.94% 0.00%
Senegalese[13] West Africa 139 2.88% ? ? ?
Mandinka[5] West Africa 39 2.56% 0.00% 0.00% 2.56%
Kikuyu & Kamba[5] East Africa 42 2.38% 0.00% 2.38% 0.00%
Wairak[8] East Africa 43 2.33% 2.33% 0.00% 0.00%
Makina[7] Central Western Africa 43 2.33% ? ? ?
Benga[7] Central Western Africa 48 2.08% ? ? ?
Shona[5] South Africa 49 2.04% 0.00% 0.00% 2.04%
Kota[7] Central Western Africa 53 1.89% ? ? ?
Dogon[5] West Africa 55 1.82% 0.00% 1.82% 0.00%
Arabs (Oman)[8] Near East/Asia 121 1.65% 0.00% 1.65% 0.00%
Ethiopian (Oromo)[13] East Africa 78 1.28% ? ? ?

Subclades

E-M75*

Haplogroup E-M75(xM41,M54) has been found in 6% (1/18) of a sample of Dama from Namibia,[5] 4% (1/26) of a sample of Ganda from Uganda,[5] 3% (1/39) of a sample of Mandinka from Gambia/Senegal,[5] and 2% (1/49) of a sample of Shona from Zimbabwe.[5]

E-M41

Haplogroup E-M41 has been found mainly in populations of the Great Lakes and Upper Nile regions of Central-East Africa, including 67% (6/9) of a sample of Alur from the DRC,[5] 39% (7/18) of a sample of Hema from the DRC,[5] 17% (15/88) of a sample from Ethiopia,[9] 8% (2/26) of a sample of Ganda from Uganda,[5] 5% (2/40) of a sample from Sudan,[9] 4% (3/69) of a sample of Hutu from Rwanda,[8] 3% (1/29) of a sample of Bantus from Kenya,[8] and 2% (1/43) of a sample of Iraqw from Tanzania.[8] E-M41 has also been identified in noticeable amounts among commercial DNA testers from the Arabian Peninsula and among a few Ashkenazi Jewish males,[14] and also in a male from Lebanon.[15]

E-M54

Haplogroup E-M54 has been found in 28% (22/80) of a sample of Xhosa from South Africa,[5] 27% (10/37) of a sample of Rimaibe from Burkina Faso,[6] 22% (4/18) of a sample of Daba from northern Cameroon,[6] 21% (6/29) of a sample of Zulu from South Africa,[5] 15% (8/53) of a sample of non-Khoisan Southern Africans,[9] 14% (4/29) of a sample of Bantus from Kenya,[8] 14% of a sample of Comorian Shirazi,[10] 11% (1/9) of a small sample of speakers of Central Sudanic and Saharan languages from northern Cameroon,[6] 9% (3/35) of a sample of Malagasy from Madagascar,[12] 8% (3/37) of a sample from Central Africa,[9] 7% (2/28) of a sample of Mandara from northern Cameroon,[5] 6% (2/31) of a sample of Ngumba from southern Cameroon,[5] 6% (4/64) of a sample of !Kung from South Africa,[6] 6% (1/18) of a sample of Dama from Namibia,[5] 5% (5/100) of a sample of Fon from Benin,[8] 5% (1/22) of a sample of Ambo from Namibia,[5] 4% (3/69) of a sample of Hutu from Rwanda,[8] 4% (4/94) of a sample of Tutsi from Rwanda,[8] 4% (2/47) of a sample of Mbuti from the DRC,[5] 4% (1/26) of a sample of Ganda from Uganda,[5] 4% (1/26) of a sample of Khwe from South Africa,[6] 4% (1/28) of a sample of Sotho-Tswana from South Africa,[5] 3% (1/33) of a sample of Bakola from southern Cameroon,[5] 3% (1/34) of a sample of Wolof from Gambia/Senegal,[5] 3% (2/72) of a sample from Qatar,[16] 2% (1/42) of a sample of Kikuyu and Kamba from Kenya,[5] 2% (1/55) of a sample of Dogon from Mali,[5] and approximately 2% of a sample of 121 Arabs from Oman.[8]

It has been suggested that haplogroup E-M85 Y-chromosomes have spread through Sub-Saharan Africa quite recently based on the fact that Y-STR microsatellite haplotypes associated with these chromosomes show a low degree of differentiation throughout their broad geographic range. Furthermore, the mean variance of STR alleles of E-M85 chromosomes is higher in Central-Western Africans than in the Southern African Khoisan, leading researchers to propose that E-M85 might have been involved in the range expansion of Bantu-speaking peoples from Central-Western Africa toward Southern Africa.[6][7]

E-M98*

E-M98(xM85) has been found in 4% (2/49) of a sample of Mossi from Burkina Faso.[6]

E-M200

E-M200 has been found in 25% (3/12) of a small sample of Mbuti from the Democratic Republic of the Congo.[6] According to Figure 4 of Cruciani (2002), all three Bambuti who exhibit the M200 mutation share an identical microsatellite haplotype based on seven STR loci with one another and with some E-M85(xM200) Khoisan (!Kung and/or Khwe) individuals from South Africa.[6]

Phylogenetics

Phylogenetic history

Main article: Conversion table for Y chromosome haplogroups

Prior to 2002, there were in academic literature at least seven naming systems for the Y-Chromosome phylogenetic tree. This led to considerable confusion. In 2002, the major research groups came together and formed the Y-Chromosome Consortium (YCC). They published a joint paper that created a single new tree that all agreed to use. Later, a group of citizen scientists with an interest in population genetics and genetic genealogy formed a working group to create an amateur tree aiming at being, above all, timely. The table below brings together all of these works at the point of the landmark 2002 YCC tree. This allows a researcher reviewing older published literature to quickly move between nomenclatures.

YCC 2002/2008 (Shorthand) (α) (β) (γ) (δ) (ε) (ζ) (η) YCC 2002 (Longhand) YCC 2005 (Longhand) YCC 2008 (Longhand) YCC 2010r (Longhand) ISOGG 2006 ISOGG 2007 ISOGG 2008 ISOGG 2009 ISOGG 2010 ISOGG 2011 ISOGG 2012
E-P29 21 III 3A 13 Eu3 H2 B E* E E E E E E E E E E
E-M33 21 III 3A 13 Eu3 H2 B E1* E1 E1a E1a E1 E1 E1a E1a E1a E1a E1a
E-M44 21 III 3A 13 Eu3 H2 B E1a E1a E1a1 E1a1 E1a E1a E1a1 E1a1 E1a1 E1a1 E1a1
E-M75 21 III 3A 13 Eu3 H2 B E2a E2 E2 E2 E2 E2 E2 E2 E2 E2 E2
E-M54 21 III 3A 13 Eu3 H2 B E2b E2b E2b E2b1 - - - - - - -
E-P2 25 III 4 14 Eu3 H2 B E3* E3 E1b E1b1 E3 E3 E1b1 E1b1 E1b1 E1b1 E1b1
E-M2 8 III 5 15 Eu2 H2 B E3a* E3a E1b1 E1b1a E3a E3a E1b1a E1b1a E1b1a E1b1a1 E1b1a1
E-M58 8 III 5 15 Eu2 H2 B E3a1 E3a1 E1b1a1 E1b1a1 E3a1 E3a1 E1b1a1 E1b1a1 E1b1a1 E1b1a1a1a E1b1a1a1a
E-M116.2 8 III 5 15 Eu2 H2 B E3a2 E3a2 E1b1a2 E1b1a2 E3a2 E3a2 E1b1a2 E1b1a2 E1ba12 removed removed
E-M149 8 III 5 15 Eu2 H2 B E3a3 E3a3 E1b1a3 E1b1a3 E3a3 E3a3 E1b1a3 E1b1a3 E1b1a3 E1b1a1a1c E1b1a1a1c
E-M154 8 III 5 15 Eu2 H2 B E3a4 E3a4 E1b1a4 E1b1a4 E3a4 E3a4 E1b1a4 E1b1a4 E1b1a4 E1b1a1a1g1c E1b1a1a1g1c
E-M155 8 III 5 15 Eu2 H2 B E3a5 E3a5 E1b1a5 E1b1a5 E3a5 E3a5 E1b1a5 E1b1a5 E1b1a5 E1b1a1a1d E1b1a1a1d
E-M10 8 III 5 15 Eu2 H2 B E3a6 E3a6 E1b1a6 E1b1a6 E3a6 E3a6 E1b1a6 E1b1a6 E1b1a6 E1b1a1a1e E1b1a1a1e
E-M35 25 III 4 14 Eu4 H2 B E3b* E3b E1b1b1 E1b1b1 E3b1 E3b1 E1b1b1 E1b1b1 E1b1b1 removed removed
E-M78 25 III 4 14 Eu4 H2 B E3b1* E3b1 E1b1b1a E1b1b1a1 E3b1a E3b1a E1b1b1a E1b1b1a E1b1b1a E1b1b1a1 E1b1b1a1
E-M148 25 III 4 14 Eu4 H2 B E3b1a E3b1a E1b1b1a3a E1b1b1a1c1 E3b1a3a E3b1a3a E1b1b1a3a E1b1b1a3a E1b1b1a3a E1b1b1a1c1 E1b1b1a1c1
E-M81 25 III 4 14 Eu4 H2 B E3b2* E3b2 E1b1b1b E1b1b1b1 E3b1b E3b1b E1b1b1b E1b1b1b E1b1b1b E1b1b1b1 E1b1b1b1a
E-M107 25 III 4 14 Eu4 H2 B E3b2a E3b2a E1b1b1b1 E1b1b1b1a E3b1b1 E3b1b1 E1b1b1b1 E1b1b1b1 E1b1b1b1 E1b1b1b1a E1b1b1b1a1
E-M165 25 III 4 14 Eu4 H2 B E3b2b E3b2b E1b1b1b2 E1b1b1b1b1 E3b1b2 E3b1b2 E1b1b1b2a E1b1b1b2a E1b1b1b2a E1b1b1b2a E1b1b1b1a2a
E-M123 25 III 4 14 Eu4 H2 B E3b3* E3b3 E1b1b1c E1b1b1c E3b1c E3b1c E1b1b1c E1b1b1c E1b1b1c E1b1b1c E1b1b1b2a
E-M34 25 III 4 14 Eu4 H2 B E3b3a* E3b3a E1b1b1c1 E1b1b1c1 E3b1c1 E3b1c1 E1b1b1c1 E1b1b1c1 E1b1b1c1 E1b1b1c1 E1b1b1b2a1
E-M136 25 III 4 14 Eu4 H2 B E3ba1 E3b3a1 E1b1b1c1a E1b1b1c1a1 E3b1c1a E3b1c1a E1b1b1c1a1 E1b1b1c1a1 E1b1b1c1a1 E1b1b1c1a1 E1b1b1b2a1a1

Research publications

The following research teams per their publications were represented in the creation of the YCC tree.

Phylogenetic trees

This phylogenetic tree of haplogroup subclades is based on the YCC 2008 tree[17] and subsequent published research.

  • E-M75 (M75, P68)
    • E-M41 (M41/P210)
    • E-M98 (M98)
      • E-M54 (M54, M90)
        • E-M85 (M85)
          • E-M200 (M200)
            • E-P45 (P45)
            • E-P258 (P258)

See also

Wikiquote has quotations related to Haplogroup E-M75.

Genetics

Y-DNA E subclades

Y-DNA backbone tree

References

  1. ^ a b "E-M75 YTree".
  2. ^ a b c Prendergast, Mary E.; et al. (July 2019). "Ancient DNA reveals a multistep spread of the first herders into sub-Saharan Africa". Science. 365 (6448). Bibcode:2019Sci...365.6275P. doi:10.1126/science.aaw6275. PMC 6827346. PMID 31147405.
  3. ^ a b c Prendergast, Mary E.; et al. (5 July 2019). "Supplementary Materials for Ancient DNA reveals a multistep spread of the first herders into sub-Saharan Africa". Science. 365 (6448): eaaw6275. Bibcode:2019Sci...365.6275P. doi:10.1126/science.aaw6275. PMC 6827346. PMID 31147405.
  4. ^ a b Fleskes, Raquel E.; et al. (2023). "Community-engaged ancient DNA project reveals diverse origins of 18th-century African descendants in Charleston, South Carolina". Anthropology. 120 (3): e2201620120. doi:10.1073/pnas.2201620120. PMC 9934026. PMID 36623185. S2CID 255568252.
  5. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad ae af ag ah ai aj ak Wood et al. (2005)
  6. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p Cruciani et al. (2002)
  7. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r Berniell-Lee et al. (2009)
  8. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n Luis et al. (2004)
  9. ^ a b c d e f g h Underhill et al. (2000)
  10. ^ a b Msaidie, Said; et al. (2011). "Genetic diversity on the Comoros Islands shows early seafaring as major determinant of human biocultural evolution in the Western Indian Ocean" (PDF). European Journal of Human Genetics. 19 (1): 89–94. doi:10.1038/ejhg.2010.128. PMC 3039498. PMID 20700146. Archived from the original (PDF) on 7 October 2016. Retrieved 19 November 2016.
  11. ^ a b Stefflova et al. (2009)
  12. ^ a b Hurles Matthew E.; Sykes Bryan C.; Jobling Mark A.; Forster Peter (May 2005), "The Dual Origin of the Malagasy in Island Southeast Asia and East Africa: Evidence from Maternal and Paternal Lineages", American Journal of Human Genetics, 76 (894–901): 894–901, doi:10.1086/430051, PMC 1199379, PMID 15793703
  13. ^ a b Semino et al. (2004)
  14. ^ Family Tree DNA public haplotree, Haplogroup E-M75
  15. ^ Platt, D.E., Artinian, H., Mouzaya, F. et al. Autosomal genetics and Y-chromosome haplogroup L1b-M317 reveal Mount Lebanon Maronites as a persistently non-emigrating population. Eur J Hum Genet 29, 581–592 (2021). 10.1038/s41431-020-00765-x
  16. ^ Cadenas et al. (2007)
  17. ^ Karafet et al. (2008)

Bibliography

  1. Berniell-Lee, Gemma; Calafell, Francesc; Bosch, Elena; Heyer, Evelyne; Sica, Lucas; Mouguiama-Daouda, Patrick; van Der Veen, Lolke; Hombert, Jean-Marie; et al. (2009), "Genetic and Demographic Implications of the Bantu Expansion: Insights from Human Paternal Lineages", Molecular Biology and Evolution, 26 (7): 1581–9, doi:10.1093/molbev/msp069, PMID 19369595
  2. Cadenas, Alicia M; Zhivotovsky, Lev A; Cavalli-Sforza, Luca L; Underhill, Peter A; Herrera, Rene J (2007), "Y-chromosome diversity characterizes the Gulf of Oman", European Journal of Human Genetics, 16 (3): 374–86, doi:10.1038/sj.ejhg.5201934, PMID 17928816
  3. Cruciani, Fulvio; Santolamazza, Piero; Shen, Peidong; MacAulay, Vincent; Moral, Pedro; Olckers, Antonel; Modiano, David; Holmes, Susan; et al. (2002), "A Back Migration from Asia to Sub-Saharan Africa is Supported by High-Resolution Analysis of Human Y-Chromosome Haplotypes", The American Journal of Human Genetics, 70 (5): 1197–214, doi:10.1086/340257, PMC 447595, PMID 11910562
  4. Hurles, Matthew E.; Sykes, Bryan C.; Jobling, Mark A.; Forster, Peter (2005), "The Dual Origin of the Malagasy in Island Southeast Asia and East Africa: Evidence from Maternal and Paternal Lineages", The American Journal of Human Genetics, 76 (5): 894–901, doi:10.1086/430051, PMC 1199379, PMID 15793703
  5. Karafet, Tatiana M.; Mendez, Fernando L.; Meilerman, Monica B.; Underhill, Peter A.; Zegura, Stephen L.; Hammer, Michael F. (2008), "New binary polymorphisms reshape and increase resolution of the human Y chromosomal haplogroup tree", Genome Research, 18 (5): 830–8, doi:10.1101/gr.7172008, PMC 2336805, PMID 18385274
  6. Luis, J; Rowold, D; Regueiro, M; Caeiro, B; Cinnioglu, C; Roseman, C; Underhill, P; Cavallisforza, L; Herrera, R (2004), "The Levant versus the Horn of Africa: Evidence for Bidirectional Corridors of Human Migrations", The American Journal of Human Genetics, 74 (3): 532–44, doi:10.1086/382286, PMC 1182266, PMID 14973781
  7. Semino, Ornella; Magri, Chiara; Benuzzi, Giorgia; Lin, Alice A.; Al-Zahery, Nadia; Battaglia, Vincenza; MacCioni, Liliana; Triantaphyllidis, Costas; et al. (2004), "Origin, Diffusion, and Differentiation of Y-Chromosome Haplogroups E and J: Inferences on the Neolithization of Europe and Later Migratory Events in the Mediterranean Area", The American Journal of Human Genetics, 74 (5): 1023–34, doi:10.1086/386295, PMC 1181965, PMID 15069642
  8. Stefflova, Klara; Dulik, Matthew C.; Pai, Athma A.; Walker, Amy H.; Zeigler-Johnson, Charnita M.; Gueye, Serigne M.; Schurr, Theodore G.; Rebbeck, Timothy R. (2009), Relethford, John (ed.), "Evaluation of Group Genetic Ancestry of Populations from Philadelphia and Dakar in the Context of Sex-Biased Admixture in the Americas", PLOS ONE, 4 (11): e7842, Bibcode:2009PLoSO...4.7842S, doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0007842, PMC 2776971, PMID 19946364
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  10. Wood, Elizabeth T; Stover, Daryn A; Ehret, Christopher; Destro-Bisol, Giovanni; Spedini, Gabriella; McLeod, Howard; Louie, Leslie; Bamshad, Mike; et al. (2005), "Contrasting patterns of Y chromosome and mtDNA variation in Africa: Evidence for sex-biased demographic processes", European Journal of Human Genetics, 13 (7): 867–76, doi:10.1038/sj.ejhg.5201408, PMID 15856073

Sources for conversion tables

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