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Hunterston B nuclear power station

Coordinates: 55°43′20″N 4°53′24″W / 55.7221°N 4.8901°W / 55.7221; -4.8901
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Hunterston B nuclear power station
The Hunterston B AGR reactor building.
Map
Official nameHunterston B
CountryScotland
LocationNorth Ayrshire, Ayrshire and Arran
Coordinates55°43′20″N 4°53′24″W / 55.7221°N 4.8901°W / 55.7221; -4.8901
StatusDefuelling (as of 19 May 2022)
Construction beganNovember 1, 1967 (1967-11-01)[1][2]
Commission date
  • Reactor B1: February 6, 1976 (1976-02-06)[1]
  • Reactor B2: March 31, 1977 (1977-03-31)[2]
Decommission date
  • November 26, 2021 (2021-11-26) (Reactor B1 shutdown)[1]
  • January 7, 2022 (2022-01-07) (Reactor B2 shutdown)[2]
OwnerEDF Energy
OperatorEDF Energy
Nuclear power station
Reactor typeGCR - AGR[1][2]
Reactor supplierTNPG
Thermal capacity2 x 1,496 MWt[1][2]
Lifetime electricity generated287.22 TWh (1,034.0 PJ)[1][2]
Power generation
Units decommissioned
  • 2 x 625 MWe (Design)
  • 1 x 490 MWe + 1 x 495 MWe (Operations)
  • 2 x 644 MWe (Gross)[1][2]
Nameplate capacity1,248 MWe
Capacity factor
  • B1: 68.7% (Lifetime)[1]
  • B2: 69.7% (Lifetime)[2]
Annual net output6,423.24 GWh (23,123.7 TJ) (2021)[1][2]
External links
WebsiteHunterston B power station | EDF
CommonsRelated media on Commons
[edit on Wikidata]

grid reference NS183514

Hunterston B nuclear power station is a shut-down AGR nuclear power station in North Ayrshire, Scotland. Located about six miles (ten kilometres) south of Largs and about 2+1⁄2 miles (4 kilometres) northwest of West Kilbride on the Firth of Clyde coast. It is currently operated by EDF Energy. The station began producing electricity in 1976, and was permanently shut down in 2022.[3]

Hunterston B is similar in design to sister station Hinkley Point B, which ceased operations in August 2022.

History

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The construction of Hunterston B was undertaken by a consortium known as The Nuclear Power Group (TNPG).[4] The two advanced gas-cooled reactors (AGR) were supplied by TNPG and the turbines by C. A. Parsons & Co.[5] Hunterston B began to generate electricity on 6 February 1976.

On 3 December 1977, The Times reported that seawater had entered the reactor through a modification of the secondary cooling system.[6] The secondary cooling system used fresh water to cool parts including the bearings of the gas circulators, which circulated the carbon dioxide (CO2) coolant through the reactor to the boilers. A small leak of CO2 through a seal had developed, and a bypass pipe was installed to remove the water contaminated with CO2 to the seawater cooling ponds. When maintenance work was carried out on the reactor and the pressure in the gas cooling system was reduced, sea water was able to flow back up this bypass pipe and into the reactor. The residual heat of the reactor was such that the seawater evaporated rapidly, leaving deposits of salt in the reactor around the gas circuit.

It was estimated at the time that the reactor could be out of operation for a year, that the repairs could cost £14 million, and that electricity tariffs would have to rise by between 1 and 2 per cent. Extensive modelling work was performed in the Nuclear Power Company's (NPC) Whetstone, Leicestershire, fluid flow laboratories to determine where the salt would have been deposited, and the salt was successfully removed by technicians using vacuum cleaners and the plant returned to operation.

In February 1997, there was concern that contaminated CO2 gas from the plant had entered three road tankers and then entered the food chain via soft drinks and beers.[7][8] Carlsberg-Tetley withdrew all its gas cylinders in Scotland as a result of finding contamination in one.[9]

In December 1998, an INES Level 2 incident occurred after severe winds and sea spray disabled all four power lines to the site during the Boxing Day Storm of 1998. After multiple grid failures in a short period of time, emergency diesel generators failed to start. Normally, in the absence of power for the reactor cooling pumps, the reactor would be passively cooled. However, the emergency control system which would have initiated passive cooling failed to act, as it had not been reset. Reactor cooling was reinstated after four hours. There was considerable confusion and delay in restoring power as plant schematics and security systems were computerised but were rendered inoperable due to lack of electrical power.

Due to the inherent safety margins of the AGR reactor design, there was no reactor damage, and the plant would have tolerated loss of cooling for 20 hours. The subsequent investigation made several recommendations: redesign of the insulators on the 400 kV power lines, installation of an additional 132 kV power line for emergency power, a second diesel generator building remote from the first, installation of an uninterruptible power supply for the reactor safety systems and for essential computer equipment, provision of hard copy plant schematics and emergency protocols, and revised staff training procedures including simulation of multiple simultaneous system failures.[10]

In 2006, concerns were raised in a report commissioned by Greenpeace that the graphite moderator core in each of the twin reactors at Hunterston B might have developed structural problems in the form of cracking of the bricks (as at similar AGR power stations).[11]

Its net electrical output was 1,215 MW. In 2007, the reactors were restricted to operating at a reduced level of around 70% of full output (around 850 MWe net). Subsequent work during maintenance shutdowns resulted in Reactor 3 operating at around 82% (540 Mwe net) in early 2011, and Reactor 4 at around 73% (480 MWe net). In total this equated to around 1,020 MWe gross output from the generators. Internal load of 90 MWe brought net output to approximately 930 MWe. Hunterston B was capable of supplying the electricity needs of over 1 million homes.[12]

Hunterston B was originally planned to operate until 2011. In 2007, planned operation was extended by five years to 2016.[13] In December 2012, EDF said it could (technically and economically) operate until 2023.[14]

Graphite core keyway root cracks

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Hunterston B in 2018

In October 2014, it was reported that cracks had been found in one of the reactors at the plant following routine inspections which began in August 2014. Two of about 3,000 graphite bricks in the core of reactor four at Hunterston were affected. The plant's operator, EDF Energy, said the cracking was predicted to occur as the station ages and said that the issue would not affect the safe operation of the reactor.[15]

In October 2016, it was announced that super-articulated control rods would be installed in the reactor because of concerns about the stability of the reactors' graphite cores. The Office for Nuclear Regulation (ONR) had raised concerns over the number of fractures in keyways that lock together the graphite bricks in the core. An unusual event, such as an earthquake, might destabilise the graphite so that ordinary control rods that shut the reactor down could not be inserted. Super-articulated control rods should be insertable even into a destabilised core.[16]

In early 2018, a higher rate of new keyway root cracks than modelled was observed in Reactor 3 during a scheduled outage, and EDF announced in May 2018: "While Hunterston B Reactor 3 could return to operation from the current outage, it will remain offline while the company works with the regulator to ensure that the longer term safety case reflects the findings of the recent inspections and includes the results obtained from other analysis and modelling."[17][18]

In December 2018, EDF pushed back their estimated return to service date to March 2019 for Reactor 4 and April 2019 for Reactor 3, to allow for further modelling work and a new seismic analysis.[19] In March 2019, pictures of the cracking were released with EDF stating that it intended to seek permission from the ONR to restart reactor 3 by raising the operational limit for the number of cracks. About 370 fractures were discovered, on average 2 mm (3⁄32 in) wide, in about 10% of the graphite bricks in the reactor core. This was above the operational limit of 350 fractures, and EDF intended to present a new safety case for an operational limit of 700 cracks.[20][21]

One reactor was restarted on 25 August 2019 then shut down again on 10 December 2019. In August 2020, EDF received regulatory approval to restart the two reactors, in August and September 2020 respectively, before moving to defuel and decommission the plant starting no later than 7 January 2022.[22]

Closure, defuelling and decommissioning

[edit]

Reactor 3 was taken offline for the final time at midday on 26 November 2021.[23] Reactor 4 was shut down at midday on 7 January 2022, ending 46 years of generation at the station.[3]

On 19 May 2022, EDF announced that defueling had started on the two Hunterston B units. This process is expected to take over three years to complete, and it involves the complete emptying of all fuel channels from both reactors. This amounts to over 300 channels from each reactor, each containing 8 fuel elements. Fully loaded flasks containing the used fuel are scheduled to be dispatched from the site by rail to Sellafield at a maximum rate of three per week.[24][3]

In October 2023, the ONR announced that the defuelling of reactor 3 had been completed, and that the defuelling of reactor 4 was to begin "shortly."[25] Defuelling of reactor 4 is due to be completed in 2025.[26]

Once both reactors have been fully defuelled, EDF Energy will transfer control of the site to the Nuclear Decommissioning Authority to continue the decommissioning process.[25]

See also

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References

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  1. ^ a b c d e f g h i "HUNTERSTON B-1". Public Reactor Information System. IAEA. 29 August 2022. Retrieved 30 August 2022.
  2. ^ a b c d e f g h i "HUNTERSTON B-2". Public Reactor Information System. IAEA. 29 August 2022. Retrieved 30 August 2022.
  3. ^ a b c Keane, Kevin (7 January 2022). "Hunterston B nuclear power plant closes down after 46 years". BBC News. Retrieved 7 January 2022.
  4. ^ Wearne S H & Bird R H (2009). "UK Experience of Consortia Engineering for Nuclear Power Stations, School of Mechanical, Aerospace & Civil Engineering, Dalton Nuclear Institute, University of Manchester" (PDF).[permanent dead link‍]
  5. ^ Nuclear Power Plants in the UK - Scotland and Wales Archived 2009-07-19 at the Portuguese Web Archive
  6. ^ The Times, Saturday, 3 December 1977; pg. 1; Issue 60177; col D
  7. ^ Wilson, Iain (6 March 1997). "Nuclear chief admits 'failure'. Fear of food risk". Herald Scotland. Retrieved 24 April 2014.
  8. ^ "Carbon dioxide supply system at Hunterston B Power Station". 6 October 1998. Archived from the original on 14 October 2016. Retrieved 13 October 2016.
  9. ^ "Brewery recalls CO2 cylinders". The Independent. 8 March 1997. Retrieved 13 October 2016.
  10. ^ "EDF Energy Loss of Off Site Power: An Operator's Perspective" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 24 September 2015. Retrieved 20 March 2015.
  11. ^ Large and Associates. Brief Review of the Documents Relating to the Graphite Moderator Cores at Hinkley Point B and Other Advanced Gas-Cooled Reactors, R3154 5 July 2006 Archived November 14, 2006, at the Wayback Machine
  12. ^ Hunterston B, EDF Energy
  13. ^ "Scotland's Hunterston B to work until 2016". UPI. 11 December 2007. Archived from the original on 24 May 2011.
  14. ^ "Hunterston B nuclear power plant will run until 2023". BBC News. 4 December 2012.
  15. ^ "Cracks found at Hunterston nuclear power station". BBC News. 6 October 2014.
  16. ^ "Nuclear reactor cracks 'challenge safety case'". BBC News. 31 October 2016. Retrieved 31 October 2016.
  17. ^ "New cracks delay restart of Hunterston B reactor". World Nuclear News. 3 May 2018. Retrieved 6 May 2018.
  18. ^ Nina Chestney, Susanna Twidale (9 May 2018). "Cracks in British nuclear reactor ring power alarm bells". Reuters. Archived from the original on 9 May 2018. Retrieved 20 November 2018.
  19. ^ "Hunterston B restarts delayed by several weeks". World Nuclear News. 21 December 2018. Retrieved 22 December 2018.
  20. ^ "Footage of cracks in North Ayrshire nuclear reactor released". The Guardian. 8 March 2019. Retrieved 9 March 2019.
  21. ^ "Hunterston B: Pictures show cracks in Ayrshire nuclear reactor". BBC News. 6 March 2019. Retrieved 6 March 2019.
  22. ^ "EDF to restart Hunterston B-7 soon: Corporate - World Nuclear News". www.world-nuclear-news.org. 27 August 2020.
  23. ^ "First Hunterston B reactor enters retirement". World Nuclear News. 29 November 2021.
  24. ^ "Hunterston B defuelling operations begin". World Nuclear News. 19 May 2022.
  25. ^ a b "Defuelling milestone for Hunterston B" (Press release). Office for Nuclear Regulation. 10 October 2023. Retrieved 23 July 2024.
  26. ^ "ONR grants consent to decommission Hunterston B" (Press release). Office for Nuclear Regulation. 13 September 2024. Retrieved 25 September 2024.
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