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National Airlines (1934–1980)

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This article is about one of the airlines that have shared this name. For other uses of the name, see National Airlines (disambiguation). For 'national airlines', see Flag carrier.

National Airlines
IATA ICAO Call sign
NA[1] NAL NATIONAL
FoundedAugust 2, 1934;
90 years ago (1934-08-02)
signed post office contract
Commenced operationsOctober 15, 1934;
90 years ago (1934-10-15)
Ceased operationsJanuary 7, 1980;
44 years ago (1980-01-07)
(acquired by Pan Am)
HubsMiami
Focus cities
Parent companyPan Am Corporation
HeadquartersMiami-Dade County, Florida, United States
Key peopleLouis "Bud" Maytag
(CEO, 1962–1980)
FounderGeorge T. Baker
(CEO, 1934–1962)

National Airlines was a trunk carrier, a scheduled airline in the United States that operated from 1934 until it merged with Pan Am in 1980.[2] For most of its existence the company was headquartered at Miami International Airport, Florida.[3] At its height, National Airlines had a network of "Coast-to-Coast-to-Coast" flights, linking Florida and Gulf Coast destinations such as New Orleans and Houston with cities along the East Coast as far north as Boston as well as with large cities on the West Coast including Los Angeles, San Francisco and Seattle.[4] From 1970 to 1978, National, Braniff International Airways, Pan American World Airways (Pan Am) and Trans World Airlines (TWA) were the only U.S. airlines permitted to operate scheduled passenger flights to Europe.[5]

History

[edit]

1930s

[edit]

George T. Baker and D. K. Franklin created a partnership called National Airlines Taxi System to fly an airmail route from Daytona Beach to St. Petersburg, Florida, pursuant to a contract with the Post Office dated August 2, 1934. The route was operated continuously from October 15, 1934. On January 6, 1935, Franklin signed over his rights to Baker and on March 1, 1935, Baker took over the contract as a sole proprietor, operating under the name National Airlines System until September 30, 1937. On that day, Baker's rights to the airmail contract and all property used to operate the contract were transferred to National Airlines, Inc., under a contract signed July 12, 1937.[6] The new entity, National Airlines, was incorporated in Florida on 8 July 1937.[7]

National Airlines was founded by George T. Baker (1899–1963) in 1934. Its headquarters were in St. Petersburg, Florida and it was based at the city's Albert Whitted Airport.[8] On October 15 of that year, revenue flights were launched, transporting passengers and mail from St. Petersburg to a few destinations within Florida using a fleet of two Ryan ST monoplanes.[8][9] In 1935, the Stinson Trimotor was introduced with National Airlines,[10] which were soon replaced by the Lockheed Model 10 Electra.[11] In 1939, the company headquarters were moved to Jacksonville.[8] By the end of the decade, the National Airlines network spanned from Miami to New Orleans,[12] on what it called the Buccaneer Route.[5]

1940s

[edit]

Revenue passenger miles for years ending June 30:[13]

  • 1936: 249,799
  • 1938: 653,688
  • 1939: 1,340,050
  • 1940: 3,465,316
  • 1941: 7,264,322
  • 1946: 108,760,267

In 1940 the Lockheed Model 18 Lodestar became the backbone of National's fleet.[14] National was awarded rights from Florida to New York City and other cities along the East Coast in 1944, with flights starting in 1945.[15] In 1946 National got approval to fly to Havana, Cuba, which coincided with the introduction of the Douglas DC-4.[8] The DC-4 allowed non-stop flights between Miami and New York[16] that started on February 14, 1946. Later that year National relocated its headquarters to Miami International Airport; a maintenance base opened at Miami in 1950.[8][17]

The Douglas DC-6, National's first pressurized airliner, began flights on July 1, 1947[8] and reduced New York to Miami flight time from five to four hours.[8] Flights on the DC-6 were marketed as Star Service.[5] National ran the Piggy Bank Vacations campaign, promoting low-fare flights to Florida during the off-peak summer season.[18]

1950s

[edit]

This decade saw the introduction of the Convair 340/440, the Douglas DC-7,[18] and the Lockheed L-1049 Super Constellation.[19] On December 10, 1958, National became the first airline to operate domestic jet flights, using a Boeing 707 leased from Pan American World Airways between Miami and New York.[8] In 1959 the Lockheed L-188 Electra was introduced into the fleet. It was the only turboprop aircraft type ever operated by the airline.[20] At the end of the decade Houston and Boston were the ends of the network with heavy emphasis on service between Florida and the U.S. East Coast and Gulf Coast.[19]

1960s

[edit]

With the award of traffic rights on the southern transcontinental route on March 11, 1961, National Airlines gained access to California and began operating new Douglas DC-8s between Florida and Los Angeles and San Francisco with a number of flights stopping in Houston and/or New Orleans[8][21] (previously, American Airlines, Delta Air Lines and National had together operated Douglas DC-6s and DC-7s through between Miami and California).[18] In March 1962, National scheduled one round trip transcontinental nonstop: National flights 34 and 35 between Miami and Los Angeles on DC-8s.[21] Concerning international destinations in Central and South America, a cooperation involving interchange flights with Pan Am was set up.[22]

In the early 1960s National started new service with the Lockheed Electra propjet to Las Vegas and San Diego.[21] Eastbound coast to coast routes flown with the Electra included San Diego-Los Angeles-Houston-New Orleans-Miami and San Francisco-Las Vegas-Houston-New Orleans-Tampa-Orlando-Jacksonville.[21] National had other long, multistop routings with the Electra such as Boston-New York City-Jacksonville-Orlando-Tampa-New Orleans-Houston-Las Vegas-San Francisco. National flight 223 departed Boston at 7:30am and arrived in San Francisco at 8:42pm.[21]

In 1962 Louis Bergman "Bud" Maytag, Jr. (grandson of Maytag Corporation founder Frederick Louis Maytag I), who had previously led Frontier Airlines[23] bought a majority share in National Airlines and replaced George T. Baker as CEO.[8] In 1960 the airline modernized its fleet with new Douglas DC-8s, followed by ten new Boeing 727-100 trijets,[15] the first of which was delivered in 1964.

After the retirement of the Electras in 1968, National became an all-jet airline with the DC-8 and 727.[8] The airline introduced the first jet service into Key West, FL in 1968 with the Boeing 727-100. The Douglas DC-8 fleet included the stretched Super DC-8-61 which was the largest aircraft type operated by the airline until the introduction of new wide body jetliners such as the Boeing 747 and McDonnell Douglas DC-10. In 1969 National flew the Super DC-8 nonstop between Miami and New York JFK airport and nonstop between Miami and Los Angeles, flights having names such as "The Royal Biscayne", "The Royal Dolphin", "The Gotham" and "The Manhattan" between Miami and New York, and "The Californian" and "The Caribbean" between Miami and Los Angeles.[24]

On July 26, 1969, the Atlanta-San Francisco nonstop route was awarded to National and service began on October 1, 1969. It was National's only route out of Atlanta.

1970s

[edit]
Revenue passenger traffic, in millions of passenger-miles (scheduled flights only, domestic and international)[25][full citation needed]
Year Pax-Miles
1951 432
1955 905
1960 1041
1965 2663
1970 2643
1975 3865

A $17 million IBM electronic computer reservation system, called Res-A-Vision, was completed and put into operation in 1970.

On June 16, 1970, National Airlines reintroduced international flights, when their Miami-London route opened (flights to Cuba were suspended in 1961 due to the Cuban Revolution).[15] With the London route, they became the third U.S. transatlantic passenger carrier, after Pan Am and TWA.

In the fall of 1970, the Boeing 747-100 jumbo jet, at that time the largest commercial airliner, entered service with National on the Miami-New York nonstop route on October 1, 1970, and the Miami-Los Angeles transcontinental nonstop route on October 25, 1970.[8] National sold its 747s in May 1976. Also in 1970, National Airlines opened their own terminal at John F. Kennedy International Airport, which was dubbed the Sundrome.[26]

Following an order for ten aircraft in 1969,[15] the wide body McDonnell Douglas DC-10-10 was put in service on the Miami-New York route on December 15, 1971.[8] A 1971 publicity campaign designed by F. William Free promoting National's flight attendants was criticized by the National Organization for Women as being sexist due to the slogan "I'm (flight attendant's name). Fly me.", or similar.[27][28] Seeing one of these posters in Manchester inspired Eric Stewart of 10cc to write the band's 1976 hit song "I'm Mandy Fly Me".

In May 1973, the front cover of the airline's system timetable proudly proclaimed, "National has daily nonstop 747s from Miami to London".[29] By early 1976, the airline was operating scheduled wide body DC-10 service to Houston (IAH), Las Vegas (LAS), Los Angeles (LAX), Miami (MIA), New Orleans (MSY), Orlando (MCO), San Diego (SAN), San Francisco (SFO), Tampa (TPA), West Palm Beach (PBI) and all three airports in the New York City area: John F. Kennedy (JFK), LaGuardia (LGA) and Newark (EWR).[30] With the advent of the intercontinental McDonnell Douglas DC-10-30, National Airlines then expanded their European network by adding Paris (inaugurated on June 22, 1977), as well as Frankfurt, Amsterdam (both in 1978)[8] and Zürich (in 1979).[9] National began the very first nonstop flights from New Orleans to Europe (to Amsterdam) on July 2, 1978. National then began nonstop New York Kennedy (JFK)-Amsterdam flights on December 13, 1978, taking the route over from Pan Am.

In 1975, National was forced to shut down for several months due to a strike by flight attendants.[31]

In the late 1970s, several airlines attempted to take over National Airlines, which had become a major player in the southern transcontinental and Florida-East Coast airline markets.[32] In 1978, Texas International Airlines (which was led by Frank Lorenzo at that time) acquired 24.6 percent of the shares,[2] but did not succeed in the subsequent tender offer takeover bid. A similar attempt was made by Eastern Air Lines in 1979.[2] At the same time, the shares held by Texas International were sold to Pan American World Airways, who emerged as a white knight and succeeded in accumulating a controlling majority.

Acquisition by Pan Am

[edit]

On January 7, 1980, the acquisition of National was completed,[2] with Pan Am taking over the National Airlines fleet and route network. Pan Am continued to utilize the former National Miami maintenance base and headquarters building until Pan Am itself ceased operations in December 1991.[32] Much later, National's "Sun King" logo was sold and "repackaged" much like Pan Am's to appear upon the branding of start up "low cost carrier" Southeast Airlines aircraft.

Most industry analysts believe that Pan Am paid too high a price for National, and was ill-prepared to integrate National's domestic route network with Pan Am's own globe-girdling international network. The cultures of National and Pan Am also proved to be incompatible, making workforce integration difficult.[33] Texas International walked away from their foiled attempt with a multi-million dollar stock profit and was poised for Lorenzo's next ventures—a startup airline in the high-density East Coast corridor (New York Air), and subsequent acquisition of Continental Airlines.[32]

Route network

[edit]
National Douglas DC-8 at Los Angeles International Airport (1971)
National Boeing 747-100 at London Heathrow Airport (1973)
National McDonnell Douglas DC-10 at Heathrow in 1974. This aircraft would later be written off in 1993

National Airlines operated scheduled flights to the following U.S. cities:

Location State Airport(s) Began Ended Notes
Mobile Alabama Mobile Municipal Airport
Mobile Regional Airport
November 1, 1938[12]
1980
Los Angeles California Los Angeles International Airport
June 11, 1961[8][34]
1980
San Diego California San Diego International Airport
June 11, 1961[8][34]
1980
San Francisco California San Francisco International Airport
June 11, 1961[8][34]
1980
San Jose California San Jose International Airport
July 1, 1976
1979
Daytona Beach Florida Daytona Beach Airport
Daytona Beach International Airport
October 15, 1934[35]
1980
Fort Lauderdale Florida Fort Lauderdale–Hollywood International Airport
October 19, 1959
1980
Fort Myers Florida Page Field
July 16, 1937[11]
1980
Jacksonville Florida Jacksonville Municipal Airport
Imeson Field
November 19, 1934[9]
1980
 focus city
Key West Florida Key West International Airport
March 1, 1944[36]
ca. 1970[37]
Lakeland Florida Lakeland Municipal Airport (Drane Field)
1934[11][8]
1962[22]
Marathon Florida Florida Keys Marathon Airport
1959
1961[22]
Marianna Florida Marianna Municipal Airport
1938[12]
1961[22]
Melbourne Florida Melbourne Airport
April 26, 1959[22]
1980
Miami Florida Miami Municipal Airport
Miami International Airport
July 16, 1937[11]
1980
main base
Orlando Florida Orlando Municipal Airport
Orlando International Airport
October 15, 1934[11][8]
1980
Palm Beach Florida Morrison Field
August 1, 1944[36]
1980
Panama City Florida Panama City-Bay County Airport
September 1, 1948[16]
1980
Pensacola Florida Pensacola Municipal Airport
November 1, 1938[12]
1980
Sarasota Florida Sarasota-Brandenton Airport
July 16, 1937[11]
1980
St. Petersburg Florida Albert Whitted Airport
St. Petersburg–Clearwater International Airport
October 15, 1934[11][8]
1961[22]
Tallahassee Florida Tallahassee Municipal Airport
November 1, 1938[12]
1980
Tampa Florida Davis Islands Airport
Tampa International Airport
October 15, 1934[11][8]
1980
focus city
Atlanta Georgia William B. Hartsfield Atlanta International Airport
October 1, 1969
1978
Savannah Georgia Savannah Airport
July 15, 1946[36]
1980
Valdosta Georgia Valdosta Regional Airport
1946[16]
1960[22]
New Orleans Louisiana Shushan Airport
New Orleans International Airport
November 1, 1938[12]
1980
focus city
Baltimore Maryland Friendship Airport
September 1, 1948 (Harbor Field 1948)[17]
1980
Boston Massachusetts Boston Logan International Airport
December 14, 1956[19]
1980
Gulfport Mississippi Gulfport-Biloxi Airport
1938[12]
1959-60[22]
Las Vegas Nevada McCarran International Airport
June 11, 1961[22]
1980
Newark New Jersey Newark Airport
February 12, 1946[22]
1980
New York City New York Idlewild/Kennedy Airport
October 1, 1944[15][36]
1980
focus city
New York City New York LaGuardia Airport
October 1, 1944, end 1947
resume 1966[15][36]
1980
Fayetteville North Carolina Fayetteville Municipal Airport
1956-57[19]
1962[4]
New Bern North Carolina Simmons-Nott Airport
1946[16]
1962[4]
Wilmington North Carolina Bluethenthal Field
1945-46[36]
1962[4]
Philadelphia Pennsylvania Philadelphia International Airport
July 1, 1945[36]
1980
Providence Rhode Island T. F. Green Airport
December 14, 1956[19]
1980
Charleston South Carolina Charleston Airport
July 1, 1945[36]
1980
Houston Texas William P. Hobby Airport
followed by Houston Intercontinental Airport
November 20, 1956[19]
1980
Newport News Virginia Newport News/Williamsburg International Airport
1955[19]
1980
Norfolk Virginia Norfolk Airport
December 1, 1945[36]
1980
Richmond Virginia Richmond International Airport
1948[17]
1971[38]
Seattle Washington Seattle–Tacoma International Airport
April 1, 1979[5]
1980
Washington, D.C. Virginia Washington National Airport
February 25, 1948[17]
1980

National also operated scheduled flights to the following destinations in Europe and the Caribbean:

Location Country Airport Commenced Ceased
Havana Cuba José Martí International Airport
1946[17]
1961[15]
Paris France Orly Airport
June 22, 1977[37]
1980
Amsterdam Netherlands Amsterdam Airport Schiphol
May 4, 1978[37]
1980
San Juan Puerto Rico Luis Muñoz Marín International Airport
April 1, 1979[39]
1980
Zürich Switzerland Zurich Airport
July 22, 1979[9]
1980
London United Kingdom Heathrow Airport
June 16, 1970[37]
1980
Frankfurt West Germany Frankfurt Airport
May 1, 1978[37]
1980

Fleet

[edit]
A Boeing 727 in the livery of National Airlines landing at Miami International Airport (1980). The airline had already been taken over by Pan Am.

When National Airlines was acquired by Pan Am in 1980, the fleet consisted of 43 Boeing 727 aircraft (19 of the original series 100 model and 24 of the stretched series 200 variant), as well as 16 McDonnell Douglas DC-10 airliners (11 of the series 10 model used in domestic service and five of the intercontinental series 30 model used for service to Europe).[40]

Over the years, National owned the following aircraft types:[2]

National Airlines historical fleet
Aircraft Total Introduced Retired Remark
Boeing 707-120 1 1958 1958 N710PA leased from Pan Am[41]
Boeing 727-100 21 1964[42] 1980 [43]
Boeing 727-200 27 1967 1980 [43]
Boeing 747-100 2 1970 1976 N77772, N77773[44]
Convair CV-340 1 1954 1960 N11136[45]
Convair CV-440 1 1953 1960 N8415H[46]
Curtiss C-46F Commando 2 1948 1954 N1661M, N1662M[47]
Douglas C-54 3 1949 1950 N88444, N88852, N95490[48]
Douglas DC-4-1009 7 1946 1952 [49]
Douglas DC-6 8 1947 1963 [50]
Douglas DC-6B 13 1952 1963 [51]
Douglas DC-7 9 1953 1964 [52]
Douglas DC-8-20 3 1960 1974 N6571B, N6572C, N6573C[53]
Douglas DC-8-30 5 1963 1978 [53]
Douglas DC-8-50 9 1961 1973 [53]
Douglas DC-8-61 2 1967 1975 N45090, N45191[53]
Lockheed C-60 4 1940 1956 [54]
Lockheed L-188 Electra 17 1959 1968 [55]
Lockheed L-1049H Super Constellation 4 1957 1964 N7131C, N7132C, N7133C, N7134C[56][57]
Lockheed Model 18 Lodestar 4 1940 1956 [54]
McDonnell Douglas DC-10-10 11 1971 1980 [58]
McDonnell Douglas DC-10-30 4 1971 1980 N80NA, N81NA, N82NA, N83NA[58]
Ryan B-5 Brougham 2 1934 n/a NC9234, NC545N[59]
Ryan B-7 Brougham 1 1934 n/a NC723M[60]
Sikorsky S-55 1 1953 1954 N423A[61]
Stinson U Tri-Motor n/a 1935 n/a NC432M[62]

Sun King Club

[edit]

Domestic

[edit]
  • Fort Lauderdale
  • Houston
  • Miami
  • Jacksonville
  • Los Angeles
  • New Orleans
  • New York (Kennedy)
  • New York (LaGuardia)
  • Newark
  • Orlando
  • San Francisco
  • Tampa
  • Washington (National)
  • West Palm Beach

International

[edit]
  • Amsterdam
  • Frankfurt
  • London (Heathrow)
  • Paris (Orly)

Accidents and incidents

[edit]

Fatal

[edit]
  • On October 5, 1945, National Airlines Flight 16, a Lockheed Model 18 Lodestar (registered NC18199) crashed into a lake near Lakeland, Florida at 01:05 local time. The scheduled passenger flight had originated in Tampa, when the pilots encountered technical problems during approach of Lakeland Airport, which led to a failed go-around attempt. Of the 15 people on board, two passengers died.[63]
  • On January 14, 1951, 6 of the 28 passengers on board Flight 83 died when the aircraft, a Douglas DC-4 (registered N74685), overshot the runway and crashed into a ditch at Philadelphia International Airport. The pilots of the flight from New York City had tried to land the aircraft too far down the runway, instead of aborting the approach.[64] Frankie Housley, the only stewardess, also died. She has been regarded as a hero, as she had returned to the burning wreckage to lead passengers to safety.[65]
  • On February 11, 1952, Flight 101, a Douglas DC-6, crashed shortly after take-off from Newark Airport due to a failure of a propeller and subsequent loss of control. Of the 59 passengers on board, 26 died, as well as three of the four crew members. Four people on the ground were killed.
  • With 46 fatalities (5 crew and 41 passengers, among them Billy DeBeck's widow), the disaster of Flight 470 on February 14, 1953, marks the worst accident in the history of National Airlines. The aircraft, a DC-6 registered N90893, crashed into the Gulf of Mexico 20 miles (32 km) off Mobile Point en route from Tampa to New Orleans, after having encountered severe turbulence.
  • On November 16, 1959, at 00:55 local time, a Douglas DC-7 (registered N4891C) crashed into the Gulf of Mexico, the cause of which could not be determined. The 36 passengers and six crew aboard Flight 967 from Tampa to New Orleans died in the accident 35.6 miles (57.3 km) off the coast of Pilottown, Louisiana.[66]
  • On January 6, 1960, a bomb exploded aboard the DC-6 registered N8225H Flight 2511 en route from New York to Miami. In the subsequent crash near Bolivia, North Carolina, all 29 passengers and five crew died. One of the passengers, who was under criminal investigation, is suspected of committing a suicide bombing.[67]
  • On November 3, 1973, a McDonnell Douglas DC-10 (registered N60NA) suffered an uncontained engine failure over Datil, New Mexico while operating as Flight 27 from Houston to Las Vegas. Pieces of the turbine penetrated the fuselage, breaking a window in the passenger cabin and causing subsequent decompression. One passenger was sucked out of the aircraft and died. The flight made a successful emergency landing at Albuquerque.[68]
The wreckage of Flight 193 (1978).

Non-fatal

[edit]
  • On September 13, 1945, a National Airlines Lockheed Lodestar (registered NC33349) overshot the runway at Peter O. Knight Airport near Tampa in rainy weather and came to a rest in the water of Hillsborough Bay. There were eleven passengers and three crew members on board the scheduled flight from Miami.[70]
  • On October 11, 1945, another Lodestar (NC15555) was involved in a hull-loss accident. The pilots of Flight 23 from Jacksonville to Miami with 14 passengers aboard experienced an engine fire and attempted an emergency landing at Melbourne Airport. The approach was missed, but the pilots did not manage to pull the aircraft up, so it impacted the ground.[71]
  • On October 2, 1950, a cargo-configured Curtiss C-46 Commando (registered N1661M) was substantially damaged in a belly landing at Washington National Airport.[72]
  • On January 10, 1955, at 09:38, Flight 1 with ten passengers and three crew veered off the runway during a takeoff attempt at St. Petersburg-Clearwater Airport. The copilot had lost control of the Lockheed Lodestar (registered N33369) that had been bound for Sarasota.[73]
  • On November 15, 1961, at 17:10, National Airlines Flight 429 (a DC-6 registered N8228H) collided with Northeast Airlines Flight 120 (a Vickers Viscount) on the ground at Logan International Airport in Boston. The pilots of the National aircraft with 25 passengers aboard had commenced with the takeoff run without having been cleared to do so, hitting the landing Northeast plane.[74]

Hijackings

[edit]

Between 1961 and 1980, 22 (attempted) hijackings on board National Airlines occurred, which involved the aircraft being demanded to be flown to Cuba. In 1969 alone, there were nine such occurrences.[75] These events can be partly attributed to the tense Cuba–United States relations at that time, and the many flights of National Airlines in and to the southeastern United States, near Cuba. See List of Cuba – United States aircraft hijackings for more information.

There were several other criminal acts involving National Airlines aircraft:

  • On March 8, 1971, a hijacker on board Flight 745, a Boeing 727 with 46 occupants en route from Mobile to New Orleans, demanded the aircraft be flown to Canada instead.[76]
  • On July 12, 1972, Michael Stanley Green and Ethiopian national Lulseged Tesfa hijacked National Airlines Flight 496 (a Boeing 727) while en route to New York from Philadelphia.[77]
  • On March 30, 1974, following a hostage taking in Sarasota, the perpetrator tried to hijack a parked National Airlines 727 at Sarasota-Brandenton Airport, but was prevented from doing so by a flight engineer.[78] A similar hijacking attempt happened on January 3, 1975, at Pensacola Airport.[79]

See also

[edit]

References

[edit]
  1. ^ Klee, Ulrich; Bucher (1979). JP Airline-Fleets International (79 ed.). Switzerland: Editions JP. ISBN 3857581131.
  2. ^ a b c d e Information about National Airlines at the Aero Transport Data Bank
  3. ^ "Walkout by 3,500 Cancels All Flights of National Airlines". The New York Times. February 1, 1970. p. 58. Retrieved September 24, 2009. Pickets marched at National's headquarters at Miami International Airport.
  4. ^ a b c d National Airlines 1964 timetable, at timetableimages.com
  5. ^ a b c d Image collection of National Airlines timetables, at timetableimages.com
  6. ^ "National Airlines, Inc.—Certificates of Public Convenience and Necessity". Civil Aeronautics Authority Reports. 1. Civil Aeronautics Authority: 24–28. February 1939 – July 1940. hdl:2027/uc1.b2938502.
  7. ^ "opencorporates record for Florida incorporation of National Airlines Incorporated entity ID 134717". opencorporates.com. opencorporates. Retrieved July 14, 2024.
  8. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u "National Airlines history, at Nationalsundowners.com, the Organization of Former Stewardesses and Flight Attendants with the Original National Airlines.". Archived from the original on October 22, 2018. Retrieved January 31, 2013.
  9. ^ a b c d Photos of National Airlines timetables and route maps, at airtimes.com
  10. ^ "NAL: The 1930s, at Nationalsundowners.com, the Organization of Former Stewardesses and Flight Attendants with the Original National Airlines.". Archived from the original on December 30, 2014. Retrieved January 31, 2013.
  11. ^ a b c d e f g h 1937 National Airlines timetable, at timetableimages.com
  12. ^ a b c d e f g National Airlines 1938 timetable, at timetableimages.com
  13. ^ American Aviation September 1, 1946 p19
  14. ^ "NAL: The 1940s, at Nationalsundowners.com, the Organization of Former Stewardesses and Flight Attendants with the Original National Airlines.". Archived from the original on December 30, 2014. Retrieved January 31, 2013.
  15. ^ a b c d e f g Airline to the playgrounds of the world. The Boeing Magazine, January 1964 page 3 Archived March 4, 2016, at the Wayback Machine, page 4 Archived March 4, 2016, at the Wayback Machine, page 5 Archived March 28, 2007, at the Wayback Machine
  16. ^ a b c d National Airlines 1947 timetable, at timetableimages.com
  17. ^ a b c d e National Airlines 1952 timetable, at timetableimages.com
  18. ^ a b c National Airlines 1954 timetable, at timetableimages.com
  19. ^ a b c d e f g National Airlines 1958 timetable, at timetableimages.com
  20. ^ Image of National Airlines 1959 advert, at airtimes.com
  21. ^ a b c d e March 2, 1962 National timetable
  22. ^ a b c d e f g h i j 1962 National Airlines timetable, at timetableimages.com
  23. ^ "Lewis Maytag Jr., Heir And National Airlines Chief". Archived from the original on August 26, 2014. Retrieved August 22, 2014.
  24. ^ July 15, 1969 National timetable
  25. ^ Handbook of Airline Statistics (biannual CAB publication)
  26. ^ Information about the Sundrome by its architects, Pei Cobb Freed & Partners Archived October 22, 2006, at the Wayback Machine
  27. ^ "NOW criticism of the National Airlines "Fly Me" campaign". Archived from the original on March 4, 2016. Retrieved January 31, 2013.
  28. ^ Lavietes, Stuart (January 8, 2003). "F. William Free, 74, Ad Man Behind 'Fly Me'". The New York Times.
  29. ^ http://www.timetableimages.com, May 1, 1973 National Airlines system timetable front cover
  30. ^ February 1, 1976 Official Airline Guide (OAG), National Airlines flight schedules for EWR, IAH, JFK, LAS, LAX, LGA, MIA, MSY, MCO, PBI, SAN, SFO and TPA.
  31. ^ Rattner, Steven (December 29, 1975). "National Airlines Shutdown is Nearing Four Months". The New York Times.
  32. ^ a b c Scott, Christian, J. (1998). Bring Songs to the Sky: Recollections of Continental Airlines, 1970–1986. Quadran Press.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  33. ^ Petzinger, Thomas (1996). Hard Landing: The Epic Contest for Power and Profits That Plunged the Airlines into Chaos. New York: Crown Publishing Group. p. 134. ISBN 978-0812928358.
  34. ^ a b c National Airlines 1967 timetable, at timetableimages.com
  35. ^ National Airlines 1941 timetable, at timetableimages.com
  36. ^ a b c d e f g h i National Airlines 1945 timetable, at timetableimages.com
  37. ^ a b c d e National Airlines 1978 routemap, at airtimes.com
  38. ^ National Airlines 1969 timetable, at timetableimages.com
  39. ^ National Airlines 1979 timetable and routemap, at departedflights.com
  40. ^ "World Airline Directory". Flight International. July 26, 1980. Retrieved November 8, 2011.
  41. ^ "National Airlines". airlinesfiles.com. Retrieved August 14, 2019.
  42. ^ Roach, John; Eastwood, Tony (1992). Jet Airliner Production List. West Drayton, England: The Aviation Hobby Shop. ISBN 0-907178-43-X.
  43. ^ a b "Boeing 727". rzjets. Retrieved August 14, 2019.
  44. ^ "Boeing 747-100". rzjets. Retrieved August 14, 2019.
  45. ^ "Convair 340". rzjets. Retrieved August 14, 2019.
  46. ^ "Convair CV-440". rzjets. Retrieved August 14, 2019.
  47. ^ "Curtiss C-46F". rzjets. Retrieved August 14, 2019.
  48. ^ "Douglas C-54". rzjets. Retrieved August 14, 2019.
  49. ^ "Douglas DC-4-1009". rzjets. Retrieved August 14, 2019.
  50. ^ "National Airlines Douglas DC-6". Ed Coates Collection. Retrieved August 14, 2019.
  51. ^ "Douglas DC-6". rzjets. Retrieved August 14, 2019.
  52. ^ "Douglas DC-7". rzjets. Retrieved August 14, 2019.
  53. ^ a b c d "Douglas DC-8". rzjets. Retrieved August 14, 2019.
  54. ^ a b "Lockheed Lodestar". rzjets. Retrieved August 14, 2019.
  55. ^ "Lockheed L-188 Electra". rzjets. Retrieved August 14, 2019.
  56. ^ "Lockheed L-1049H Super Constellation". Retrieved August 14, 2019.
  57. ^ "National Airlines Lockheed L1049H Super Constellation N7131C". Ed Coates Collection. Retrieved August 14, 2019.
  58. ^ a b "National Airlines Fleet Details". Planespotters. Retrieved August 14, 2019.
  59. ^ "National Airlines Ryan B-5 Brougham". Ed Coates Collection. Retrieved August 14, 2019.
  60. ^ "National Airlines Ryan B-7 Brougham". Ed Coates Collection. Retrieved August 14, 2019.
  61. ^ "National Airlines". Helis.com. Retrieved August 14, 2019.
  62. ^ "National Airlines System Stinson U Tri-Motor". Ed Coates Collection. Retrieved August 14, 2019.
  63. ^ Accident report of National Airlines Flight 16 at the Aviation Safety Network>
  64. ^ Accident report of National Airlines Flight 83 at the Aviation Safety Network
  65. ^ "Take Your Time". Time. January 22, 1951. Archived from the original on January 27, 2008. Retrieved January 24, 2008.
  66. ^ Accident report of National Airlines Flight 967 at the Aviation Safety Network
  67. ^ Accident report of National Airlines Flight 2511 at the Aviation Safety Network
  68. ^ Accident report of National Airlines Flight 27 at the Aviation Safety Network
  69. ^ Accident report of National Airlines Flight 193 at the Aviation Safety Network
  70. ^ September 1945 National Airlines accident at the Aviation Safety Network
  71. ^ Accident report of National Airlines Flight 23 at the Aviation Safety Network
  72. ^ 1950 landing accident at the Aviation Safety Network
  73. ^ Accident report of National Airlines Flight 1 at the Aviation Safety Network
  74. ^ Accident report of National Airlines Flight 429 at the Aviation Safety Network
  75. ^ List of accidents and incidents involving National Airlines, at the Aviation Safety Network
  76. ^ Report of the hijacking of National Airlines Flight 745 at the Aviation Safety Network
  77. ^ 40 years later: The day a 727 landed at Lake Jackson, at chron.com
  78. ^ Report of the 1974 National Airlines hijacking at the Aviation Safety Network
  79. ^ Report of the 1975 National Airlines hijacking at the Aviation Safety Network

Bibliography

[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to National Airlines.
  • Banning, Eugene (2001). Davies, R.E.G. (ed.). Airlines of Pan American since 1927. Paladwr Press. ISBN 1-888962-17-8.
  • Conrad, Barnaby (1999). Pan Am: An Aviation Legend. Emeryville, CA: Woodford Press. ISBN 0-942627-55-5.
  • Davies, R.E.G (1982) [1972]. Airlines of the United States Since 1914 (Revised ed.). Putnam. ISBN 0-370-30942-1.
  • - (1987). Pan Am: An Airline and Its Aircraft. Illustrated by Mike Machat. Orion. ISBN 0-517-56639-7.
  • Gandt, Robert L. (1995). Skygods: The Fall of Pan Am. New York: Morrow. ISBN 0-688-04615-0.
  • Pan American Historical Foundation (2005). The Clipper Heritage: Pan American World Airways 1927-1991. Pan American Historical Foundation.
  • Pan American World Airways Records. Otto G. Richter Library, University of Miami Archives. June 26, 1996.
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