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Old page wikitext, before the edit (old_wikitext) | '{{short description|Geographical features of Egypt}}
{{Location map+ |Egypt |width=302
|float=right |caption=Map of Egypt |places=
{{Location map~ |Egypt |lat=30.43678|long=31.24951 |label=[[Cairo]]|position=left }}
{{Location map~ |Egypt |lat=31.21350|long=29.94430 |label=[[Alexandria]]|position=top left}}
{{Location map~ |Egypt |lat=24.08180|long=32.91080 |label=[[Aswan]]|position=left}}
{{Location map~ |Egypt |lat=25.70060|long=32.63920 |label=[[Luxor]]|position=left}}
{{Location map~ |Egypt |lat=27.25740|long=33.80970 |label=[[Hurghada]] }}
{{Location map~ |Egypt |lat=22.34670|long=31.59510 |label=[[Abu Simbel]] }}
{{Location map~ |Egypt |lat=27.85980|long=34.28240 |label=[[Sharm el-Sheikh|Sharm el-Sheikh]]|position=top}}
{{Location map~ |Egypt |lat=29.20510|long=25.51940 |label=[[Siwa Oasis|Siwa]] }}
{{Location map~ |Egypt |lat=28.5500|long=29.01667 |label=[[Bahariya Oasis|Bahariyya]] }}
{{Location map~ |Egypt |lat=29.98340|long=32.52450 |label=[[Suez]] }}
{{Location map~ |Egypt |lat=31.25650|long=32.29152 |label=[[Port Said]] }}
{{Location map~ |Egypt |lat=30.58923|long=32.26585 |label=[[Ismailia]] }}
}}
[[File:LocationEgypt.svg|thumb|250px|Egypt's location]]
{{Coord|27|00|N|30|00|E|type:country|display=title}}
The '''geography of Egypt''' relates to two regions: [[North Africa]] and [[Southwest Asia]].
[[Egypt]] has coastlines on the [[Mediterranean Sea]], the [[River Nile]], and the [[Red Sea]]. Egypt borders [[Libya]] to the west, the [[Gaza Strip]] to the northeast, [[Israel]] to the east and [[Sudan]] to the [[south]]. Egypt has an area of {{convert|1,002,450|km2|mi2|abbr=on}} which makes it the 31st largest country in the world.
The longest straight-line distance in Egypt from north to south is {{convert|1,024|km|mi|abbr=on}}, while that from east to west measures {{convert|1,240|km|mi|abbr=on}}. Egypt has more than {{convert|2,900|km|mi|abbr=on}} of coastline on the Mediterranean Sea, the [[Gulf of Suez]], and the [[Gulf of Aqaba]]. It has an [[Exclusive Economic Zone]] of {{convert|263,451|km2|mi2|abbr=on}}.
==Governorates==
{{Main|Governorates of Egypt}}
Egypt is divided into 28 [[governorate]]s, which include two city-governorates: [[Alexandria]] ([[Alexandria Governorate]]) and [[Cairo]] ([[Cairo Governorate]]). There are nine governorates of [[Lower Egypt]] in the [[Nile Delta]] region, ten of [[Upper Egypt]] along the [[Nile]] river south from Cairo to [[Aswan]] and five frontier governorates covering Sinai and the deserts that lie west and east of the Nile river.
Egypt is predominantly [[desert]]. 3.5% - of the total land area is [[Agriculture|cultivate]]d and permanently settled. Most of the country lies within the wide band of desert that stretches eastwards from Africa's [[Atlantic Ocean|Atlantic Coast]] across the [[continent]] and into southwest Asia.
Egypt's [[geological]] history has produced four major [[physical regions]]:
* [[Nile]] Valley and [[Nile Delta]]
* [[Western Desert (Egypt)|Western Desert]] (from the Nile west to the Libyan border)
* [[Eastern Desert]] (extends from the Nile Valley all the way to the [[Red Sea]] coast)
* [[Sinai Peninsula]]
Despite covering only about 5% of the total area of Egypt; the [[Nile Valley]] and [[Nile Delta]] are the most important regions, being the country's only cultivable regions and supporting about 99% of the population. The Nile valley extends approximately 800 km from Aswan to the outskirts of Cairo. The Nile Valley is known as [[Upper Egypt]], while the Nile Delta region is known as [[Lower Egypt]]. Steep rocky cliffs rise along the banks of the Nile in some stretches, while other areas along the Nile are flat, with space for agricultural production. In the past, flooding of the Nile during the summer provided silt and water to make agriculture possible on land that is otherwise very dry. Since the construction of the [[Aswan Dam]], agriculture in the Nile valley depends on [[irrigation]]. The Nile delta consists of flat, low-lying areas. Some parts of the delta are marshy and water-logged, and thus not suitable for agriculture. Other areas of the delta are used for agriculture.A Modern Investigation of Pharaoh's Workforce |author=Rosalie, David |publisher=Routledge |year=1997 |chapter=The Geography and Historical Background
===Nile Valley and Delta===
{{Main|Nile|Nile Delta}}
The Nile Valley and Delta, the most extensive [[oasis]] on earth, was created by the world's longest river and its seemingly inexhaustible sources. Without the [[topographic]] [[Stream channel|channel]] that permits the Nile to flow across the [[Sahara]], Egypt would be entirely desert. The length within Egypt of the River Nile in its northwards course from three central African sources – the [[White Nile]], the [[Blue Nile]], and the [[Atbarah River|Atbara]] – totals some 1,600 km.
The White Nile, which begins at [[Lake Victoria]] in [[Uganda]], supplies about 28% of the Nile's Egyptian waters. In its course from Lake Victoria to [[Juba]] in [[South Sudan]], the White Nile's channel drops more than 600 m. In its 1,600-km course from Juba to [[Khartoum]], [[Sudan]]'s capital, the river descends just 75 m. In South Sudan, the White Nile passes through the [[Sudd]], a wide, flat plain covered with [[swamp]] [[vegetation]] and slows almost to the point of [[Water stagnation|stagnation]].
The Blue Nile, which originates at [[Lake Tana]] in [[Ethiopia]], provides on average some 58% of the Nile's Egyptian waters. This river has a steeper gradient and therefore flows more swiftly than the White Nile, which it joins at Khartoum. Unlike the White Nile, the Blue Nile carries a considerable amount of [[sediment]]. For several kilometers north of Khartoum, water closer to the eastern bank of the river, coming from the Blue Nile, is visibly [[mud]]dy, while that closer to the western bank, and coming from the White Nile, is clearer.
The much shorter Atbarah River, which also originates in Ethiopia, joins the main Nile north of Khartoum between the fifth and sixth [[Cataracts of the Nile|cataracts]] (areas of steep rapids) and provides about 14% of the Nile's waters in Egypt. During the low-water season, which runs from January to June, the Atbarah shrinks to a number of pools. But, in late summer, when torrential rains fall on the [[Ethiopian Highlands]], the Atbarah provides 22% of the Nile's flow.
The Blue Nile has a similar pattern. It contributes 17% of the Nile's waters in the low-water season and 68% during the high-water season. In contrast, the White Nile provides only 10% of the Nile's waters during the high-water season but contributes more than 80% during the low-water period. Thus, before the [[Aswan High Dam]] was completed in 1971, the White Nile watered the Egyptian stretch of the river throughout the year, whereas the Blue Nile, carrying seasonal rain from Ethiopia, caused the Nile to overflow its banks and deposit a layer of fertile mud over adjacent fields. The great flood of the main Nile usually occurred in Egypt during August, September, and October, but it sometimes began as early as June at [[Aswan]] and often did not completely wane until January.
The Nile enters Egypt a few kilometers north of [[Wadi Halfa]], a Sudanese town that was completely rebuilt on high ground when its original site was submerged in the [[reservoir]] created by the Aswan High Dam. As a result of the dam's construction, the Nile actually begins its flow into Egypt as [[Lake Nasser]], which extends southwards from the dam for 320 km to the border and for an additional 158 km within Sudan. Lake Nasser's waters fill the area through [[Lower Nubia]] (Upper Egypt and northern Sudan) within the narrow [[canyon]] between the [[cliffs]] of [[sandstone]] and [[granite]] created by the flow of the river over many centuries.
Below Aswan, the cultivated [[floodplain]] strip widens to as much as twenty km. North of Isna (160 km north of Aswan), the plateau on both sides of the valley rises to as much as 550 m above sea level; at Qina (some 90 km north of Isna) the 300-m limestone cliffs force the Nile to change course towards the southwest for about 60 km before it turns northwest for about 160 km to Asyut. Northward from Asyut, the [[escarpment]]s on both sides diminish, and the valley widens to a maximum of 22 km.
At Cairo, the Nile spreads out over what was once a broad [[estuary]], subsequently filled by silt deposits to form what is now a fertile, fan-shaped [[River delta|delta]] some 250 km wide at its seaward extremity and extending about 160 km from north to south. The Nile Delta covers approximately 22,000 km(roughly equivalent in area to that of [[Massachusetts]]). According to historical accounts from the first century AD, seven branches of the Nile once ran through the delta. According to later accounts, the Nile had, by around the twelfth century, just six branches.
Since then, nature and man have closed all but two main outlets: the east branch, [[Damietta]] (also seen as Dumyat; 240 km long), and the west branch, [[Rosetta]] (235 km long). Both outlets are named after the [[port]]s located at their respective mouths. A network of [[drainage]] and [[irrigation]] [[canals]] supplements these remaining outlets. In the north, near the coast, the Nile delta embraces a series of [[salt marshes]] and [[lake]]s, the most notable among which are [[Idku]], [[Al Burullus]], and [[Manzilah]].
The fertility and productivity of the land adjacent to the Nile depend largely on the [[silt]] deposited by floodwaters. [[Archaeological]] research indicates that people once lived at a much higher elevation along the river than they do today, probably because the river was higher or the floods more severe. The timing and amount of annual flow were always unpredictable. Measurements of annual flows as low as 1.2 billion m<sup>3</sup> and as high as 4.25 billion have been recorded. For centuries Egyptians attempted to predict and take advantage of these flows and thereby moderate the severity of floods.
The construction of [[dams]] on the Nile, particularly the Aswan High Dam, transformed the mighty river into a large and predictable [[irrigation]] [[ditch]]. Lake Nasser, the world's largest artificial lake, has enabled planned use of the Nile regardless of the amount of rainfall in [[Central Africa]] and [[East Africa]]. The dams have also affected the Nile Valley's [[fertility]], which was dependent for centuries not only on the water brought to the [[arable land]] but also on the materials left by the water.
Researchers have estimated that beneficial silt deposits in the valley began about 10,000 years ago. The average annual deposit of arable soil through the course of the river valley amounted to some nine metres. Analysis of the flow revealed that 10.7 million tons of solid matter passed Cairo each year.
Today the Aswan High Dam obstructs most of this sediment, now retained in Lake Nasser. The reduction in annual silt deposits has contributed to rising water tables and increasing [[soil salinity]] in the Delta, the erosion of the river's banks in [[Upper Egypt]], and the erosion of the [[alluvial fan]] along the shore of the Mediterranean Sea.
===Western Desert===
{{Main|Western Desert (Egypt)}}
The Western Desert covers an area of some 700,000 ,thereby accounting for around two-thirds of Egypt's total land area. This immense desert to the west of the Nile spans the area from the Mediterranean Sea southwards to the Sudanese border. The desert's [[Jilf al Kabir Plateau]], at a mean altitude of some 1000 m, constitutes an exception to the uninterrupted territory of basement rocks covered by layers of horizontally bedded sediments forming a massive plain or low plateau. The [[Great Sand Sea]] lies within the desert's plain and extends from the [[Siwa Oasis]] to [[Jilf al Kabir]]. [[Escarpment]]s (ridges) and deep depressions (basins) exist in several parts of the Western Desert, and no rivers or streams drain into or out of the area.
The government has considered the Western Desert a frontier region and has divided it into two governorates at about the twenty-eighth parallel: [[Matruh Governorate|Matruh]] to the north and New Valley (Al Wadi al Jadid) to the south. There are seven important depressions in the Western Desert, and all are considered oases except the largest, [[Qattara]], the water of which is salty. The [[Qattara Depression]], which includes the country's lowest point, encompasses which is similar to the size of [[Lake Ontario]]. It is largely below sea level and is below sea level at the lowest. [[Badlands]], salt marshes and salt lakes cover the sparsely inhabited Qattara Depression.
Limited [[agricultural]] production, the presence of some natural resources, and permanent [[Community|settlements]] are found in the other six depressions, all of which have fresh water provided by the Nile or by local [[groundwater]]. The Siwah Oasis, close to the Libyan border and west of Qattara, is isolated from the rest of Egypt but has sustained life since ancient times. The Siwa's cliff-hung Temple of Amun was renowned for its oracles for more than 1,000 years. [[Herodotus]] and [[Alexander the Great]] were among the many illustrious people who visited the temple in the pre-Christian era.
The other major [[oases]] form a [[topographic]] chain of [[Depression (geology)|basin]]s extending from the [[Faiyum Oasis]] (sometimes called the Fayyum Depression) which lies southwest of [[Cairo]], south to the [[Bahariya]], [[Farafra|Farafirah]], and [[Dakhla Oasis|Dakhilah]] oases before reaching the country's largest oasis, [[Kharga|Kharijah]]. A brackish lake, [[Birket Qarun]], at the northern reaches of Al Fayyum Oasis, drained into the Nile in ancient times. For centuries sweet water [[artesian wells]] in the Fayyum Oasis have permitted extensive [[Tillage|cultivation]] in an irrigated area that extends over.
===Eastern Desert===
[[File: Dust storms off Egypt.jpg|thumb|right|300px|A large plume of Saharan Desert dust (light brownish pixels) blown across Libya and Egypt northward over the Mediterranean Sea toward the Middle East, on February 2, 2003.]]
{{Main|Eastern Desert}}
The topographic features of the desert region east of the Nile differ from those to the west of the Nile. The Eastern Desert is relatively mountainous. The elevation rises abruptly from the Nile, and a downward-sloping plateau of sand gives way within 100 km to arid, defoliated, rocky hills running north and south between the Sudan border and the Delta. The hills reach elevations of more than 1,900 m.
The region's most prominent feature is the easterly chain of rugged mountains, the [[Red Sea Hills]], which extend from the Nile Valley eastward to the [[Gulf of Suez]] and the Red Sea. This elevated region has a natural drainage pattern that rarely functions because of insufficient rainfall. It also has a complex of irregular, sharply cut [[wadis]] that extend westward toward the Nile. The desert environment extends all the way to the Red Sea coast.
===Sinai Peninsula===
[[File:Katharinenkloster Sinai BW 2.jpg|300px|thumb|[[Mount Catherine]] in [[Sinai Peninsula|Sinai]], Egypt's highest point.]]<ref><ref>'''''Bold text'''''Bold text''''''</ref></ref>
The [[Sinai Peninsula]] is a triangular-shaped [[peninsula]], about 61,100 km<sup>2</sup> in area (slightly smaller than the [[U.S. state]] of [[West Virginia]]). Similar to the desert, the peninsula contains mountains in its southern sector that are a geological extension of the Red Sea Hills, the low range along the Red Sea coast that includes [[Mount Catherine]] (Jabal Katrinah), the country's highest point, at 2,642 m above sea-level. The Red Sea may have been named after these mountains, which are red.
The southern side of the peninsula has a sharp escarpment that subsides after a narrow coastal shelf that slopes into the Red Sea and the [[Gulf of Aqaba]]. The elevation of Sinai's southern rim is about 1,000 m. Moving northward, the elevation of this [[limestone]] plateau decreases. The northern third of Sinai is a flat, sandy coastal plain, which extends from the Suez Canal into the [[Gaza Strip]] and [[Israel]].
Before the Israeli military occupied Sinai during the June 1967 War (Arab-Israeli war, also known as the Six-Day War), a single Egyptian governorate administered the whole peninsula. By 1982 after all of Sinai was returned to Egypt, the central government divided the peninsula into two governorates. North Sinai has its capital at Al Arish and the South Sinai has its capital in Artt Turkishy.
The abundance of life in the Sinai Peninsula may not be immediately apparent. This again has its roots in the way in which the animals of the desert have adapted to life here. Many species, mammals especially, but also reptiles and even birds such as owls, are nocturnal. They spend the daylight hours in the relative cool of burrows, under boulders or in crevices and cracks in the rock. Many of these creatures will only be apparent from their tracks and trails or from a fleeting glimpse of a diminutive gerbil, or zig-zigging hare, in the car headlights at night. Even those animals that do brave the heat of the day are normally only active in the early morning or evening.
==Urban and rural areas==
In the 1971 census, 57 percent of Egypt's population was counted as rural, including those residing in agricultural areas in the Nile Valley and Delta, as well as the much smaller number of persons living in desert areas. Rural areas differ from the urban in terms of poverty, fertility rates, and other social factors. Agriculture is a key component of the economy in rural areas, though some people are employed in the tourist industry or other non-farm occupations. In 1992, the percentage of Egypt's population employed in agriculture was 33 percent. The agricultural industry is dependent on [[irrigation]] from the Nile river.<ref>{{cite book |title=Directions of Change in Rural Egypt |author=Hopkins, Nicholas and Kirsten Westergaard |year=1998 |publisher=American University in Cairo |pages=2–4}}</ref>
==Extreme points==
This is a list of the extreme points of [[Egypt]], the points that are farther north, south, east or west than any other location.
* Northernmost point – unnamed headland immediately north-west of [[Sidi Barrani]], [[Matruh Governorate]]
* Easternmost point – [[Ras Hadarba]] (Cape Elba), [[Red Sea Governorate]]*
* Southernmost point - [[Jabal Bartazuga]] on the Sudanese border, [[Red Sea Governorate]] **
* Westernmost point - unnamed point on the border with [[Libya]] immediately east of the ruin of [[Qasr al Qarn]] in Libya, [[Matruh Governorate]]
* ''* Ras Hadarba lies within the [[Hala'ib triangle]] which is claimed by [[Sudan]] but occupied by Egypt. If it is excluded, then Egypt's easternmost point is the [[Ras Banas]] [[peninsula]] on the mainland or, including islands, [[Mukawwa Island]]''
* ''** Egypt's southernmost point lies in the [[Bir Tawil]] region, an area that is commonly included as part of Egypt but is not claimed by it. If this area is excluded then Egypt has no southernmost point, its southern border being formed by the [[22nd parallel north]].''
==Notes==
{{reflist}}
==References==
*{{country study|country=Egypt|abbr=eg}}
*{{CIA World Factbook}}
==External links==
{{Egypt topics}}
{{Geography of Africa}}
{{Geography of Asia}}
{{Africa topic|Climate of}}
{{Asia topic|Climate of}}
[[Category: Geography of Egypt| ]]' |
New page wikitext, after the edit (new_wikitext) | 'The '''geography of Egypt''' relates to two regions: [[North Africa]] and [[Southwest Asia]].
[[Egypt]] has coastlines on the [[Mediterranean Sea]], the [[River Nile]], and the [[Red Sea]]. Egypt borders [[Libya]] to the west, the [[Gaza Strip]] to the northeast, [[Israel]] to the east and [[Sudan]] to the [[south]]. Egypt has an area of 1,002,450|km2} which makes it the 31st largest country in the world.
The longest straight-line distance in Egypt from north to south is 1,024|km, while that from east to west measures 1,240|km. Egypt has more than 2,900|km of coastline on the Mediterranean Sea, the [[Gulf of Suez]], and the [[Gulf of Aqaba]]. It has an [[Exclusive Economic Zone]] of 263,451|km2.
==Governorates==
{{Main|Governorates of Egypt}}
Egypt is divided into 28 [[governorate]]s, which include two city-governorates: [[Alexandria]] ([[Alexandria Governorate]]) and [[Cairo]] ([[Cairo Governorate]]). There are nine governorates of [[Lower Egypt]] in the [[Nile Delta]] region, ten of [[Upper Egypt]] along the [[Nile]] river south from Cairo to [[Aswan]] and five frontier governorates covering Sinai and the deserts that lie west and east of the Nile river.
Egypt is predominantly [[desert]]. 3.5% - of the total land area is [[Agriculture|cultivate]]d and permanently settled. Most of the country lies within the wide band of desert that stretches eastwards from Africa's [[Atlantic Ocean|Atlantic Coast]] across the [[continent]] and into southwest Asia.
Egypt's [[geological]] history has produced four major [[physical regions]]:
* [[Nile]] Valley and [[Nile Delta]]
* [[Western Desert (Egypt)|Western Desert]] (from the Nile west to the Libyan border)
* [[Eastern Desert]] (extends from the Nile Valley all the way to the [[Red Sea]] coast)
* [[Sinai Peninsula]]
Despite covering only about 5% of the total area of Egypt; the [[Nile Valley]] and [[Nile Delta]] are the most important regions, being the country's only cultivable regions and supporting about 99% of the population. The Nile valley extends approximately 800 km from Aswan to the outskirts of Cairo. The Nile Valley is known as [[Upper Egypt]], while the Nile Delta region is known as [[Lower Egypt]]. Steep rocky cliffs rise along the banks of the Nile in some stretches, while other areas along the Nile are flat, with space for agricultural production. In the past, flooding of the Nile during the summer provided silt and water to make agriculture possible on land that is otherwise very dry. Since the construction of the [[Aswan Dam]], agriculture in the Nile valley depends on [[irrigation]]. The Nile delta consists of flat, low-lying areas. Some parts of the delta are marshy and water-logged, and thus not suitable for agriculture. Other areas of the delta are used for agriculture.A Modern Investigation of Pharaoh's Workforce |author=Rosalie, David |publisher=Routledge |year=1997 |chapter=The Geography and Historical Background
===Nile Valley and Delta===
{{Main|Nile|Nile Delta}}
The Nile Valley and Delta, the most extensive [[oasis]] on earth, was created by the world's longest river and its seemingly inexhaustible sources. Without the [[topographic]] [[Stream channel|channel]] that permits the Nile to flow across the [[Sahara]], Egypt would be entirely desert. The length within Egypt of the River Nile in its northwards course from three central African sources – the [[White Nile]], the [[Blue Nile]], and the [[Atbarah River|Atbara]] – totals some 1,600 km.
The White Nile, which begins at [[Lake Victoria]] in [[Uganda]], supplies about 28% of the Nile's Egyptian waters. In its course from Lake Victoria to [[Juba]] in [[South Sudan]], the White Nile's channel drops more than 600 m. In its 1,600-km course from Juba to [[Khartoum]], [[Sudan]]'s capital, the river descends just 75 m. In South Sudan, the White Nile passes through the [[Sudd]], a wide, flat plain covered with [[swamp]] [[vegetation]] and slows almost to the point of [[Water stagnation|stagnation]].
The Blue Nile, which originates at [[Lake Tana]] in [[Ethiopia]], provides on average some 58% of the Nile's Egyptian waters. This river has a steeper gradient and therefore flows more swiftly than the White Nile, which it joins at Khartoum. Unlike the White Nile, the Blue Nile carries a considerable amount of [[sediment]]. For several kilometers north of Khartoum, water closer to the eastern bank of the river, coming from the Blue Nile, is visibly [[mud]]dy, while that closer to the western bank, and coming from the White Nile, is clearer.
The much shorter Atbarah River, which also originates in Ethiopia, joins the main Nile north of Khartoum between the fifth and sixth [[Cataracts of the Nile|cataracts]] (areas of steep rapids) and provides about 14% of the Nile's waters in Egypt. During the low-water season, which runs from January to June, the Atbarah shrinks to a number of pools. But, in late summer, when torrential rains fall on the [[Ethiopian Highlands]], the Atbarah provides 22% of the Nile's flow.
The Blue Nile has a similar pattern. It contributes 17% of the Nile's waters in the low-water season and 68% during the high-water season. In contrast, the White Nile provides only 10% of the Nile's waters during the high-water season but contributes more than 80% during the low-water period. Thus, before the [[Aswan High Dam]] was completed in 1971, the White Nile watered the Egyptian stretch of the river throughout the year, whereas the Blue Nile, carrying seasonal rain from Ethiopia, caused the Nile to overflow its banks and deposit a layer of fertile mud over adjacent fields. The great flood of the main Nile usually occurred in Egypt during August, September, and October, but it sometimes began as early as June at [[Aswan]] and often did not completely wane until January.
The Nile enters Egypt a few kilometers north of [[Wadi Halfa]], a Sudanese town that was completely rebuilt on high ground when its original site was submerged in the [[reservoir]] created by the Aswan High Dam. As a result of the dam's construction, the Nile actually begins its flow into Egypt as [[Lake Nasser]], which extends southwards from the dam for 320 km to the border and for an additional 158 km within Sudan. Lake Nasser's waters fill the area through [[Lower Nubia]] (Upper Egypt and northern Sudan) within the narrow [[canyon]] between the [[cliffs]] of [[sandstone]] and [[granite]] created by the flow of the river over many centuries.
Below Aswan, the cultivated [[floodplain]] strip widens to as much as twenty km. North of Isna (160 km north of Aswan), the plateau on both sides of the valley rises to as much as 550 m above sea level; at Qina (some 90 km north of Isna) the 300-m limestone cliffs force the Nile to change course towards the southwest for about 60 km before it turns northwest for about 160 km to Asyut. Northward from Asyut, the [[escarpment]]s on both sides diminish, and the valley widens to a maximum of 22 km.
At Cairo, the Nile spreads out over what was once a broad [[estuary]], subsequently filled by silt deposits to form what is now a fertile, fan-shaped [[River delta|delta]] some 250 km wide at its seaward extremity and extending about 160 km from north to south. The Nile Delta covers approximately 22,000 km(roughly equivalent in area to that of [[Massachusetts]]). According to historical accounts from the first century AD, seven branches of the Nile once ran through the delta. According to later accounts, the Nile had, by around the twelfth century, just six branches.
Since then, nature and man have closed all but two main outlets: the east branch, [[Damietta]] (also seen as Dumyat; 240 km long), and the west branch, [[Rosetta]] (235 km long). Both outlets are named after the [[port]]s located at their respective mouths. A network of [[drainage]] and [[irrigation]] [[canals]] supplements these remaining outlets. In the north, near the coast, the Nile delta embraces a series of [[salt marshes]] and [[lake]]s, the most notable among which are [[Idku]], [[Al Burullus]], and [[Manzilah]].
The fertility and productivity of the land adjacent to the Nile depend largely on the [[silt]] deposited by floodwaters. [[Archaeological]] research indicates that people once lived at a much higher elevation along the river than they do today, probably because the river was higher or the floods more severe. The timing and amount of annual flow were always unpredictable. Measurements of annual flows as low as 1.2 billion m and as high as 4.25 billion have been recorded. For centuries Egyptians attempted to predict and take advantage of these flows and thereby moderate the severity of floods.
The construction of [[dams]] on the Nile, particularly the Aswan High Dam, transformed the mighty river into a large and predictable [[irrigation]] [[ditch]]. Lake Nasser, the world's largest artificial lake, has enabled planned use of the Nile regardless of the amount of rainfall in [[Central Africa]] and [[East Africa]]. The dams have also affected the Nile Valley's [[fertility]], which was dependent for centuries not only on the water brought to the [[arable land]] but also on the materials left by the water.
Researchers have estimated that beneficial silt deposits in the valley began about 10,000 years ago. The average annual deposit of arable soil through the course of the river valley amounted to some nine metres. Analysis of the flow revealed that 10.7 million tons of solid matter passed Cairo each year.
Today the Aswan High Dam obstructs most of this sediment, now retained in Lake Nasser. The reduction in annual silt deposits has contributed to rising water tables and increasing [[soil salinity]] in the Delta, the erosion of the river's banks in [[Upper Egypt]], and the erosion of the [[alluvial fan]] along the shore of the Mediterranean Sea.
===Western Desert===
{{Main|Western Desert (Egypt)}}
The Western Desert covers an area of some 700,000 ,thereby accounting for around two-thirds of Egypt's total land area. This immense desert to the west of the Nile spans the area from the Mediterranean Sea southwards to the Sudanese border. The desert's [[Jilf al Kabir Plateau]], at a mean altitude of some 1000 m, constitutes an exception to the uninterrupted territory of basement rocks covered by layers of horizontally bedded sediments forming a massive plain or low plateau. The [[Great Sand Sea]] lies within the desert's plain and extends from the [[Siwa Oasis]] to [[Jilf al Kabir]]. [[Escarpment]]s (ridges) and deep depressions (basins) exist in several parts of the Western Desert, and no rivers or streams drain into or out of the area.
The government has considered the Western Desert a frontier region and has divided it into two governorates at about the twenty-eighth parallel: [[Matruh Governorate|Matruh]] to the north and New Valley (Al Wadi al Jadid) to the south. There are seven important depressions in the Western Desert, and all are considered oases except the largest, [[Qattara]], the water of which is salty. The [[Qattara Depression]], which includes the country's lowest point, encompasses which is similar to the size of [[Lake Ontario]]. It is largely below sea level and is below sea level at the lowest. [[Badlands]], salt marshes and salt lakes cover the sparsely inhabited Qattara Depression.
Limited [[agricultural]] production, the presence of some natural resources, and permanent [[Community|settlements]] are found in the other six depressions, all of which have fresh water provided by the Nile or by local [[groundwater]]. The Siwah Oasis, close to the Libyan border and west of Qattara, is isolated from the rest of Egypt but has sustained life since ancient times. The Siwa's cliff-hung Temple of Amun was renowned for its oracles for more than 1,000 years. [[Herodotus]] and [[Alexander the Great]] were among the many illustrious people who visited the temple in the pre-Christian era.
The other major [[oases]] form a [[topographic]] chain of [[Depression (geology)|basin]]s extending from the [[Faiyum Oasis]] (sometimes called the Fayyum Depression) which lies southwest of [[Cairo]], south to the [[Bahariya]], [[Farafra|Farafirah]], and [[Dakhla Oasis|Dakhilah]] oases before reaching the country's largest oasis, [[Kharga|Kharijah]]. A brackish lake, [[Birket Qarun]], at the northern reaches of Al Fayyum Oasis, drained into the Nile in ancient times. For centuries sweet water [[artesian wells]] in the Fayyum Oasis have permitted extensive [[Tillage|cultivation]] in an irrigated area that extends over.
===Eastern Desert===
A large plume of Saharan Desert dust (light brownish pixels) blown across Libya and Egypt northward over the Mediterranean Sea toward the Middle East, on February 2, 2003.]]
{{Main|Eastern Desert}}
The topographic features of the desert region east of the Nile differ from those to the west of the Nile. The Eastern Desert is relatively mountainous. The elevation rises abruptly from the Nile, and a downward-sloping plateau of sand gives way within 100 km to arid, defoliated, rocky hills running north and south between the Sudan border and the Delta. The hills reach elevations of more than 1,900 m.
The region's most prominent feature is the easterly chain of rugged mountains, the [[Red Sea Hills]], which extend from the Nile Valley eastward to the [[Gulf of Suez]] and the Red Sea. This elevated region has a natural drainage pattern that rarely functions because of insufficient rainfall. It also has a complex of irregular, sharply cut [[wadis]] that extend westward toward the Nile. The desert environment extends all the way to the Red Sea coast.
===Sinai Peninsula===
The [[Sinai Peninsula]] is a triangular-shaped [[peninsula]], about 61,100 km<sup>2</sup> in area (slightly smaller than the [[U.S. state]] of [[West Virginia]]). Similar to the desert, the peninsula contains mountains in its southern sector that are a geological extension of the Red Sea Hills, the low range along the Red Sea coast that includes [[Mount Catherine]] (Jabal Katrinah), the country's highest point, at 2,642 m above sea-level. The Red Sea may have been named after these mountains, which are red.
The southern side of the peninsula has a sharp escarpment that subsides after a narrow coastal shelf that slopes into the Red Sea and the [[Gulf of Aqaba]]. The elevation of Sinai's southern rim is about 1,000 m. Moving northward, the elevation of this [[limestone]] plateau decreases. The northern third of Sinai is a flat, sandy coastal plain, which extends from the Suez Canal into the [[Gaza Strip]] and [[Israel]].
Before the Israeli military occupied Sinai during the June 1967 War (Arab-Israeli war, also known as the Six-Day War), a single Egyptian governorate administered the whole peninsula. By 1982 after all of Sinai was returned to Egypt, the central government divided the peninsula into two governorates. North Sinai has its capital at Al Arish and the South Sinai has its capital in Artt Turkishy.
The abundance of life in the Sinai Peninsula may not be immediately apparent. This again has its roots in the way in which the animals of the desert have adapted to life here. Many species, mammals especially, but also reptiles and even birds such as owls, are nocturnal. They spend the daylight hours in the relative cool of burrows, under boulders or in crevices and cracks in the rock. Many of these creatures will only be apparent from their tracks and trails or from a fleeting glimpse of a diminutive gerbil, or zig-zigging hare, in the car headlights at night. Even those animals that do brave the heat of the day are normally only active in the early morning or evening.
==Urban and rural areas==
In the 1971 census, 57 percent of Egypt's population was counted as rural, including those residing in agricultural areas in the Nile Valley and Delta, as well as the much smaller number of persons living in desert areas. Rural areas differ from the urban in terms of poverty, fertility rates, and other social factors. Agriculture is a key component of the economy in rural areas, though some people are employed in the tourist industry or other non-farm occupations. In 1992, the percentage of Egypt's population employed in agriculture was 33 percent. The agricultural industry is dependent on [[irrigation]] from the Nile river.<ref>{{cite book |title=Directions of Change in Rural Egypt |author=Hopkins, Nicholas and Kirsten Westergaard |year=1998 |publisher=American University in Cairo |pages=2–4}}</ref>
==Extreme points==
This is a list of the extreme points of [[Egypt]], the points that are farther north, south, east or west than any other location.
* Northernmost point – unnamed headland immediately north-west of [[Sidi Barrani]], [[Matruh Governorate]]
* Easternmost point – [[Ras Hadarba]] (Cape Elba), [[Red Sea Governorate]]*
* Southernmost point - [[Jabal Bartazuga]] on the Sudanese border, [[Red Sea Governorate]] **
* Westernmost point - unnamed point on the border with [[Libya]] immediately east of the ruin of [[Qasr al Qarn]] in Libya, [[Matruh Governorate]]
* ''* Ras Hadarba lies within the [[Hala'ib triangle]] which is claimed by [[Sudan]] but occupied by Egypt. If it is excluded, then Egypt's easternmost point is the [[Ras Banas]] [[peninsula]] on the mainland or, including islands, [[Mukawwa Island]]''
* ''** Egypt's southernmost point lies in the [[Bir Tawil]] region, an area that is commonly included as part of Egypt but is not claimed by it. If this area is excluded then Egypt has no southernmost point, its southern border being formed by the [[22nd parallel north]].''
==Notes==
{{reflist}}
==References==
*{{country study|country=Egypt|abbr=eg}}
*{{CIA World Factbook}}
==External links==
{{Egypt topics}}
{{Geography of Africa}}
{{Geography of Asia}}
{{Africa topic|Climate of}}
{{Asia topic|Climate of}}
[[Category: Geography of Egypt| ]]' |
Unified diff of changes made by edit (edit_diff) | '@@ -1,26 +1,7 @@
-{{short description|Geographical features of Egypt}}
-{{Location map+ |Egypt |width=302
- |float=right |caption=Map of Egypt |places=
-{{Location map~ |Egypt |lat=30.43678|long=31.24951 |label=[[Cairo]]|position=left }}
-{{Location map~ |Egypt |lat=31.21350|long=29.94430 |label=[[Alexandria]]|position=top left}}
-{{Location map~ |Egypt |lat=24.08180|long=32.91080 |label=[[Aswan]]|position=left}}
-{{Location map~ |Egypt |lat=25.70060|long=32.63920 |label=[[Luxor]]|position=left}}
-{{Location map~ |Egypt |lat=27.25740|long=33.80970 |label=[[Hurghada]] }}
-{{Location map~ |Egypt |lat=22.34670|long=31.59510 |label=[[Abu Simbel]] }}
-{{Location map~ |Egypt |lat=27.85980|long=34.28240 |label=[[Sharm el-Sheikh|Sharm el-Sheikh]]|position=top}}
-{{Location map~ |Egypt |lat=29.20510|long=25.51940 |label=[[Siwa Oasis|Siwa]] }}
-{{Location map~ |Egypt |lat=28.5500|long=29.01667 |label=[[Bahariya Oasis|Bahariyya]] }}
-{{Location map~ |Egypt |lat=29.98340|long=32.52450 |label=[[Suez]] }}
-{{Location map~ |Egypt |lat=31.25650|long=32.29152 |label=[[Port Said]] }}
-{{Location map~ |Egypt |lat=30.58923|long=32.26585 |label=[[Ismailia]] }}
-}}
-[[File:LocationEgypt.svg|thumb|250px|Egypt's location]]
-
-{{Coord|27|00|N|30|00|E|type:country|display=title}}
The '''geography of Egypt''' relates to two regions: [[North Africa]] and [[Southwest Asia]].
-[[Egypt]] has coastlines on the [[Mediterranean Sea]], the [[River Nile]], and the [[Red Sea]]. Egypt borders [[Libya]] to the west, the [[Gaza Strip]] to the northeast, [[Israel]] to the east and [[Sudan]] to the [[south]]. Egypt has an area of {{convert|1,002,450|km2|mi2|abbr=on}} which makes it the 31st largest country in the world.
+[[Egypt]] has coastlines on the [[Mediterranean Sea]], the [[River Nile]], and the [[Red Sea]]. Egypt borders [[Libya]] to the west, the [[Gaza Strip]] to the northeast, [[Israel]] to the east and [[Sudan]] to the [[south]]. Egypt has an area of 1,002,450|km2} which makes it the 31st largest country in the world.
-The longest straight-line distance in Egypt from north to south is {{convert|1,024|km|mi|abbr=on}}, while that from east to west measures {{convert|1,240|km|mi|abbr=on}}. Egypt has more than {{convert|2,900|km|mi|abbr=on}} of coastline on the Mediterranean Sea, the [[Gulf of Suez]], and the [[Gulf of Aqaba]]. It has an [[Exclusive Economic Zone]] of {{convert|263,451|km2|mi2|abbr=on}}.
+The longest straight-line distance in Egypt from north to south is 1,024|km, while that from east to west measures 1,240|km. Egypt has more than 2,900|km of coastline on the Mediterranean Sea, the [[Gulf of Suez]], and the [[Gulf of Aqaba]]. It has an [[Exclusive Economic Zone]] of 263,451|km2.
==Governorates==
@@ -61,5 +42,5 @@
Since then, nature and man have closed all but two main outlets: the east branch, [[Damietta]] (also seen as Dumyat; 240 km long), and the west branch, [[Rosetta]] (235 km long). Both outlets are named after the [[port]]s located at their respective mouths. A network of [[drainage]] and [[irrigation]] [[canals]] supplements these remaining outlets. In the north, near the coast, the Nile delta embraces a series of [[salt marshes]] and [[lake]]s, the most notable among which are [[Idku]], [[Al Burullus]], and [[Manzilah]].
-The fertility and productivity of the land adjacent to the Nile depend largely on the [[silt]] deposited by floodwaters. [[Archaeological]] research indicates that people once lived at a much higher elevation along the river than they do today, probably because the river was higher or the floods more severe. The timing and amount of annual flow were always unpredictable. Measurements of annual flows as low as 1.2 billion m<sup>3</sup> and as high as 4.25 billion have been recorded. For centuries Egyptians attempted to predict and take advantage of these flows and thereby moderate the severity of floods.
+The fertility and productivity of the land adjacent to the Nile depend largely on the [[silt]] deposited by floodwaters. [[Archaeological]] research indicates that people once lived at a much higher elevation along the river than they do today, probably because the river was higher or the floods more severe. The timing and amount of annual flow were always unpredictable. Measurements of annual flows as low as 1.2 billion m and as high as 4.25 billion have been recorded. For centuries Egyptians attempted to predict and take advantage of these flows and thereby moderate the severity of floods.
The construction of [[dams]] on the Nile, particularly the Aswan High Dam, transformed the mighty river into a large and predictable [[irrigation]] [[ditch]]. Lake Nasser, the world's largest artificial lake, has enabled planned use of the Nile regardless of the amount of rainfall in [[Central Africa]] and [[East Africa]]. The dams have also affected the Nile Valley's [[fertility]], which was dependent for centuries not only on the water brought to the [[arable land]] but also on the materials left by the water.
@@ -80,5 +61,5 @@
===Eastern Desert===
-[[File: Dust storms off Egypt.jpg|thumb|right|300px|A large plume of Saharan Desert dust (light brownish pixels) blown across Libya and Egypt northward over the Mediterranean Sea toward the Middle East, on February 2, 2003.]]
+A large plume of Saharan Desert dust (light brownish pixels) blown across Libya and Egypt northward over the Mediterranean Sea toward the Middle East, on February 2, 2003.]]
{{Main|Eastern Desert}}
@@ -88,5 +69,4 @@
===Sinai Peninsula===
-[[File:Katharinenkloster Sinai BW 2.jpg|300px|thumb|[[Mount Catherine]] in [[Sinai Peninsula|Sinai]], Egypt's highest point.]]<ref><ref>'''''Bold text'''''Bold text''''''</ref></ref>
The [[Sinai Peninsula]] is a triangular-shaped [[peninsula]], about 61,100 km<sup>2</sup> in area (slightly smaller than the [[U.S. state]] of [[West Virginia]]). Similar to the desert, the peninsula contains mountains in its southern sector that are a geological extension of the Red Sea Hills, the low range along the Red Sea coast that includes [[Mount Catherine]] (Jabal Katrinah), the country's highest point, at 2,642 m above sea-level. The Red Sea may have been named after these mountains, which are red.
' |
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0 => '[[Egypt]] has coastlines on the [[Mediterranean Sea]], the [[River Nile]], and the [[Red Sea]]. Egypt borders [[Libya]] to the west, the [[Gaza Strip]] to the northeast, [[Israel]] to the east and [[Sudan]] to the [[south]]. Egypt has an area of 1,002,450|km2} which makes it the 31st largest country in the world. ',
1 => 'The longest straight-line distance in Egypt from north to south is 1,024|km, while that from east to west measures 1,240|km. Egypt has more than 2,900|km of coastline on the Mediterranean Sea, the [[Gulf of Suez]], and the [[Gulf of Aqaba]]. It has an [[Exclusive Economic Zone]] of 263,451|km2.',
2 => 'The fertility and productivity of the land adjacent to the Nile depend largely on the [[silt]] deposited by floodwaters. [[Archaeological]] research indicates that people once lived at a much higher elevation along the river than they do today, probably because the river was higher or the floods more severe. The timing and amount of annual flow were always unpredictable. Measurements of annual flows as low as 1.2 billion m and as high as 4.25 billion have been recorded. For centuries Egyptians attempted to predict and take advantage of these flows and thereby moderate the severity of floods.',
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19 => '[[Egypt]] has coastlines on the [[Mediterranean Sea]], the [[River Nile]], and the [[Red Sea]]. Egypt borders [[Libya]] to the west, the [[Gaza Strip]] to the northeast, [[Israel]] to the east and [[Sudan]] to the [[south]]. Egypt has an area of {{convert|1,002,450|km2|mi2|abbr=on}} which makes it the 31st largest country in the world. ',
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21 => 'The fertility and productivity of the land adjacent to the Nile depend largely on the [[silt]] deposited by floodwaters. [[Archaeological]] research indicates that people once lived at a much higher elevation along the river than they do today, probably because the river was higher or the floods more severe. The timing and amount of annual flow were always unpredictable. Measurements of annual flows as low as 1.2 billion m<sup>3</sup> and as high as 4.25 billion have been recorded. For centuries Egyptians attempted to predict and take advantage of these flows and thereby moderate the severity of floods.',
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Parsed HTML source of the new revision (new_html) | '<div class="mw-parser-output"><p>The <b>geography of Egypt</b> relates to two regions: <a href="/wiki/North_Africa" title="North Africa">North Africa</a> and <a href="/wiki/Southwest_Asia" class="mw-redirect" title="Southwest Asia">Southwest Asia</a>.
</p><p><a href="/wiki/Egypt" title="Egypt">Egypt</a> has coastlines on the <a href="/wiki/Mediterranean_Sea" title="Mediterranean Sea">Mediterranean Sea</a>, the <a href="/wiki/River_Nile" class="mw-redirect" title="River Nile">River Nile</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Red_Sea" title="Red Sea">Red Sea</a>. Egypt borders <a href="/wiki/Libya" title="Libya">Libya</a> to the west, the <a href="/wiki/Gaza_Strip" title="Gaza Strip">Gaza Strip</a> to the northeast, <a href="/wiki/Israel" title="Israel">Israel</a> to the east and <a href="/wiki/Sudan" title="Sudan">Sudan</a> to the <a href="/wiki/South" title="South">south</a>. Egypt has an area of 1,002,450|km2} which makes it the 31st largest country in the world.
</p><p>The longest straight-line distance in Egypt from north to south is 1,024|km, while that from east to west measures 1,240|km. Egypt has more than 2,900|km of coastline on the Mediterranean Sea, the <a href="/wiki/Gulf_of_Suez" title="Gulf of Suez">Gulf of Suez</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Gulf_of_Aqaba" title="Gulf of Aqaba">Gulf of Aqaba</a>. It has an <a href="/wiki/Exclusive_Economic_Zone" class="mw-redirect" title="Exclusive Economic Zone">Exclusive Economic Zone</a> of 263,451|km2.
</p>
<div id="toc" class="toc" role="navigation" aria-labelledby="mw-toc-heading"><input type="checkbox" role="button" id="toctogglecheckbox" class="toctogglecheckbox" style="display:none" /><div class="toctitle" lang="en" dir="ltr"><h2 id="mw-toc-heading">Contents</h2><span class="toctogglespan"><label class="toctogglelabel" for="toctogglecheckbox"></label></span></div>
<ul>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1"><a href="#Governorates"><span class="tocnumber">1</span> <span class="toctext">Governorates</span></a>
<ul>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-2"><a href="#Nile_Valley_and_Delta"><span class="tocnumber">1.1</span> <span class="toctext">Nile Valley and Delta</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-3"><a href="#Western_Desert"><span class="tocnumber">1.2</span> <span class="toctext">Western Desert</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-4"><a href="#Eastern_Desert"><span class="tocnumber">1.3</span> <span class="toctext">Eastern Desert</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-5"><a href="#Sinai_Peninsula"><span class="tocnumber">1.4</span> <span class="toctext">Sinai Peninsula</span></a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-6"><a href="#Urban_and_rural_areas"><span class="tocnumber">2</span> <span class="toctext">Urban and rural areas</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-7"><a href="#Extreme_points"><span class="tocnumber">3</span> <span class="toctext">Extreme points</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-8"><a href="#Notes"><span class="tocnumber">4</span> <span class="toctext">Notes</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-9"><a href="#References"><span class="tocnumber">5</span> <span class="toctext">References</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-10"><a href="#External_links"><span class="tocnumber">6</span> <span class="toctext">External links</span></a></li>
</ul>
</div>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Governorates">Governorates</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Geography_of_Egypt&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Governorates">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
<div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Governorates_of_Egypt" title="Governorates of Egypt">Governorates of Egypt</a></div>
<p>Egypt is divided into 28 <a href="/wiki/Governorate" title="Governorate">governorates</a>, which include two city-governorates: <a href="/wiki/Alexandria" title="Alexandria">Alexandria</a> (<a href="/wiki/Alexandria_Governorate" title="Alexandria Governorate">Alexandria Governorate</a>) and <a href="/wiki/Cairo" title="Cairo">Cairo</a> (<a href="/wiki/Cairo_Governorate" title="Cairo Governorate">Cairo Governorate</a>). There are nine governorates of <a href="/wiki/Lower_Egypt" title="Lower Egypt">Lower Egypt</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Nile_Delta" title="Nile Delta">Nile Delta</a> region, ten of <a href="/wiki/Upper_Egypt" title="Upper Egypt">Upper Egypt</a> along the <a href="/wiki/Nile" title="Nile">Nile</a> river south from Cairo to <a href="/wiki/Aswan" title="Aswan">Aswan</a> and five frontier governorates covering Sinai and the deserts that lie west and east of the Nile river.
</p><p><br />
</p><p>Egypt is predominantly <a href="/wiki/Desert" title="Desert">desert</a>. 3.5% - of the total land area is <a href="/wiki/Agriculture" title="Agriculture">cultivated</a> and permanently settled. Most of the country lies within the wide band of desert that stretches eastwards from Africa's <a href="/wiki/Atlantic_Ocean" title="Atlantic Ocean">Atlantic Coast</a> across the <a href="/wiki/Continent" title="Continent">continent</a> and into southwest Asia.
</p><p>Egypt's <a href="/wiki/Geological" class="mw-redirect" title="Geological">geological</a> history has produced four major <a href="/w/index.php?title=Physical_regions&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Physical regions (page does not exist)">physical regions</a>:
</p>
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nile" title="Nile">Nile</a> Valley and <a href="/wiki/Nile_Delta" title="Nile Delta">Nile Delta</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Western_Desert_(Egypt)" title="Western Desert (Egypt)">Western Desert</a> (from the Nile west to the Libyan border)</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Desert" title="Eastern Desert">Eastern Desert</a> (extends from the Nile Valley all the way to the <a href="/wiki/Red_Sea" title="Red Sea">Red Sea</a> coast)</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Sinai_Peninsula" title="Sinai Peninsula">Sinai Peninsula</a></li></ul>
<p>Despite covering only about 5% of the total area of Egypt; the <a href="/wiki/Nile_Valley" class="mw-redirect" title="Nile Valley">Nile Valley</a> and <a href="/wiki/Nile_Delta" title="Nile Delta">Nile Delta</a> are the most important regions, being the country's only cultivable regions and supporting about 99% of the population. The Nile valley extends approximately 800  km from Aswan to the outskirts of Cairo. The Nile Valley is known as <a href="/wiki/Upper_Egypt" title="Upper Egypt">Upper Egypt</a>, while the Nile Delta region is known as <a href="/wiki/Lower_Egypt" title="Lower Egypt">Lower Egypt</a>. Steep rocky cliffs rise along the banks of the Nile in some stretches, while other areas along the Nile are flat, with space for agricultural production. In the past, flooding of the Nile during the summer provided silt and water to make agriculture possible on land that is otherwise very dry. Since the construction of the <a href="/wiki/Aswan_Dam" title="Aswan Dam">Aswan Dam</a>, agriculture in the Nile valley depends on <a href="/wiki/Irrigation" title="Irrigation">irrigation</a>. The Nile delta consists of flat, low-lying areas. Some parts of the delta are marshy and water-logged, and thus not suitable for agriculture. Other areas of the delta are used for agriculture.A Modern Investigation of Pharaoh's Workforce |author=Rosalie, David |publisher=Routledge |year=1997 |chapter=The Geography and Historical Background
</p>
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Nile_Valley_and_Delta">Nile Valley and Delta</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Geography_of_Egypt&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Nile Valley and Delta">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3>
<div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Nile" title="Nile">Nile</a> and <a href="/wiki/Nile_Delta" title="Nile Delta">Nile Delta</a></div>
<p>The Nile Valley and Delta, the most extensive <a href="/wiki/Oasis" title="Oasis">oasis</a> on earth, was created by the world's longest river and its seemingly inexhaustible sources. Without the <a href="/wiki/Topographic" class="mw-redirect" title="Topographic">topographic</a> <a href="/wiki/Stream_channel" class="mw-redirect" title="Stream channel">channel</a> that permits the Nile to flow across the <a href="/wiki/Sahara" title="Sahara">Sahara</a>, Egypt would be entirely desert. The length within Egypt of the River Nile in its northwards course from three central African sources – the <a href="/wiki/White_Nile" title="White Nile">White Nile</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Blue_Nile" title="Blue Nile">Blue Nile</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Atbarah_River" title="Atbarah River">Atbara</a> – totals some 1,600  km.
</p><p>The White Nile, which begins at <a href="/wiki/Lake_Victoria" title="Lake Victoria">Lake Victoria</a> in <a href="/wiki/Uganda" title="Uganda">Uganda</a>, supplies about 28% of the Nile's Egyptian waters. In its course from Lake Victoria to <a href="/wiki/Juba" title="Juba">Juba</a> in <a href="/wiki/South_Sudan" title="South Sudan">South Sudan</a>, the White Nile's channel drops more than 600 m. In its 1,600-km course from Juba to <a href="/wiki/Khartoum" title="Khartoum">Khartoum</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sudan" title="Sudan">Sudan</a>'s capital, the river descends just 75 m. In South Sudan, the White Nile passes through the <a href="/wiki/Sudd" title="Sudd">Sudd</a>, a wide, flat plain covered with <a href="/wiki/Swamp" title="Swamp">swamp</a> <a href="/wiki/Vegetation" title="Vegetation">vegetation</a> and slows almost to the point of <a href="/wiki/Water_stagnation" title="Water stagnation">stagnation</a>.
</p><p>The Blue Nile, which originates at <a href="/wiki/Lake_Tana" title="Lake Tana">Lake Tana</a> in <a href="/wiki/Ethiopia" title="Ethiopia">Ethiopia</a>, provides on average some 58% of the Nile's Egyptian waters. This river has a steeper gradient and therefore flows more swiftly than the White Nile, which it joins at Khartoum. Unlike the White Nile, the Blue Nile carries a considerable amount of <a href="/wiki/Sediment" title="Sediment">sediment</a>. For several kilometers north of Khartoum, water closer to the eastern bank of the river, coming from the Blue Nile, is visibly <a href="/wiki/Mud" title="Mud">muddy</a>, while that closer to the western bank, and coming from the White Nile, is clearer.
</p><p>The much shorter Atbarah River, which also originates in Ethiopia, joins the main Nile north of Khartoum between the fifth and sixth <a href="/wiki/Cataracts_of_the_Nile" title="Cataracts of the Nile">cataracts</a> (areas of steep rapids) and provides about 14% of the Nile's waters in Egypt. During the low-water season, which runs from January to June, the Atbarah shrinks to a number of pools. But, in late summer, when torrential rains fall on the <a href="/wiki/Ethiopian_Highlands" title="Ethiopian Highlands">Ethiopian Highlands</a>, the Atbarah provides 22% of the Nile's flow.
</p><p>The Blue Nile has a similar pattern. It contributes 17% of the Nile's waters in the low-water season and 68% during the high-water season. In contrast, the White Nile provides only 10% of the Nile's waters during the high-water season but contributes more than 80% during the low-water period. Thus, before the <a href="/wiki/Aswan_High_Dam" class="mw-redirect" title="Aswan High Dam">Aswan High Dam</a> was completed in 1971, the White Nile watered the Egyptian stretch of the river throughout the year, whereas the Blue Nile, carrying seasonal rain from Ethiopia, caused the Nile to overflow its banks and deposit a layer of fertile mud over adjacent fields. The great flood of the main Nile usually occurred in Egypt during August, September, and October, but it sometimes began as early as June at <a href="/wiki/Aswan" title="Aswan">Aswan</a> and often did not completely wane until January.
</p><p>The Nile enters Egypt a few kilometers north of <a href="/wiki/Wadi_Halfa" title="Wadi Halfa">Wadi Halfa</a>, a Sudanese town that was completely rebuilt on high ground when its original site was submerged in the <a href="/wiki/Reservoir" title="Reservoir">reservoir</a> created by the Aswan High Dam. As a result of the dam's construction, the Nile actually begins its flow into Egypt as <a href="/wiki/Lake_Nasser" title="Lake Nasser">Lake Nasser</a>, which extends southwards from the dam for 320  km to the border and for an additional 158  km within Sudan. Lake Nasser's waters fill the area through <a href="/wiki/Lower_Nubia" title="Lower Nubia">Lower Nubia</a> (Upper Egypt and northern Sudan) within the narrow <a href="/wiki/Canyon" title="Canyon">canyon</a> between the <a href="/wiki/Cliffs" class="mw-redirect" title="Cliffs">cliffs</a> of <a href="/wiki/Sandstone" title="Sandstone">sandstone</a> and <a href="/wiki/Granite" title="Granite">granite</a> created by the flow of the river over many centuries.
</p><p>Below Aswan, the cultivated <a href="/wiki/Floodplain" title="Floodplain">floodplain</a> strip widens to as much as twenty km. North of Isna (160  km north of Aswan), the plateau on both sides of the valley rises to as much as 550 m above sea level; at Qina (some 90  km north of Isna) the 300-m limestone cliffs force the Nile to change course towards the southwest for about 60  km before it turns northwest for about 160  km to Asyut. Northward from Asyut, the <a href="/wiki/Escarpment" title="Escarpment">escarpments</a> on both sides diminish, and the valley widens to a maximum of 22  km.
</p><p>At Cairo, the Nile spreads out over what was once a broad <a href="/wiki/Estuary" title="Estuary">estuary</a>, subsequently filled by silt deposits to form what is now a fertile, fan-shaped <a href="/wiki/River_delta" title="River delta">delta</a> some 250  km wide at its seaward extremity and extending about 160 km from north to south. The Nile Delta covers approximately 22,000 km(roughly equivalent in area to that of <a href="/wiki/Massachusetts" title="Massachusetts">Massachusetts</a>). According to historical accounts from the first century AD, seven branches of the Nile once ran through the delta. According to later accounts, the Nile had, by around the twelfth century, just six branches.
</p><p>Since then, nature and man have closed all but two main outlets: the east branch, <a href="/wiki/Damietta" title="Damietta">Damietta</a> (also seen as Dumyat; 240  km long), and the west branch, <a href="/wiki/Rosetta" title="Rosetta">Rosetta</a> (235  km long). Both outlets are named after the <a href="/wiki/Port" title="Port">ports</a> located at their respective mouths. A network of <a href="/wiki/Drainage" title="Drainage">drainage</a> and <a href="/wiki/Irrigation" title="Irrigation">irrigation</a> <a href="/wiki/Canals" class="mw-redirect" title="Canals">canals</a> supplements these remaining outlets. In the north, near the coast, the Nile delta embraces a series of <a href="/wiki/Salt_marshes" class="mw-redirect" title="Salt marshes">salt marshes</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lake" title="Lake">lakes</a>, the most notable among which are <a href="/wiki/Idku" class="mw-redirect" title="Idku">Idku</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Al_Burullus&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Al Burullus (page does not exist)">Al Burullus</a>, and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Manzilah&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Manzilah (page does not exist)">Manzilah</a>.
</p><p>The fertility and productivity of the land adjacent to the Nile depend largely on the <a href="/wiki/Silt" title="Silt">silt</a> deposited by floodwaters. <a href="/wiki/Archaeological" class="mw-redirect" title="Archaeological">Archaeological</a> research indicates that people once lived at a much higher elevation along the river than they do today, probably because the river was higher or the floods more severe. The timing and amount of annual flow were always unpredictable. Measurements of annual flows as low as 1.2 billion m and as high as 4.25 billion have been recorded. For centuries Egyptians attempted to predict and take advantage of these flows and thereby moderate the severity of floods.
</p><p>The construction of <a href="/wiki/Dams" class="mw-redirect" title="Dams">dams</a> on the Nile, particularly the Aswan High Dam, transformed the mighty river into a large and predictable <a href="/wiki/Irrigation" title="Irrigation">irrigation</a> <a href="/wiki/Ditch" title="Ditch">ditch</a>. Lake Nasser, the world's largest artificial lake, has enabled planned use of the Nile regardless of the amount of rainfall in <a href="/wiki/Central_Africa" title="Central Africa">Central Africa</a> and <a href="/wiki/East_Africa" title="East Africa">East Africa</a>. The dams have also affected the Nile Valley's <a href="/wiki/Fertility" title="Fertility">fertility</a>, which was dependent for centuries not only on the water brought to the <a href="/wiki/Arable_land" title="Arable land">arable land</a> but also on the materials left by the water.
</p><p>Researchers have estimated that beneficial silt deposits in the valley began about 10,000 years ago. The average annual deposit of arable soil through the course of the river valley amounted to some nine metres. Analysis of the flow revealed that 10.7 million tons of solid matter passed Cairo each year.
</p><p>Today the Aswan High Dam obstructs most of this sediment, now retained in Lake Nasser. The reduction in annual silt deposits has contributed to rising water tables and increasing <a href="/wiki/Soil_salinity" title="Soil salinity">soil salinity</a> in the Delta, the erosion of the river's banks in <a href="/wiki/Upper_Egypt" title="Upper Egypt">Upper Egypt</a>, and the erosion of the <a href="/wiki/Alluvial_fan" title="Alluvial fan">alluvial fan</a> along the shore of the Mediterranean Sea.
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<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Western_Desert">Western Desert</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Geography_of_Egypt&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Western Desert">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3>
<div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Western_Desert_(Egypt)" title="Western Desert (Egypt)">Western Desert (Egypt)</a></div>
<p>The Western Desert covers an area of some 700,000&nbsp,thereby accounting for around two-thirds of Egypt's total land area. This immense desert to the west of the Nile spans the area from the Mediterranean Sea southwards to the Sudanese border. The desert's <a href="/wiki/Jilf_al_Kabir_Plateau" class="mw-redirect" title="Jilf al Kabir Plateau">Jilf al Kabir Plateau</a>, at a mean altitude of some 1000 m, constitutes an exception to the uninterrupted territory of basement rocks covered by layers of horizontally bedded sediments forming a massive plain or low plateau. The <a href="/wiki/Great_Sand_Sea" title="Great Sand Sea">Great Sand Sea</a> lies within the desert's plain and extends from the <a href="/wiki/Siwa_Oasis" title="Siwa Oasis">Siwa Oasis</a> to <a href="/wiki/Jilf_al_Kabir" class="mw-redirect" title="Jilf al Kabir">Jilf al Kabir</a>. <a href="/wiki/Escarpment" title="Escarpment">Escarpments</a> (ridges) and deep depressions (basins) exist in several parts of the Western Desert, and no rivers or streams drain into or out of the area.
</p><p>The government has considered the Western Desert a frontier region and has divided it into two governorates at about the twenty-eighth parallel: <a href="/wiki/Matruh_Governorate" class="mw-redirect" title="Matruh Governorate">Matruh</a> to the north and New Valley (Al Wadi al Jadid) to the south. There are seven important depressions in the Western Desert, and all are considered oases except the largest, <a href="/wiki/Qattara" class="mw-redirect" title="Qattara">Qattara</a>, the water of which is salty. The <a href="/wiki/Qattara_Depression" title="Qattara Depression">Qattara Depression</a>, which includes the country's lowest point, encompasses which is similar to the size of <a href="/wiki/Lake_Ontario" title="Lake Ontario">Lake Ontario</a>. It is largely below sea level and is below sea level at the lowest. <a href="/wiki/Badlands" title="Badlands">Badlands</a>, salt marshes and salt lakes cover the sparsely inhabited Qattara Depression.
</p><p>Limited <a href="/wiki/Agricultural" class="mw-redirect" title="Agricultural">agricultural</a> production, the presence of some natural resources, and permanent <a href="/wiki/Community" title="Community">settlements</a> are found in the other six depressions, all of which have fresh water provided by the Nile or by local <a href="/wiki/Groundwater" title="Groundwater">groundwater</a>. The Siwah Oasis, close to the Libyan border and west of Qattara, is isolated from the rest of Egypt but has sustained life since ancient times. The Siwa's cliff-hung Temple of Amun was renowned for its oracles for more than 1,000 years. <a href="/wiki/Herodotus" title="Herodotus">Herodotus</a> and <a href="/wiki/Alexander_the_Great" title="Alexander the Great">Alexander the Great</a> were among the many illustrious people who visited the temple in the pre-Christian era.
</p><p>The other major <a href="/wiki/Oases" class="mw-redirect" title="Oases">oases</a> form a <a href="/wiki/Topographic" class="mw-redirect" title="Topographic">topographic</a> chain of <a href="/wiki/Depression_(geology)" title="Depression (geology)">basins</a> extending from the <a href="/wiki/Faiyum_Oasis" title="Faiyum Oasis">Faiyum Oasis</a> (sometimes called the Fayyum Depression) which lies southwest of <a href="/wiki/Cairo" title="Cairo">Cairo</a>, south to the <a href="/wiki/Bahariya" class="mw-redirect" title="Bahariya">Bahariya</a>, <a href="/wiki/Farafra" class="mw-redirect" title="Farafra">Farafirah</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Dakhla_Oasis" title="Dakhla Oasis">Dakhilah</a> oases before reaching the country's largest oasis, <a href="/wiki/Kharga" class="mw-redirect" title="Kharga">Kharijah</a>. A brackish lake, <a href="/wiki/Birket_Qarun" class="mw-redirect" title="Birket Qarun">Birket Qarun</a>, at the northern reaches of Al Fayyum Oasis, drained into the Nile in ancient times. For centuries sweet water <a href="/wiki/Artesian_wells" class="mw-redirect" title="Artesian wells">artesian wells</a> in the Fayyum Oasis have permitted extensive <a href="/wiki/Tillage" title="Tillage">cultivation</a> in an irrigated area that extends over.
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<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Eastern_Desert">Eastern Desert</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Geography_of_Egypt&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Eastern Desert">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3>
<p>A large plume of Saharan Desert dust (light brownish pixels) blown across Libya and Egypt northward over the Mediterranean Sea toward the Middle East, on February 2, 2003.]]
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<div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Desert" title="Eastern Desert">Eastern Desert</a></div>
<p>The topographic features of the desert region east of the Nile differ from those to the west of the Nile. The Eastern Desert is relatively mountainous. The elevation rises abruptly from the Nile, and a downward-sloping plateau of sand gives way within 100  km to arid, defoliated, rocky hills running north and south between the Sudan border and the Delta. The hills reach elevations of more than 1,900 m.
</p><p>The region's most prominent feature is the easterly chain of rugged mountains, the <a href="/wiki/Red_Sea_Hills" class="mw-redirect" title="Red Sea Hills">Red Sea Hills</a>, which extend from the Nile Valley eastward to the <a href="/wiki/Gulf_of_Suez" title="Gulf of Suez">Gulf of Suez</a> and the Red Sea. This elevated region has a natural drainage pattern that rarely functions because of insufficient rainfall. It also has a complex of irregular, sharply cut <a href="/wiki/Wadis" class="mw-redirect" title="Wadis">wadis</a> that extend westward toward the Nile. The desert environment extends all the way to the Red Sea coast.
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<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Sinai_Peninsula">Sinai Peninsula</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Geography_of_Egypt&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Sinai Peninsula">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3>
<p>The <a href="/wiki/Sinai_Peninsula" title="Sinai Peninsula">Sinai Peninsula</a> is a triangular-shaped <a href="/wiki/Peninsula" title="Peninsula">peninsula</a>, about 61,100 km<sup>2</sup> in area (slightly smaller than the <a href="/wiki/U.S._state" title="U.S. state">U.S. state</a> of <a href="/wiki/West_Virginia" title="West Virginia">West Virginia</a>). Similar to the desert, the peninsula contains mountains in its southern sector that are a geological extension of the Red Sea Hills, the low range along the Red Sea coast that includes <a href="/wiki/Mount_Catherine" title="Mount Catherine">Mount Catherine</a> (Jabal Katrinah), the country's highest point, at 2,642 m above sea-level. The Red Sea may have been named after these mountains, which are red.
</p><p>The southern side of the peninsula has a sharp escarpment that subsides after a narrow coastal shelf that slopes into the Red Sea and the <a href="/wiki/Gulf_of_Aqaba" title="Gulf of Aqaba">Gulf of Aqaba</a>. The elevation of Sinai's southern rim is about 1,000 m. Moving northward, the elevation of this <a href="/wiki/Limestone" title="Limestone">limestone</a> plateau decreases. The northern third of Sinai is a flat, sandy coastal plain, which extends from the Suez Canal into the <a href="/wiki/Gaza_Strip" title="Gaza Strip">Gaza Strip</a> and <a href="/wiki/Israel" title="Israel">Israel</a>.
</p><p>Before the Israeli military occupied Sinai during the June 1967 War (Arab-Israeli war, also known as the Six-Day War), a single Egyptian governorate administered the whole peninsula. By 1982 after all of Sinai was returned to Egypt, the central government divided the peninsula into two governorates. North Sinai has its capital at Al Arish and the South Sinai has its capital in Artt Turkishy.
</p><p>The abundance of life in the Sinai Peninsula may not be immediately apparent. This again has its roots in the way in which the animals of the desert have adapted to life here. Many species, mammals especially, but also reptiles and even birds such as owls, are nocturnal. They spend the daylight hours in the relative cool of burrows, under boulders or in crevices and cracks in the rock. Many of these creatures will only be apparent from their tracks and trails or from a fleeting glimpse of a diminutive gerbil, or zig-zigging hare, in the car headlights at night. Even those animals that do brave the heat of the day are normally only active in the early morning or evening.
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<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Urban_and_rural_areas">Urban and rural areas</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Geography_of_Egypt&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Urban and rural areas">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
<p>In the 1971 census, 57 percent of Egypt's population was counted as rural, including those residing in agricultural areas in the Nile Valley and Delta, as well as the much smaller number of persons living in desert areas. Rural areas differ from the urban in terms of poverty, fertility rates, and other social factors. Agriculture is a key component of the economy in rural areas, though some people are employed in the tourist industry or other non-farm occupations. In 1992, the percentage of Egypt's population employed in agriculture was 33 percent. The agricultural industry is dependent on <a href="/wiki/Irrigation" title="Irrigation">irrigation</a> from the Nile river.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1">[1]</a></sup>
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<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Extreme_points">Extreme points</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Geography_of_Egypt&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Extreme points">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
<p>This is a list of the extreme points of <a href="/wiki/Egypt" title="Egypt">Egypt</a>, the points that are farther north, south, east or west than any other location.
</p>
<ul><li>Northernmost point – unnamed headland immediately north-west of <a href="/wiki/Sidi_Barrani" title="Sidi Barrani">Sidi Barrani</a>, <a href="/wiki/Matruh_Governorate" class="mw-redirect" title="Matruh Governorate">Matruh Governorate</a></li>
<li>Easternmost point – <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ras_Hadarba&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ras Hadarba (page does not exist)">Ras Hadarba</a> (Cape Elba), <a href="/wiki/Red_Sea_Governorate" title="Red Sea Governorate">Red Sea Governorate</a>*</li>
<li>Southernmost point - <a href="/w/index.php?title=Jabal_Bartazuga&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Jabal Bartazuga (page does not exist)">Jabal Bartazuga</a> on the Sudanese border, <a href="/wiki/Red_Sea_Governorate" title="Red Sea Governorate">Red Sea Governorate</a> **</li>
<li>Westernmost point - unnamed point on the border with <a href="/wiki/Libya" title="Libya">Libya</a> immediately east of the ruin of <a href="/w/index.php?title=Qasr_al_Qarn&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Qasr al Qarn (page does not exist)">Qasr al Qarn</a> in Libya, <a href="/wiki/Matruh_Governorate" class="mw-redirect" title="Matruh Governorate">Matruh Governorate</a></li>
<li><i>* Ras Hadarba lies within the <a href="/wiki/Hala%27ib_triangle" class="mw-redirect" title="Hala'ib triangle">Hala'ib triangle</a> which is claimed by <a href="/wiki/Sudan" title="Sudan">Sudan</a> but occupied by Egypt. If it is excluded, then Egypt's easternmost point is the <a href="/wiki/Ras_Banas" title="Ras Banas">Ras Banas</a> <a href="/wiki/Peninsula" title="Peninsula">peninsula</a> on the mainland or, including islands, <a href="/wiki/Mukawwa_Island" title="Mukawwa Island">Mukawwa Island</a></i></li>
<li><i>** Egypt's southernmost point lies in the <a href="/wiki/Bir_Tawil" title="Bir Tawil">Bir Tawil</a> region, an area that is commonly included as part of Egypt but is not claimed by it. If this area is excluded then Egypt has no southernmost point, its southern border being formed by the <a href="/wiki/22nd_parallel_north" title="22nd parallel north">22nd parallel north</a>.</i></li></ul>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Notes">Notes</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Geography_of_Egypt&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Notes">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
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<li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r999302996">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-free a{background:linear-gradient(transparent,transparent),url("//skyyan.com/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-registration a{background:linear-gradient(transparent,transparent),url("//skyyan.com/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-subscription a{background:linear-gradient(transparent,transparent),url("//skyyan.com/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration{color:#555}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription span,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration span{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:linear-gradient(transparent,transparent),url("//skyyan.com/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output code.cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#33aa33;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}</style><cite id="CITEREFHopkins,_Nicholas_and_Kirsten_Westergaard1998" class="citation book cs1">Hopkins, Nicholas and Kirsten Westergaard (1998). <i>Directions of Change in Rural Egypt</i>. American University in Cairo. pp. 2–4.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Directions+of+Change+in+Rural+Egypt&rft.pages=2-4&rft.pub=American+University+in+Cairo&rft.date=1998&rft.au=Hopkins%2C+Nicholas+and+Kirsten+Westergaard&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeography+of+Egypt" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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</ol></div></div>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="References">References</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Geography_of_Egypt&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: References">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
<ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r999302996"/><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://hdl.loc.gov/loc.gdc/cntrystd.eg"><i>Egypt: A country study</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Federal_Research_Division" title="Federal Research Division">Federal Research Division</a>. <img alt="" src="//skyyan.com/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/62/PD-icon.svg/15px-PD-icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="15" srcset="//skyyan.com/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/62/PD-icon.svg/23px-PD-icon.svg.png 1.5x, //skyyan.com/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/62/PD-icon.svg/30px-PD-icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="196" data-file-height="196" /> <i>This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the <a href="/wiki/Public_domain" title="Public domain">public domain</a>.</i></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Egypt%3A+A+country+study&rft.pub=Federal+Research+Division&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fhdl.loc.gov%2Floc.gdc%2Fcntrystd.eg&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeography+of+Egypt" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment">CS1 maint: postscript (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_postscript" title="Category:CS1 maint: postscript">link</a>)</span></li></ul>
<ul><li><img alt="" src="//skyyan.com/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/62/PD-icon.svg/12px-PD-icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" srcset="//skyyan.com/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/62/PD-icon.svg/18px-PD-icon.svg.png 1.5x, //skyyan.com/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/62/PD-icon.svg/24px-PD-icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="196" data-file-height="196" /> This article incorporates <a href="/wiki/Copyright_status_of_works_by_the_federal_government_of_the_United_States" title="Copyright status of works by the federal government of the United States">public domain material</a> from the <a href="/wiki/The_World_Factbook" title="The World Factbook">CIA <i>World Factbook</i></a> website <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/">https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/</a>.</li></ul>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="External_links">External links</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Geography_of_Egypt&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: External links">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
<div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="23x15px&#124;border_&#124;alt=Egypt&#124;link=Egypt_Egypt_topics" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r992953826">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Egypt_topics" title="Template:Egypt topics"><abbr title="View this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;box-shadow:none;padding:0;">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Egypt_topics" title="Template talk:Egypt topics"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;box-shadow:none;padding:0;">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template:Egypt_topics&action=edit"><abbr title="Edit this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;box-shadow:none;padding:0;">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="23x15px&#124;border_&#124;alt=Egypt&#124;link=Egypt_Egypt_topics" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><span style="position:relative; bottom:1px;"><span class="flagicon"><a href="/wiki/Egypt" title="Egypt"><img alt="Egypt" src="//skyyan.com/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Flag_of_Egypt.svg/23px-Flag_of_Egypt.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="thumbborder" srcset="//skyyan.com/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Flag_of_Egypt.svg/35px-Flag_of_Egypt.svg.png 1.5x, //skyyan.com/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Flag_of_Egypt.svg/45px-Flag_of_Egypt.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Egypt" title="Egypt">Egypt</a> topics</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="History" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Egypt" title="History of Egypt">History</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.2em;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_years_in_Egypt" title="List of years in Egypt">Chronology</a></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Prehistoric_Egypt" title="Prehistoric Egypt">Prehistoric</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/History_of_ancient_Egypt" title="History of ancient Egypt">Ancient</a>
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Template:Ancient_Egypt_topics" title="Template:Ancient Egypt topics">topics</a></li></ul></li>
<li>Achaemenid
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Twenty-seventh_Dynasty_of_Egypt" title="Twenty-seventh Dynasty of Egypt">27th Dynasty</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Thirty-first_Dynasty_of_Egypt" title="Thirty-first Dynasty of Egypt">31st Dynasty</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Ptolemaic_Egypt" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Ptolemaic Egypt">Ptolemaic</a>
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Actium" title="Battle of Actium">Battle of Actium</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Lighthouse_of_Alexandria" title="Lighthouse of Alexandria">Lighthouse of Alexandria</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Egypt" title="Roman Egypt">Roman</a>
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Diocese_of_Egypt" title="Diocese of Egypt">Diocese of Egypt</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Library_of_Alexandria" title="Library of Alexandria">Library of Alexandria</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Egypt#Christian_Egypt" title="Roman Egypt">Christian</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Sasanian_Egypt" title="Sasanian Egypt">Sassanid</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Egypt_in_the_Middle_Ages" title="Egypt in the Middle Ages">Muslim</a>
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Muslim_conquest_of_Egypt" title="Muslim conquest of Egypt">Muslim conquest</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Islamization_of_Egypt" title="Islamization of Egypt">Islamization</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Fustat" title="Fustat">Fustat</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Tulunids" title="Tulunids">Tulunid dynasty</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Ikhshidid_dynasty" title="Ikhshidid dynasty">Ikhshidid dynasty</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Fatimid_Caliphate" title="Fatimid Caliphate">Fatimid Caliphate</a>
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Crusader_invasions_of_Egypt" title="Crusader invasions of Egypt">Crusader invasions</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Ayyubid_dynasty" title="Ayyubid dynasty">Ayyubid dynasty</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Mamluk_Sultanate_(Cairo)" title="Mamluk Sultanate (Cairo)">Mamluk Sultanate</a>
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mamluk" title="Mamluk">Mamluk</a></li></ul></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Ottoman_Egypt" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Ottoman Egypt">Ottoman</a>
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Egypt_Eyalet" title="Egypt Eyalet">Egypt Eyalet</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Egypt_under_the_Muhammad_Ali_dynasty" title="History of Egypt under the Muhammad Ali dynasty">Muhammad Ali dynasty</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Nahda" title="Nahda">Nahda</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Khedivate_of_Egypt" title="Khedivate of Egypt">Khedivate</a>
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ethiopian%E2%80%93Egyptian_War" title="Ethiopian–Egyptian War">Ethiopian–Egyptian War</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/%CA%BBUrabi_revolt" title="ʻUrabi revolt">ʻUrabi revolt</a></li></ul></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/History_of_modern_Egypt" title="History of modern Egypt">Modern</a>
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/French_campaign_in_Egypt_and_Syria" title="French campaign in Egypt and Syria">French occupation</a>
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Revolt_of_Cairo" title="Revolt of Cairo">Revolt of Cairo</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Egypt_under_the_British" title="History of Egypt under the British">British occupation</a>
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Egyptian_Revolution_of_1919" title="Egyptian Revolution of 1919">1919 revolution</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Egypt_in_World_War_II" title="Egypt in World War II">World War II</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Sultanate_of_Egypt" title="Sultanate of Egypt">Sultanate</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Egypt" title="Kingdom of Egypt">Kingdom</a>
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/1948_Arab%E2%80%93Israeli_War" title="1948 Arab–Israeli War">1948 Arab–Israeli War</a></li></ul></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/History_of_republican_Egypt" title="History of republican Egypt">Republic</a>
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Egypt_under_Gamal_Abdel_Nasser" title="History of Egypt under Gamal Abdel Nasser">Nasser era</a>
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Egyptian_revolution_of_1952" title="Egyptian revolution of 1952">1952 coup d'état</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Land_reform_in_Egypt" title="Land reform in Egypt">Land reform</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Suez_Crisis" title="Suez Crisis">Suez Crisis</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/United_Arab_Republic" title="United Arab Republic">United Arab Republic</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Six-Day_War" title="Six-Day War">Six-Day War</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Egypt_under_Anwar_Sadat" title="History of Egypt under Anwar Sadat">Sadat era</a>
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Yom_Kippur_War" title="Yom Kippur War">Yom Kippur War</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Egyptian%E2%80%93Libyan_War" title="Egyptian–Libyan War">Egyptian–Libyan War</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Assassination_of_Anwar_Sadat" title="Assassination of Anwar Sadat">Assassination of Anwar Sadat</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Egypt_under_Hosni_Mubarak" title="History of Egypt under Hosni Mubarak">Mubarak era</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Egyptian_Crisis_(2011%E2%80%932014)" title="Egyptian Crisis (2011–2014)">2010s Crisis</a>
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/August_2013_Rabaa_massacre" title="August 2013 Rabaa massacre">2013 Rabaa massacre</a></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.2em;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">By topic</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Egypt" title="Anarchism in Egypt">Anarchism</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/List_of_historical_capitals_of_Egypt" title="List of historical capitals of Egypt">Capital</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Egyptian_cigarette_industry" title="Egyptian cigarette industry">Cigarette industry</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Egyptian_Constitution" title="History of the Egyptian Constitution">Constitution</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Coptic_history" title="Coptic history">Copts</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/DNA_history_of_Egypt" title="DNA history of Egypt">Genetic</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Healthcare_in_Egypt" title="Healthcare in Egypt">Healthcare</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Egypt" title="History of the Jews in Egypt">Jews</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Muslim_Brotherhood_in_Egypt" title="History of the Muslim Brotherhood in Egypt">Muslim Brotherhood</a>
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Muslim_Brotherhood_in_Egypt_(1928%E2%80%931938)" title="History of the Muslim Brotherhood in Egypt (1928–1938)">1928–1938</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Muslim_Brotherhood_in_Egypt_(1939%E2%80%931954)" title="History of the Muslim Brotherhood in Egypt (1939–1954)">1939–1954</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Muslim_Brotherhood_in_Egypt_(1954%E2%80%93present)" title="History of the Muslim Brotherhood in Egypt (1954–present)">1954–present</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Egyptian_parliament" title="History of the Egyptian parliament">Parliament</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Population_history_of_Egypt" title="Population history of Egypt">Population</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Postage_stamps_and_postal_history_of_Egypt" title="Postage stamps and postal history of Egypt">Postal</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Saladin_in_Egypt" title="Saladin in Egypt">Saladin</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/History_of_timekeeping_devices_in_Egypt" title="History of timekeeping devices in Egypt">Timekeeping devices</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.2em;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">By city</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Alexandria" title="History of Alexandria">Alexandria</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Cairo" title="Timeline of Cairo">Cairo</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Port_Said" title="Timeline of Port Said">Port Said</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Geography" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Geography</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Lists_of_biota_of_Egypt" title="Category:Lists of biota of Egypt">Biota</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Template:Borders_of_Egypt" title="Template:Borders of Egypt">Borders</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_and_towns_in_Egypt" title="List of cities and towns in Egypt">Cities</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Climate_of_Egypt" title="Climate of Egypt">Climate</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Category:Deserts_of_Egypt" title="Category:Deserts of Egypt">Deserts</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/List_of_earthquakes_in_Egypt" title="List of earthquakes in Egypt">Earthquakes</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_issues_in_Egypt" title="Environmental issues in Egypt">Environmental issues</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Fossils_of_Egypt" title="Fossils of Egypt">Fossils</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Geology_of_Egypt" title="Geology of Egypt">Geology</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Halfaya_Pass" title="Halfaya Pass">Halfaya Pass</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Category:Islands_of_Egypt" title="Category:Islands of Egypt">Islands</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/List_of_lakes_of_Egypt" title="List of lakes of Egypt">Lakes</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Category:Mountains_of_Egypt" title="Category:Mountains of Egypt">Mountains</a>
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mount_Sinai" title="Mount Sinai">Mount Sinai</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Nile_Delta" title="Nile Delta">Nile Delta</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Northern_coast_of_Egypt" title="Northern coast of Egypt">Northern coast</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Category:Oases_of_Egypt" title="Category:Oases of Egypt">Oases</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Qattara_Depression" title="Qattara Depression">Qattara Depression</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Red_Sea_Riviera" title="Red Sea Riviera">Red Sea Riviera</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/List_of_rivers_of_Egypt" title="List of rivers of Egypt">Rivers</a>
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nile" title="Nile">Nile</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Sinai_Peninsula" title="Sinai Peninsula">Sinai Peninsula</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Suez_Canal" title="Suez Canal">Suez Canal</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/List_of_towns_and_villages_in_Egypt" title="List of towns and villages in Egypt">Towns and villages</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Category:Wadis_of_Egypt" title="Category:Wadis of Egypt">Wadis</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Wildlife_of_Egypt" title="Wildlife of Egypt">Wildlife</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Politics" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Egypt" title="Politics of Egypt">Politics</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Subdivisions_of_Egypt" title="Subdivisions of Egypt">Administrative divisions</a>
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Governorates_of_Egypt" title="Governorates of Egypt">Governorates</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/List_of_postal_codes_in_Egypt" title="List of postal codes in Egypt">Postal codes</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Egyptian_Civil_Code" title="Egyptian Civil Code">Civil Code</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/List_of_conflicts_in_Egypt" title="List of conflicts in Egypt">Conflicts</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Conscription_in_Egypt" title="Conscription in Egypt">Conscription</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Egypt" title="Constitution of Egypt">Constitution</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_Egypt" title="Elections in Egypt">Elections</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_Egypt" title="Foreign relations of Egypt">Foreign relations</a>
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_diplomatic_missions_of_Egypt" title="List of diplomatic missions of Egypt">Missions</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_extremism_in_the_20th-century_Egypt" title="Islamic extremism in the 20th-century Egypt">Islamic extremism</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Judiciary_of_Egypt" title="Judiciary of Egypt">Judiciary</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Egyptian_National_Police" title="Egyptian National Police">Law enforcement</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/List_of_massacres_in_Egypt" title="List of massacres in Egypt">Massacres</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Egyptian_Armed_Forces" title="Egyptian Armed Forces">Military</a>
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Supreme_Council_of_the_Armed_Forces" title="Supreme Council of the Armed Forces">Supreme Council</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Egyptian_nationality_law" title="Egyptian nationality law">Nationality law</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_Egypt" title="Parliament of Egypt">Parliament</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Egyptian_passport" title="Egyptian passport">Passport</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/List_of_political_parties_in_Egypt" title="List of political parties in Egypt">Political parties</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/President_of_Egypt" title="President of Egypt">President</a>
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_presidents_of_Egypt" title="List of presidents of Egypt">list</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Egypt" title="Prime Minister of Egypt">Prime Minister</a>
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_prime_ministers_of_Egypt" title="List of prime ministers of Egypt">list</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/New_Administrative_Capital" title="New Administrative Capital">Proposed new capital</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Refugees_of_the_Syrian_civil_war_in_Egypt" title="Refugees of the Syrian civil war in Egypt">Refugees of the Syrian civil war</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Terrorism_in_Egypt" title="Terrorism in Egypt">Terrorism</a>
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Terrorism_and_tourism_in_Egypt" title="Terrorism and tourism in Egypt">Terrorism and tourism</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/List_of_twin_towns_and_sister_cities_in_Egypt" title="List of twin towns and sister cities in Egypt">Twin towns and sister cities</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Economy" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Egypt" title="Economy of Egypt">Economy</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Egypt#Land,_agriculture_and_crops" title="Economy of Egypt">Agriculture</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/List_of_banks_in_Egypt" title="List of banks in Egypt">Banking</a>
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/National_Bank_of_Egypt" title="National Bank of Egypt">National Bank</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/List_of_companies_of_Egypt" title="List of companies of Egypt">Companies</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Regional_units_of_Egypt" title="Regional units of Egypt">Economic regions</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Egyptian_Exchange" title="Egyptian Exchange">Egyptian stock exchange</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Egyptian_pound" title="Egyptian pound">Egyptian pound</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Energy_in_Egypt" title="Energy in Egypt">Energy</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Entrepreneurship_policies_in_Egypt" title="Entrepreneurship policies in Egypt">Entrepreneurship policies</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Fishing_in_Egypt" title="Fishing in Egypt">Fishing</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Egypt_and_the_environment" title="Economy of Egypt and the environment">Impact on the environment</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/List_of_lighthouses_in_Egypt" title="List of lighthouses in Egypt">Lighthouses</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Military_industry_of_Egypt" title="Military industry of Egypt">Military industry</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Mining_industry_of_Egypt" title="Mining industry of Egypt">Mining</a>
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_mines_in_Egypt" title="List of mines in Egypt">Mines</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Nuclear_program_of_Egypt" title="Nuclear program of Egypt">Nuclear program</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/List_of_power_stations_in_Egypt" title="List of power stations in Egypt">Power stations</a>
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aswan_Dam" title="Aswan Dam">Aswan Dam</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_the_Egyptian_Armed_Forces" title="Economy of the Egyptian Armed Forces">Role of the Egyptian Armed Forces</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/List_of_tallest_buildings_and_structures_in_Egypt" title="List of tallest buildings and structures in Egypt">Tallest buildings</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Egypt" title="Telecommunications in Egypt">Telecommunications</a>
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Internet_in_Egypt" title="Internet in Egypt">Internet</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Tourism_in_Egypt" title="Tourism in Egypt">Tourism</a>
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_tourism_in_Egypt" title="Cultural tourism in Egypt">Cultural tourism</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Transport_in_Egypt" title="Transport in Egypt">Transport</a>
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_airlines_of_Egypt" title="List of airlines of Egypt">Airlines</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/List_of_airports_in_Egypt" title="List of airports in Egypt">Airports</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/List_of_railway_stations_in_Egypt" title="List of railway stations in Egypt">Railway stations</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_Egypt" title="Water supply and sanitation in Egypt">Water supply and sanitation</a>
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Water_resources_management_in_Egypt" title="Water resources management in Egypt">Water resources management</a></li></ul></li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Society" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Category:Egyptian_society" title="Category:Egyptian society">Society</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">General</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_Egypt" title="Abortion in Egypt">Abortion</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Animal_welfare_in_Egypt" title="Animal welfare in Egypt">Animal welfare</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Egyptians_by_net_worth" title="List of Egyptians by net worth">Billionaires</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Cannabis_in_Egypt" title="Cannabis in Egypt">Cannabis</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Capital_punishment_in_Egypt" title="Capital punishment in Egypt">Capital punishment</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Census_in_Egypt" title="Census in Egypt">Censuses</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Corruption_in_Egypt" title="Corruption in Egypt">Corruption</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Crime_in_Egypt" title="Crime in Egypt">Crime</a>
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Human_trafficking_in_Egypt" title="Human trafficking in Egypt">Human trafficking</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Mass_sexual_assault_in_Egypt" title="Mass sexual assault in Egypt">Mass sexual assault</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Rape_in_Egypt" title="Rape in Egypt">Rape</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Egypt" title="Demographics of Egypt">Demographics</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Egyptian_diaspora" title="Egyptian diaspora">Diaspora</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Egypt" title="Education in Egypt">Education</a>
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Academic_grading_in_Egypt" title="Academic grading in Egypt">Academic grading</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/List_of_law_schools_in_Egypt" title="List of law schools in Egypt">Law schools</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/List_of_medical_schools_in_Egypt" title="List of medical schools in Egypt">Medical schools</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/List_of_schools_in_Egypt" title="List of schools in Egypt">Schools</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/List_of_universities_in_Egypt" title="List of universities in Egypt">Universities</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Category:Egyptian_families" title="Category:Egyptian families">Families</a>
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abaza_family" title="Abaza family">Abaza family</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_Egypt" title="Feminism in Egypt">Feminism</a>
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gender_inequality_in_Egypt" title="Gender inequality in Egypt">Gender inequality</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Health_in_Egypt" title="Health in Egypt">Health</a>
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Healthcare_in_Egypt" title="Healthcare in Egypt">Healthcare</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/List_of_hospitals_in_Egypt" title="List of hospitals in Egypt">Hospitals</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Homelessness_in_Egypt" title="Homelessness in Egypt">Homelessness</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_Egypt" title="Human rights in Egypt">Human rights</a>
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_religion_in_Egypt" class="mw-redirect" title="Freedom of religion in Egypt">Freedom of religion</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_Egypt" title="LGBT rights in Egypt">LGBT rights</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/International_rankings_of_Egypt" title="International rankings of Egypt">International rankings</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Egypt" title="Languages of Egypt">Languages</a>
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Egyptian_Arabic" title="Egyptian Arabic">Egyptian Arabic</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Sa%CA%BDidi_Arabic" title="Saʽidi Arabic">Saʽidi Arabic</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Egyptian_Sign_Language" title="Egyptian Sign Language">Sign Language</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_Egypt" title="Liberalism in Egypt">Liberalism</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Egyptian_literature" title="Egyptian literature">Literature</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Prostitution_in_Egypt" title="Prostitution in Egypt">Prostitution</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Egypt" title="Religion in Egypt">Religion</a>
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bah%C3%A1%CA%BC%C3%AD_Faith_in_Egypt" title="Baháʼí Faith in Egypt">Baháʼí</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Blasphemy_law_in_Egypt" title="Blasphemy law in Egypt">Blasphemy law</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Egypt" title="Christianity in Egypt">Christianity</a>
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Catholic_dioceses_in_Egypt" title="List of Catholic dioceses in Egypt">Catholic dioceses</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Coptic_Orthodox_churches_in_Egypt" title="List of Coptic Orthodox churches in Egypt">Coptic Churches</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Hinduism_in_Egypt" class="mw-redirect" title="Hinduism in Egypt">Hinduism</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Egyptian_identification_card_controversy" title="Egyptian identification card controversy">Identification card controversy</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Irreligion_in_Egypt" title="Irreligion in Egypt">Irreligion</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Egypt" title="Islam in Egypt">Islam</a>
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ahmadiyya_in_Egypt" title="Ahmadiyya in Egypt">Ahmadiyya</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/List_of_mosques_in_Egypt" title="List of mosques in Egypt">Mosques</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Niq%C4%81b_in_Egypt" title="Niqāb in Egypt">Niqāb</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Egypt" title="History of the Jews in Egypt">Judaism</a>
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_synagogues_in_Egypt" title="List of synagogues in Egypt">Synagogues</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Scientology_in_Egypt" title="Scientology in Egypt">Scientology</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Smoking_in_Egypt" title="Smoking in Egypt">Smoking</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Egyptian_units_of_measurement" title="Egyptian units of measurement">Units of measurement</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Vehicle_registration_plates_of_Egypt" title="Vehicle registration plates of Egypt">Vehicle registration plates</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Egypt" title="Women in Egypt">Women</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Egypt" title="Culture of Egypt">Culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Contemporary_art_in_Egypt" title="Contemporary art in Egypt">Art</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/List_of_botanical_gardens_in_Egypt" title="List of botanical gardens in Egypt">Botanical gardens</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Egyptian_castles,_forts,_fortifications_and_city_walls" title="List of Egyptian castles, forts, fortifications and city walls">Castles</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Egypt" title="Cinema of Egypt">Cinema</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Coat_of_arms_of_Egypt" title="Coat of arms of Egypt">Coat of arms</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Egyptian_cuisine" title="Egyptian cuisine">Cuisine</a>
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Beer_in_Egypt" title="Beer in Egypt">Beer</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Egyptian_wine" title="Egyptian wine">Wine</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_Egyptian_films" title="Lists of Egyptian films">Films</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Egypt" title="Flag of Egypt">Flag</a>
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Egyptian_flags" title="List of Egyptian flags">list</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Flags_of_regions_of_Egypt" title="Flags of regions of Egypt">regions</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Football_in_Egypt" title="Football in Egypt">Football</a>
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_football_clubs_in_Egypt" title="List of football clubs in Egypt">Football clubs</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/List_of_football_stadiums_in_Egypt" title="List of football stadiums in Egypt">Football stadiums</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Egyptians" title="Egyptians">Egyptians</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Mass_media_in_Egypt" title="Mass media in Egypt">Mass media</a>
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_magazines_in_Egypt" title="List of magazines in Egypt">Magazines</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/List_of_newspapers_in_Egypt" title="List of newspapers in Egypt">Newspapers</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/List_of_radio_stations_in_Egypt" title="List of radio stations in Egypt">Radio</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Television_in_Egypt" title="Television in Egypt">TV</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/List_of_museums_in_Egypt" title="List of museums in Egypt">Museums</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Egypt" title="Music of Egypt">Music</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Bilady,_Bilady,_Bilady" title="Bilady, Bilady, Bilady">National anthem</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Egypt_at_the_Olympics" title="Egypt at the Olympics">Olympics</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Public_holidays_in_Egypt" title="Public holidays in Egypt">Public holidays</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/List_of_World_Heritage_Sites_in_Egypt" title="List of World Heritage Sites in Egypt">World Heritage Sites</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div>
<ul><li><img alt="Category" src="//skyyan.com/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" title="Category" width="16" height="16" srcset="//skyyan.com/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //skyyan.com/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/Category:Egypt" title="Category:Egypt">Category</a></li>
<li><img alt="Portal" src="//skyyan.com/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/16px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png" decoding="async" title="Portal" width="16" height="16" srcset="//skyyan.com/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/23px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 1.5x, //skyyan.com/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/31px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Egypt" title="Portal:Egypt">Portal</a></li>
<li><img alt="WikiProject" src="//skyyan.com/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/People_icon.svg/16px-People_icon.svg.png" decoding="async" title="WikiProject" width="16" height="16" srcset="//skyyan.com/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/People_icon.svg/24px-People_icon.svg.png 1.5x, //skyyan.com/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/People_icon.svg/32px-People_icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="100" data-file-height="100" /> <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Egypt" title="Wikipedia:WikiProject Egypt">WikiProject</a></li>
<li><img alt="Commons page" src="//skyyan.com/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" title="Commons page" width="12" height="16" srcset="//skyyan.com/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //skyyan.com/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/24px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /> <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Egypt" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Egypt">Commons</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>
<div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Geography_of_Africa" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r992953826"/><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Geography_of_Africa" title="Template:Geography of Africa"><abbr title="View this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;box-shadow:none;padding:0;">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Geography_of_Africa" title="Template talk:Geography of Africa"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;box-shadow:none;padding:0;">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template:Geography_of_Africa&action=edit"><abbr title="Edit this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;box-shadow:none;padding:0;">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Geography_of_Africa" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Africa" title="Geography of Africa">Geography of Africa</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Sovereign states</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist wraplinks" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Algeria" title="Geography of Algeria">Algeria</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Angola" title="Geography of Angola">Angola</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Benin" title="Geography of Benin">Benin</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Botswana" title="Geography of Botswana">Botswana</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Burkina_Faso" title="Geography of Burkina Faso">Burkina Faso</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Burundi" title="Geography of Burundi">Burundi</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Cameroon" title="Geography of Cameroon">Cameroon</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Cape_Verde" title="Geography of Cape Verde">Cape Verde (Cabo Verde)</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_the_Central_African_Republic" title="Geography of the Central African Republic">Central African Republic</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Chad" title="Geography of Chad">Chad</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_the_Comoros" title="Geography of the Comoros">Comoros</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Geography of the Democratic Republic of the Congo">Democratic Republic of the Congo</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_the_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Geography of the Republic of the Congo">Republic of the Congo</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Djibouti" title="Geography of Djibouti">Djibouti</a></li>
<li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Egypt</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Equatorial_Guinea" title="Geography of Equatorial Guinea">Equatorial Guinea</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Eritrea" title="Geography of Eritrea">Eritrea</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Eswatini" title="Geography of Eswatini">Eswatini (Swaziland)</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Ethiopia" title="Geography of Ethiopia">Ethiopia</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Gabon" title="Geography of Gabon">Gabon</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_the_Gambia" title="Geography of the Gambia">The Gambia</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Ghana" title="Geography of Ghana">Ghana</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Guinea" title="Geography of Guinea">Guinea</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Guinea-Bissau" title="Geography of Guinea-Bissau">Guinea-Bissau</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Ivory_Coast" title="Geography of Ivory Coast">Ivory Coast (Côte d'Ivoire)</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Kenya" title="Geography of Kenya">Kenya</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Lesotho" title="Geography of Lesotho">Lesotho</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Liberia" title="Geography of Liberia">Liberia</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Libya" title="Geography of Libya">Libya</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Madagascar" title="Geography of Madagascar">Madagascar</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Malawi" title="Geography of Malawi">Malawi</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Mali" title="Geography of Mali">Mali</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Mauritania" title="Geography of Mauritania">Mauritania</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Mauritius" title="Geography of Mauritius">Mauritius</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Morocco" title="Geography of Morocco">Morocco</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Mozambique" title="Geography of Mozambique">Mozambique</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Namibia" title="Geography of Namibia">Namibia</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Niger" title="Geography of Niger">Niger</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Nigeria" title="Geography of Nigeria">Nigeria</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Rwanda" title="Geography of Rwanda">Rwanda</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_S%C3%A3o_Tom%C3%A9_and_Pr%C3%ADncipe" title="Geography of São Tomé and Príncipe">São Tomé and Príncipe</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Senegal" title="Geography of Senegal">Senegal</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Seychelles" title="Geography of Seychelles">Seychelles</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Sierra_Leone" title="Geography of Sierra Leone">Sierra Leone</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Somalia" title="Geography of Somalia">Somalia</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_South_Africa" title="Geography of South Africa">South Africa</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_South_Sudan" title="Geography of South Sudan">South Sudan</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Sudan" title="Geography of Sudan">Sudan</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Tanzania" title="Geography of Tanzania">Tanzania</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Togo" title="Geography of Togo">Togo</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Tunisia" title="Geography of Tunisia">Tunisia</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Uganda" title="Geography of Uganda">Uganda</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Zambia" title="Geography of Zambia">Zambia</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Zimbabwe" title="Geography of Zimbabwe">Zimbabwe</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="display:inline-block; padding:0.1em 0;line-height:1.2em;">States with limited<br />recognition</div></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-even hlist wraplinks" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_the_Sahrawi_Arab_Democratic_Republic" class="mw-redirect" title="Geography of the Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic">Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Somaliland" class="mw-redirect" title="Geography of Somaliland">Somaliland</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="display:inline-block; padding:0.1em 0;line-height:1.2em;">Dependencies and<br />other territories</div></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist wraplinks" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><div>
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_the_Canary_Islands" class="mw-redirect" title="Geography of the Canary Islands">Canary Islands</a> / <a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Ceuta" class="mw-redirect" title="Geography of Ceuta">Ceuta</a> / <a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Melilla" class="mw-redirect" title="Geography of Melilla">Melilla</a>  <span style="font-size:85%;">(Spain)</span></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Madeira" class="mw-redirect" title="Geography of Madeira">Madeira</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(Portugal)</span></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Mayotte" title="Geography of Mayotte">Mayotte</a> / <a href="/wiki/Geography_of_R%C3%A9union" title="Geography of Réunion">Réunion</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(France)</span></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Saint_Helena" title="Geography of Saint Helena">Saint Helena</a> / <a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Ascension_Island" class="mw-redirect" title="Geography of Ascension Island">Ascension Island</a> / <a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Tristan_da_Cunha" title="Geography of Tristan da Cunha">Tristan da Cunha</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(United Kingdom)</span></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Western_Sahara" title="Geography of Western Sahara">Western Sahara</a></li></ul>
</div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>
<div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Geography_of_Asia" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r992953826"/><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Geography_of_Asia" title="Template:Geography of Asia"><abbr title="View this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;box-shadow:none;padding:0;">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Geography_of_Asia" title="Template talk:Geography of Asia"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;box-shadow:none;padding:0;">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template:Geography_of_Asia&action=edit"><abbr title="Edit this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;box-shadow:none;padding:0;">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Geography_of_Asia" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Asia" title="Geography of Asia">Geography of Asia</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_sovereign_states" title="List of sovereign states">Sovereign states</a></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Afghanistan" title="Geography of Afghanistan">Afghanistan</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Armenia" title="Geography of Armenia">Armenia</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Azerbaijan" title="Geography of Azerbaijan">Azerbaijan</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Bahrain" title="Geography of Bahrain">Bahrain</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Bangladesh" title="Geography of Bangladesh">Bangladesh</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Bhutan" title="Geography of Bhutan">Bhutan</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Brunei" title="Geography of Brunei">Brunei</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Cambodia" title="Geography of Cambodia">Cambodia</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_China" title="Geography of China">China</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Cyprus" title="Geography of Cyprus">Cyprus</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_East_Timor" title="Geography of East Timor">East Timor (Timor-Leste)</a></li>
<li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Egypt</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Georgia_(country)" title="Geography of Georgia (country)">Georgia</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_India" title="Geography of India">India</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Indonesia" title="Geography of Indonesia">Indonesia</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Iran" title="Geography of Iran">Iran</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Iraq" title="Geography of Iraq">Iraq</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Israel" title="Geography of Israel">Israel</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Japan" title="Geography of Japan">Japan</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Jordan" title="Geography of Jordan">Jordan</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Kazakhstan" title="Geography of Kazakhstan">Kazakhstan</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_North_Korea" title="Geography of North Korea">North Korea</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_South_Korea" title="Geography of South Korea">South Korea</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Kuwait" title="Geography of Kuwait">Kuwait</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Kyrgyzstan" title="Geography of Kyrgyzstan">Kyrgyzstan</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Laos" title="Geography of Laos">Laos</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Lebanon" title="Geography of Lebanon">Lebanon</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Malaysia" title="Geography of Malaysia">Malaysia</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_the_Maldives" title="Geography of the Maldives">Maldives</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Mongolia" title="Geography of Mongolia">Mongolia</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Myanmar" title="Geography of Myanmar">Myanmar</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Nepal" title="Geography of Nepal">Nepal</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Oman" title="Geography of Oman">Oman</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Pakistan" title="Geography of Pakistan">Pakistan</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_the_Philippines" title="Geography of the Philippines">Philippines</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Qatar" title="Geography of Qatar">Qatar</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Russia" title="Geography of Russia">Russia</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Saudi_Arabia" title="Geography of Saudi Arabia">Saudi Arabia</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Singapore" title="Geography of Singapore">Singapore</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Sri_Lanka" title="Geography of Sri Lanka">Sri Lanka</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Syria" title="Geography of Syria">Syria</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Tajikistan" title="Geography of Tajikistan">Tajikistan</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Thailand" title="Geography of Thailand">Thailand</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Turkey" title="Geography of Turkey">Turkey</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Turkmenistan" title="Geography of Turkmenistan">Turkmenistan</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_the_United_Arab_Emirates" title="Geography of the United Arab Emirates">United Arab Emirates</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Uzbekistan" title="Geography of Uzbekistan">Uzbekistan</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Vietnam" title="Geography of Vietnam">Vietnam</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Yemen" title="Geography of Yemen">Yemen</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_states_with_limited_recognition" title="List of states with limited recognition">States with<br />limited recognition</a></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Abkhazia" title="Geography of Abkhazia">Abkhazia</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_the_Republic_of_Artsakh" class="mw-redirect" title="Geography of the Republic of Artsakh">Artsakh</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Northern_Cyprus" class="mw-redirect" title="Geography of Northern Cyprus">Northern Cyprus</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_the_State_of_Palestine" title="Geography of the State of Palestine">Palestine</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_South_Ossetia" class="mw-redirect" title="Geography of South Ossetia">South Ossetia</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Taiwan" title="Geography of Taiwan">Taiwan</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Dependent_territory" title="Dependent territory">Dependencies</a> and<br />other territories</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_the_British_Indian_Ocean_Territory" title="Geography of the British Indian Ocean Territory">British Indian Ocean Territory</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Christmas_Island" class="mw-redirect" title="Geography of Christmas Island">Christmas Island</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_the_Cocos_(Keeling)_Islands" class="mw-redirect" title="Geography of the Cocos (Keeling) Islands">Cocos (Keeling) Islands</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Hong_Kong" title="Geography of Hong Kong">Hong Kong</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Macau" title="Geography of Macau">Macau</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="2"><div>
<ul><li><img alt="Category" src="//skyyan.com/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" title="Category" width="16" height="16" srcset="//skyyan.com/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //skyyan.com/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/Category:Asia" title="Category:Asia">Category</a></li>
<li><img alt="Portal" src="//skyyan.com/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/16px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png" decoding="async" title="Portal" width="16" height="16" srcset="//skyyan.com/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/23px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 1.5x, //skyyan.com/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/31px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Asia" title="Portal:Asia">Asia portal</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>
<div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Climate_of_Africa" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r992953826"/><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Africa_topic" title="Template:Africa topic"><abbr title="View this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;box-shadow:none;padding:0;">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Africa_topic" title="Template talk:Africa topic"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;box-shadow:none;padding:0;">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template:Africa_topic&action=edit"><abbr title="Edit this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;box-shadow:none;padding:0;">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Climate_of_Africa" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Climate_of_Africa" title="Climate of Africa">Climate of Africa </a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Sovereign states</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist wraplinks" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Climate_of_Algeria" class="mw-redirect" title="Climate of Algeria">Algeria</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Climate_of_Angola" class="mw-redirect" title="Climate of Angola">Angola</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Climate_of_Benin" class="mw-redirect" title="Climate of Benin">Benin</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Climate_of_Botswana" class="mw-redirect" title="Climate of Botswana">Botswana</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Climate_of_Burkina_Faso" class="mw-redirect" title="Climate of Burkina Faso">Burkina Faso</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Climate_of_Burundi" class="mw-redirect" title="Climate of Burundi">Burundi</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Climate_of_Cameroon" class="mw-redirect" title="Climate of Cameroon">Cameroon</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Climate_of_Cape_Verde" class="mw-redirect" title="Climate of Cape Verde">Cape Verde (Cabo Verde)</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Climate_of_the_Central_African_Republic" class="mw-redirect" title="Climate of the Central African Republic">Central African Republic</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Climate_of_Chad" class="mw-redirect" title="Climate of Chad">Chad</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Climate_of_the_Comoros" class="mw-redirect" title="Climate of the Comoros">Comoros</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Climate_of_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo" class="mw-redirect" title="Climate of the Democratic Republic of the Congo">Democratic Republic of the Congo</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Climate_of_the_Republic_of_the_Congo" class="mw-redirect" title="Climate of the Republic of the Congo">Republic of the Congo</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Climate_of_Djibouti" class="mw-redirect" title="Climate of Djibouti">Djibouti</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Climate_of_Egypt" title="Climate of Egypt">Egypt</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Climate_of_Equatorial_Guinea" class="mw-redirect" title="Climate of Equatorial Guinea">Equatorial Guinea</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Climate_of_Eritrea" class="mw-redirect" title="Climate of Eritrea">Eritrea</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Climate_of_Eswatini" class="mw-redirect" title="Climate of Eswatini">Eswatini (Swaziland)</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Climate_of_Ethiopia" class="mw-redirect" title="Climate of Ethiopia">Ethiopia</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Climate_of_Gabon" class="mw-redirect" title="Climate of Gabon">Gabon</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Climate_of_the_Gambia" class="mw-redirect" title="Climate of the Gambia">The Gambia</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Climate_of_Ghana" title="Climate of Ghana">Ghana</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Climate_of_Guinea" class="mw-redirect" title="Climate of Guinea">Guinea</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Climate_of_Guinea-Bissau" class="mw-redirect" title="Climate of Guinea-Bissau">Guinea-Bissau</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Climate_of_Ivory_Coast" class="mw-redirect" title="Climate of Ivory Coast">Ivory Coast (Côte d'Ivoire)</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Climate_of_Kenya" class="mw-redirect" title="Climate of Kenya">Kenya</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Climate_of_Lesotho" class="mw-redirect" title="Climate of Lesotho">Lesotho</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Climate_of_Liberia" class="mw-redirect" title="Climate of Liberia">Liberia</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Climate_of_Libya" class="mw-redirect" title="Climate of Libya">Libya</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Climate_of_Madagascar" class="mw-redirect" title="Climate of Madagascar">Madagascar</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Climate_of_Malawi" class="mw-redirect" title="Climate of Malawi">Malawi</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Climate_of_Mali" class="mw-redirect" title="Climate of Mali">Mali</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Climate_of_Mauritania" class="mw-redirect" title="Climate of Mauritania">Mauritania</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Climate_of_Mauritius" class="mw-redirect" title="Climate of Mauritius">Mauritius</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Climate_of_Morocco" class="mw-redirect" title="Climate of Morocco">Morocco</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Climate_of_Mozambique" class="mw-redirect" title="Climate of Mozambique">Mozambique</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Climate_of_Namibia" class="mw-redirect" title="Climate of Namibia">Namibia</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Climate_of_Niger" class="mw-redirect" title="Climate of Niger">Niger</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Climate_of_Nigeria" class="mw-redirect" title="Climate of Nigeria">Nigeria</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Climate_of_Rwanda" class="mw-redirect" title="Climate of Rwanda">Rwanda</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Climate_of_S%C3%A3o_Tom%C3%A9_and_Pr%C3%ADncipe" class="mw-redirect" title="Climate of São Tomé and Príncipe">São Tomé and Príncipe</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Climate_of_Senegal" class="mw-redirect" title="Climate of Senegal">Senegal</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Climate_of_Seychelles" class="mw-redirect" title="Climate of Seychelles">Seychelles</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Climate_of_Sierra_Leone" class="mw-redirect" title="Climate of Sierra Leone">Sierra Leone</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Climate_of_Somalia" class="mw-redirect" title="Climate of Somalia">Somalia</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Climate_of_South_Africa" title="Climate of South Africa">South Africa</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Climate_of_South_Sudan" class="mw-redirect" title="Climate of South Sudan">South Sudan</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Climate_of_Sudan" class="mw-redirect" title="Climate of Sudan">Sudan</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Climate_of_Tanzania" class="mw-redirect" title="Climate of Tanzania">Tanzania</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Climate_of_Togo" class="mw-redirect" title="Climate of Togo">Togo</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Climate_of_Tunisia" class="mw-redirect" title="Climate of Tunisia">Tunisia</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Climate_of_Uganda" class="mw-redirect" title="Climate of Uganda">Uganda</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Climate_of_Zambia" title="Climate of Zambia">Zambia</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Climate_of_Zimbabwe" class="mw-redirect" title="Climate of Zimbabwe">Zimbabwe</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="display:inline-block; padding:0.1em 0;line-height:1.2em;">States with limited<br />recognition</div></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-even hlist wraplinks" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Climate_of_the_Sahrawi_Arab_Democratic_Republic" class="mw-redirect" title="Climate of the Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic">Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Climate_of_Somaliland" class="mw-redirect" title="Climate of Somaliland">Somaliland</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="display:inline-block; padding:0.1em 0;line-height:1.2em;">Dependencies and<br />other territories</div></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist wraplinks" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><div>
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Climate_of_the_Canary_Islands" class="mw-redirect" title="Climate of the Canary Islands">Canary Islands</a> / <a href="/wiki/Climate_of_Ceuta" class="mw-redirect" title="Climate of Ceuta">Ceuta</a> / <a href="/wiki/Climate_of_Melilla" class="mw-redirect" title="Climate of Melilla">Melilla</a>  <span style="font-size:85%;">(Spain)</span></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Climate_of_Madeira" class="mw-redirect" title="Climate of Madeira">Madeira</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(Portugal)</span></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Climate_of_Mayotte" class="mw-redirect" title="Climate of Mayotte">Mayotte</a> / <a href="/wiki/Climate_of_R%C3%A9union" class="mw-redirect" title="Climate of Réunion">Réunion</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(France)</span></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Climate_of_Saint_Helena" class="mw-redirect" title="Climate of Saint Helena">Saint Helena</a> / <a href="/wiki/Climate_of_Ascension_Island" class="mw-redirect" title="Climate of Ascension Island">Ascension Island</a> / <a href="/wiki/Climate_of_Tristan_da_Cunha" class="mw-redirect" title="Climate of Tristan da Cunha">Tristan da Cunha</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(United Kingdom)</span></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Climate_of_Western_Sahara" class="mw-redirect" title="Climate of Western Sahara">Western Sahara</a></li></ul>
</div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>
<div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Climate_of_Asia" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r992953826"/><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Asia_topic" title="Template:Asia topic"><abbr title="View this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;box-shadow:none;padding:0;">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Asia_topic" title="Template talk:Asia topic"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;box-shadow:none;padding:0;">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template:Asia_topic&action=edit"><abbr title="Edit this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;box-shadow:none;padding:0;">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Climate_of_Asia" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Climate_of_Asia" title="Climate of Asia">Climate of Asia </a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_sovereign_states" title="List of sovereign states">Sovereign states</a></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Climate_of_Afghanistan" class="mw-redirect" title="Climate of Afghanistan">Afghanistan</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Climate_of_Armenia" title="Climate of Armenia">Armenia</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Climate_of_Azerbaijan" title="Climate of Azerbaijan">Azerbaijan</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Climate_of_Bahrain" class="mw-redirect" title="Climate of Bahrain">Bahrain</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Climate_of_Bangladesh" class="mw-redirect" title="Climate of Bangladesh">Bangladesh</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Climate_of_Bhutan" class="mw-redirect" title="Climate of Bhutan">Bhutan</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Climate_of_Brunei" class="mw-redirect" title="Climate of Brunei">Brunei</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Climate_of_Cambodia" class="mw-redirect" title="Climate of Cambodia">Cambodia</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Climate_of_China" class="mw-redirect" title="Climate of China">China</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Climate_of_Cyprus" title="Climate of Cyprus">Cyprus</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Climate_of_East_Timor" class="mw-redirect" title="Climate of East Timor">East Timor (Timor-Leste)</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Climate_of_Egypt" title="Climate of Egypt">Egypt</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Climate_of_Georgia_(country)" class="mw-redirect" title="Climate of Georgia (country)">Georgia</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Climate_of_India" title="Climate of India">India</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Climate_of_Indonesia" title="Climate of Indonesia">Indonesia</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Climate_of_Iran" class="mw-redirect" title="Climate of Iran">Iran</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Climate_of_Iraq" class="mw-redirect" title="Climate of Iraq">Iraq</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Climate_of_Israel" class="mw-redirect" title="Climate of Israel">Israel</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Climate_of_Japan" class="mw-redirect" title="Climate of Japan">Japan</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Climate_of_Jordan" class="mw-redirect" title="Climate of Jordan">Jordan</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Climate_of_Kazakhstan" class="mw-redirect" title="Climate of Kazakhstan">Kazakhstan</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Climate_of_North_Korea" class="mw-redirect" title="Climate of North Korea">North Korea</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Climate_of_South_Korea" class="mw-redirect" title="Climate of South Korea">South Korea</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Climate_of_Kuwait" class="mw-redirect" title="Climate of Kuwait">Kuwait</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Climate_of_Kyrgyzstan" class="mw-redirect" title="Climate of Kyrgyzstan">Kyrgyzstan</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Climate_of_Laos" class="mw-redirect" title="Climate of Laos">Laos</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Climate_of_Lebanon" class="mw-redirect" title="Climate of Lebanon">Lebanon</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Climate_of_Malaysia" class="mw-redirect" title="Climate of Malaysia">Malaysia</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Climate_of_the_Maldives" class="mw-redirect" title="Climate of the Maldives">Maldives</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Climate_of_Mongolia" class="mw-redirect" title="Climate of Mongolia">Mongolia</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Climate_of_Myanmar" title="Climate of Myanmar">Myanmar</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Climate_of_Nepal" class="mw-redirect" title="Climate of Nepal">Nepal</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Climate_of_Oman" class="mw-redirect" title="Climate of Oman">Oman</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Climate_of_Pakistan" title="Climate of Pakistan">Pakistan</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Climate_of_the_Philippines" title="Climate of the Philippines">Philippines</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Climate_of_Qatar" class="mw-redirect" title="Climate of Qatar">Qatar</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Climate_of_Russia" title="Climate of Russia">Russia</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Climate_of_Saudi_Arabia" title="Climate of Saudi Arabia">Saudi Arabia</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Climate_of_Singapore" class="mw-redirect" title="Climate of Singapore">Singapore</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Climate_of_Sri_Lanka" class="mw-redirect" title="Climate of Sri Lanka">Sri Lanka</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Climate_of_Syria" class="mw-redirect" title="Climate of Syria">Syria</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Climate_of_Tajikistan" class="mw-redirect" title="Climate of Tajikistan">Tajikistan</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Climate_of_Thailand" class="mw-redirect" title="Climate of Thailand">Thailand</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Climate_of_Turkey" title="Climate of Turkey">Turkey</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Climate_of_Turkmenistan" class="mw-redirect" title="Climate of Turkmenistan">Turkmenistan</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Climate_of_the_United_Arab_Emirates" class="mw-redirect" title="Climate of the United Arab Emirates">United Arab Emirates</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Climate_of_Uzbekistan" class="mw-redirect" title="Climate of Uzbekistan">Uzbekistan</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Climate_of_Vietnam" title="Climate of Vietnam">Vietnam</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Climate_of_Yemen" class="mw-redirect" title="Climate of Yemen">Yemen</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_states_with_limited_recognition" title="List of states with limited recognition">States with<br />limited recognition</a></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Climate_of_Abkhazia" class="mw-redirect" title="Climate of Abkhazia">Abkhazia</a></li>
<li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Climate_of_the_Republic_of_Artsakh&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Climate of the Republic of Artsakh (page does not exist)">Artsakh</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Climate_of_Northern_Cyprus" class="mw-redirect" title="Climate of Northern Cyprus">Northern Cyprus</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Climate_of_the_State_of_Palestine" class="mw-redirect" title="Climate of the State of Palestine">Palestine</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Climate_of_South_Ossetia" class="mw-redirect" title="Climate of South Ossetia">South Ossetia</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Climate_of_Taiwan" class="mw-redirect" title="Climate of Taiwan">Taiwan</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Dependent_territory" title="Dependent territory">Dependencies</a> and<br />other territories</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Climate_of_the_British_Indian_Ocean_Territory&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Climate of the British Indian Ocean Territory (page does not exist)">British Indian Ocean Territory</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Climate_of_Christmas_Island" class="mw-redirect" title="Climate of Christmas Island">Christmas Island</a></li>
<li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Climate_of_the_Cocos_(Keeling)_Islands&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Climate of the Cocos (Keeling) Islands (page does not exist)">Cocos (Keeling) Islands</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Climate_of_Hong_Kong" class="mw-redirect" title="Climate of Hong Kong">Hong Kong</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Climate_of_Macau" class="mw-redirect" title="Climate of Macau">Macau</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="2"><div>
<ul><li><img alt="Category" src="//skyyan.com/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" title="Category" width="16" height="16" srcset="//skyyan.com/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //skyyan.com/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/Category:Asia" title="Category:Asia">Category</a></li>
<li><img alt="Portal" src="//skyyan.com/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/16px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png" decoding="async" title="Portal" width="16" height="16" srcset="//skyyan.com/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/23px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 1.5x, //skyyan.com/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/31px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Asia" title="Portal:Asia">Asia portal</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>
' |
Whether or not the change was made through a Tor exit node (tor_exit_node) | false |
Unix timestamp of change (timestamp) | 1619428157 |
