View source for Cockney

{{short description|Accent and dialect of English spoken in London}}
{{Other uses}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2020}}
{{Use British English|date=January 2015}}
{{Infobox language
| name             = Cockney
| fam7             = [[British English]]
| image            = 
| map              = 
| ethnicity        = 
| notice           = IPA
| glotto           = none
| isoexception     = dialect
| ancestor3        = [[Early Modern English]]
| ancestor2        = [[Middle English]]
| ancestor         = [[Old English]]
| fam6             = [[English language|English]]
| native name       = 
| fam5             = [[Anglic languages|Anglic]]
| fam4             = [[North Sea Germanic|Ingvaeonic]]
| fam3             = [[West Germanic languages|West Germanic]]
| fam2             = [[Germanic languages|Germanic]]
| familycolor      = Indo-European
| script           = [[Latin script|Latin]] ([[English alphabet]])
| speakers         = 
| region           = [[London]] ([[Middlesex]], [[Essex]], [[Hertfordshire]], [[Kent]], [[Surrey]])
| states           = [[England]]
| altname          = Cockney dialect
}}
{{Listen|filename=Michael Caine BBC Radio4 Front Row 29 Sept 2010 b00tyv8c.flac|title={{center|Example of a Cockney accent}}|type=speech|description={{center|Voice of [[Michael Caine]], who grew up in [[Southwark]], London, [[:File:Michael Caine BBC Radio4 Front Row 29 Sept 2010 b00tyv8c.flac|recorded September 2010]] from the BBC Radio 4 programme ''[[Front Row (radio programme)|Front Row]]''}}}}{{Listen|filename=Danny Baker BBC Radio4 Desert Island Discs 31 Jul 2007 b012wcl4.flac|title={{center|Example of a Cockney accent}}|type=speech|description={{center|Voice of [[Danny Baker]], who grew up in [[Bermondsey]], London, [[:File:Danny Baker BBC Radio4 Desert Island Discs 31 Jul 2007 b012wcl4.flac|recorded July 2007]] from the BBC Radio 4 programme ''[[Desert Island Discs]]''}}}}

'''Cockney''' is a [[dialect]] of the [[English language]], mainly spoken in [[London]] and its environs, particularly by Londoners with [[working class|working-class]] and [[Lower middle class|lower middle-class]] roots. The term ''Cockney'' is also used as a [[demonym]] for a person from the [[East End of London|East End]],<ref>Green, Jonathon [http://public.oed.com/aspects-of-english/english-in-use/cockney/ "Cockney"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140706212116/http://public.oed.com/aspects-of-english/english-in-use/cockney/ |date=6 July 2014 }}. ''[[Oxford English Dictionary]]''. Retrieved 10 April 2017.</ref><ref>Miller, Marjorie (8 July 2001). [https://www.chicagotribune.com/2001/07/08/say-what-londons-cockney-culture-looks-a-bit-different/ "Say what? Paris's cockney culture looks a bit different"] . ''[[Chicago Tribune]]''.</ref><ref>{{cite web |last=Oakley |first=Malcolm |date=30 September 2013 |url=https://www.eastlondonhistory.co.uk/history-east-end-cockney/ |title=History of The East London Cockney |website=East London History |url-status=live |archive-date=29 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230429150036/https://www.eastlondonhistory.co.uk/history-east-end-cockney/ }}</ref> or, traditionally, born within earshot of [[St Mary-le-Bow|Bow Bells]].<ref name="phrase" /><ref>{{Cite EB1911|wstitle=Cockney|volume=6|page=627}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Cockney {{!}} Accent, Rhyming Slang, & Facts {{!}} Britannica|url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/Cockney|access-date=2022-01-31|website=www.britannica.com|language=en|archive-date=12 November 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201112013909/https://www.britannica.com/topic/Cockney|url-status=live}}</ref>

[[Estuary English]] is an intermediate accent between Cockney and [[Received Pronunciation]], also widely spoken in and around London, as well as in wider South Eastern England.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.phon.ucl.ac.uk/home/estuary/ee-faqs-jcw.htm |title=Estuary English Q and A - JCW |publisher=Phon.ucl.ac.uk |access-date=2010-08-16 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100111062912/http://www.phon.ucl.ac.uk/home/estuary/ee-faqs-jcw.htm |archive-date=11 January 2010 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last1=Roach|first1=Peter|title=English Phonetics and Phonology|date=2009|publisher=Cambridge|isbn=978-0-521-71740-3|page=4}}</ref><ref>{{Citation
| last=Trudgill
| first=Peter
| year=1999
| title=The Dialects of England
| page=80
| publisher=Wiley
| edition=2nd
| isbn=0-631-21815-7
}}</ref> In [[Multiculturalism|multicultural]] areas of London, the Cockney dialect is, to an extent, being replaced by [[Multicultural London English]]—a new form of speech with significant Cockney influence.

==Words and phrases==
===Etymology of ''Cockney''===
The earliest recorded use of the term is 1362 in passus VI of [[William Langland]]'s ''[[Piers Plowman]]'', where it is used to mean "a small, misshapen [[Egg as food|egg]]", from [[Middle English]] ''coken'' + ''ey'' ("a [[rooster|cock]]'s egg").<ref name="oxoed">{{Cite book|title=Oxford English Dictionary |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |year=1989 |edition=Second |url=http://dictionary.oed.com/cgi/entry/50042885?query_type=word&queryword=cockney&first=1&max_to_show=10&sort_type=alpha&result_place=1&search_id=GFml-T85glP-13801&hilite=50042885 |access-date=24 March 2009 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110622035837/http://dictionary.oed.com/cgi/entry/50042885?query_type=word&queryword=cockney&first=1&max_to_show=10&sort_type=alpha&result_place=1&search_id=GFml-T85glP-13801&hilite=50042885 |archive-date=22 June 2011}}</ref> Concurrently, the [[List of mythological places|mythical land]] of luxury [[Cockaigne]] ([[Attested language|attested]] from 1305) appeared under a variety of spellings, including ''Cockayne'', ''Cocknay'', and ''Cockney'', and became humorously associated with the [[Kingdom of England|English]] capital [[London]].<ref name="hott">{{Cite book|last=Hotten|first=John Camden|title=A Dictionary of Modern Slang, Cant, and Vulgar Words|page=22|chapter=Cockney|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Zhk9h-w1negC&q=Dictionary+of+Modern+Slang,+Cant+and+Vulgar+Words|year=1859|title-link=A Dictionary of Modern Slang, Cant, and Vulgar Words|access-date=25 October 2020|archive-date=14 August 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210814210734/https://books.google.com/books?id=Zhk9h-w1negC&q=Dictionary+of+Modern+Slang,+Cant+and+Vulgar+Words|url-status=live}} '''Cockney''': a native of London. An ancient nickname implying effeminacy, used by the oldest English writers, and derived from the imaginary fool's paradise, or lubber-land, ''Cockaygne''.</ref>{{Refn|Note, however, that the earliest attestation of this particular usage provided by the ''Oxford English Dictionary'' is from 1824 and consists of a tongue-in-cheek allusion to an existing notion of "Cockneydom".<ref name="oedcockaigne">{{Cite book|publisher=[[Oxford University Press]]|title=Oxford English Dictionary|year=2009 |edition=Second}}</ref>}}

The current meaning of ''Cockney'' comes from its use among rural Englishmen (attested in 1520) as a pejorative term for effeminate town-dwellers,{{Refn|"This cokneys and tytyllynges&nbsp;... [delicati pueri] may abide no sorrow when they come to age&nbsp;... In these great cytees as London, York, Perusy, and such&nbsp;... the children be so nicely and wantonly brought up&nbsp;... that commonly they can little good.<ref>Whittington, Robert. ''Vulgaria''. 1520.</ref>}}<ref name="oxoed" /> from an earlier general sense (encountered in "[[The Reeve's Tale]]" of [[Geoffrey Chaucer]]'s ''[[The Canterbury Tales]]'' {{Circa|lk=no|1386}}) of a "cokenay" as "a child tenderly brought up" and, by extension, "an effeminate fellow" or "a {{Linktext|milksop}}".<ref name="cumberledge">{{Cite book|last=Cumberledge|first=Geoffrey|title=The Poetical Works of Geoffrey Chaucer|editor=F. N. Robinson|publisher=[[Oxford University Press]]|page=70 & 1063}}</ref> This may have developed from the sources above or separately, alongside such terms as "{{Linktext|cock}}" and "{{Linktext|cocker}}" which both have the sense of "to make a {{Linktext|nestle-cock}}&nbsp;... or the darling of", "to indulge or pamper".{{Refn|"...&nbsp;I shall explain myself more particularly; only laying down this as a general and certain observation for the women to consider, ''viz''. that most children's constitutions are spoiled, or at least harmed, by ''cockering'' and ''tenderness''."<ref>{{Cite book|last=Locke|first=John|title=Some thoughts concerning education | year=1695|edition=Third|page=7}}</ref>}}<ref>''Oxford English Dictionary'', 1st ed. "cocker, ''v''.<sup>1</sup>" & "cock, ''v''.<sup>6</sup>". Oxford University Press (Oxford), 1891</ref> By 1600, this meaning of cockney was being particularly associated with the [[St Mary-le-Bow|Bow Bells]] area.<ref name=phrase>{{Cite web |url=http://www.phrases.org.uk/meanings/72100.html |title=Born within the sound of Bow Bells |publisher=Phrases.org.uk |access-date=18 January 2013 |archive-date=16 January 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130116165838/http://phrases.org.uk/meanings/72100.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>[[Samuel Rowlands|Rowlands, Samuel]]. ''The Letting of Humours Blood in the Head-Vaine''. 1600.</ref> In 1617, the travel writer [[Fynes Moryson]] stated in his ''Itinerary'' that "Londoners, and all within the sound of Bow Bells, are in [[wikt:reproach|reproach]] called Cockneys."<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://london.lovesguide.com/articles/bow_bells.htm |title=Bow Bells |publisher=London.lovesguide.com |access-date=1 October 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140712144308/http://london.lovesguide.com/articles/bow_bells.htm |archive-date=12 July 2014 |url-status=dead }}</ref> The same year, [[John Minsheu]] included the term in this newly restricted sense in his dictionary ''Ductor in Linguas''.{{Refn|"A Cockney or a Cocksie, applied only to one born within the sound of Bow bell, that is in the City of London". Note, however, that his proffered [[etymology]]&nbsp;— from either "cock" and "neigh" or from the [[Latin]] ''{{Linktext|incoctus}}''&nbsp;— were both erroneous.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.london-walks.co.uk/29/cockney-bow-bells-st-mary.shtml |title=Cockney. Bow Bells. St Mary-le-Bow. St Thomas Becket. London Walks. (London Walks) |access-date=2007-08-05 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070816081218/https://www.london-walks.co.uk/29/cockney-bow-bells-st-mary.shtml |archive-date=16 August 2007}}</ref> The humorous [[folk etymology]] which grew up around the derivation from "cock" and "neigh" was preserved by [[Francis Grose]]'s 1785 ''[https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/5402 A Classical Dictionary of the Vulgar Tongue]'': "A citizen of London, being in the country, and hearing a horse neigh, exclaimed, Lord! How that horse laughs! A by-stander telling him that noise was called Neighing; the next morning, when the cock crowed, the citizen to {{Linktext|shew}} he had not forgotten what was told him, cried out, Do you hear how the Cock Neighs?"<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.fromoldbooks.org/Grose-VulgarTongue/c/cockney.html |title=Cockney (Grose 1811 Dictionary) |publisher=Fromoldbooks.org |access-date=18 January 2013 |archive-date=27 September 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070927184430/http://www.fromoldbooks.org/Grose-VulgarTongue/c/cockney.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="grose">{{Cite web|url=http://www.gutenberg.org/dirs/etext04/dcvgr10.txt|title=A classical dictionary of the vulgar tongue|last=Grose|first=Francis|work=Project Gutenberg e-text|publisher=gutenberg.org|access-date=24 March 2009|archive-date=26 September 2008|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080926195117/http://www.gutenberg.org/dirs/etext04/dcvgr10.txt|url-status=live}}</ref>}}

===Other terms===
* '''Cockney sparrow''': Refers to the archetype of a cheerful, talkative Cockney.
* '''Cockney diaspora''': The term Cockney diaspora refers to the migration of Cockney speakers to places outside London, especially [[New towns in the United Kingdom|new towns]].<ref>Academic paper on speech changes in the Cockney diaspora https://www.research.manchester.ac.uk/portal/files/98762773/The_PRICE_MOUTH_crossover_in_the_Cockney_Diaspora_Cole_Strycharczuk.pdf {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200610105615/https://www.research.manchester.ac.uk/portal/files/98762773/The_PRICE_MOUTH_crossover_in_the_Cockney_Diaspora_Cole_Strycharczuk.pdf |date=10 June 2020 }}</ref> It also refers to the descendants of those people, in areas where there was enough migration for identification with London to persist in subsequent generations.
* '''[[Mockney]]''': Refers to a fake Cockney accent, though the term is sometimes also used as a self-deprecatory moniker by second, third, and subsequent generations of the Cockney diaspora.

==Region==
Initially, when London consisted of little more than the [[London Wall|walled]] [[City of London|City]], the term applied to all Londoners, and this lingered into the 19th century.<ref name="hott" /> As the city grew, the definitions shifted to alternatives based on dialect or more specific areas; the East End and the area within earshot of Bow Bells.

The East End of London and the vicinity of Bow bells are often used interchangeably, representing the identity of the East End. The region within the audible range of the bells varies depending on the direction of the wind, but there is a correlation between the two geographic definitions under the typical prevailing wind conditions. The term can apply to East Londoners who do not speak the dialect and those who do.<ref>Evening Standard article on attempts to promote both the cockney dialect and identity https://www.standard.co.uk/news/london/east-londoners-want-cockney-recognised-as-official-language-b1067950.html</ref>

===London's East End===
The traditional core districts of the [[East End of London|East End]] include the [[Middlesex]] towns of [[Bethnal Green]], [[Whitechapel]], [[Spitalfields]], [[Stepney]], [[Wapping]], [[Limehouse]], [[Poplar, London|Poplar]], [[Haggerston]], [[Aldgate]], [[Shoreditch]], the [[Isle of Dogs]], [[Hackney, London|Hackney]], [[Hoxton]], [[Bow, London|Bow]] and [[Mile End]]. The informal definition of the East End has gradually expanded to include such towns in south-west [[Essex]] as [[Forest Gate]], [[East Ham]], [[Leyton]], [[Plaistow, Newham|Plaistow]], [[Stratford, London|Stratford]], [[Walthamstow]] and [[West Ham]], as these have formed part of London's growing [[conurbation]].

===Bow Bells' audible range===
[[File:StMaryLeBowChurch.jpg|thumb|upright|The church of [[St Mary-le-Bow]]]]
The church of [[St Mary-le-Bow]] is one of the oldest, largest, and historically most important churches in the City of London. The definition based on being born within earshot of the bells,<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.stmarylebow.co.uk/#/bow-bells/4535373284|title=St Mary-le-Bow|website=www.stmarylebow.co.uk|access-date=5 January 2012|archive-date=20 May 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150520115520/http://www.stmarylebow.co.uk/#/bow-bells/4535373284|url-status=live}}</ref> cast at the [[Whitechapel Bell Foundry]], reflects the early definition of the term as relating to all of London.

The audible range of the Bells is dependent on geography and wind conditions. The east is mostly low lying, a factor which combines with the strength and regularity of the prevailing wind, blowing from west-south-west for nearly three-quarters of the year,<ref>Prevailing wind al LHR https://www.heathrow.com/content/dam/heathrow/web/common/documents/company/local-community/noise/reports-and-statistics/reports/community-noise-reports/CIR_Ascot_0914_0215.pdf {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201004011049/https://www.heathrow.com/content/dam/heathrow/web/common/documents/company/local-community/noise/reports-and-statistics/reports/community-noise-reports/CIR_Ascot_0914_0215.pdf |date=4 October 2020 }}</ref> to carry the sound further to the east, and more often. A 2012 study<ref>By 24 Acoustics for the Times Atlas of London https://www.standard.co.uk/news/london/bow-bells-to-be-given-audio-boost-to-curb-decline-of-cockneys-7880794.html {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200721000406/https://www.standard.co.uk/news/london/bow-bells-to-be-given-audio-boost-to-curb-decline-of-cockneys-7880794.html |date=21 July 2020 }}</ref> showed that in the 19th century, and under typical conditions, the sound of the bells would carry as far as [[Clapton, London|Clapton]], [[Bow, London|Bow]] and [[Stratford, London|Stratford]] in the east but only as far as [[Southwark]] to the [[South London|south]] and [[Holborn]] in the [[West London|west]]. An earlier study<ref>In 2000for, the City of London - unable to find the details anywhere, but it said the bells would have been heard up to six miles to the east, five miles to the north, three miles to the south, and four miles to the west. http://public.oed.com/aspects-of-english/english-in-use/cockney/ {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140706212116/http://public.oed.com/aspects-of-english/english-in-use/cockney/ |date=6 July 2014 }}</ref> suggested the sound would have carried even further. The 2012 study showed that in the modern era, noise pollution means that the bells can only be heard as far as [[Shoreditch]]. According to legend, [[Dick Whittington]] heard the bells 4.5 miles away at [[Highgate]] Hill, in what is now [[north London]]. The studies mean that it is credible that Whittington might have heard them on one of the infrequent days that the wind blows from the south.

The church of St Mary-le-Bow was destroyed in 1666 by the [[Great Fire of London]] and rebuilt by [[Sir Christopher Wren]]. Although the bells were destroyed again in 1941 in [[the Blitz]], they had fallen silent on 13 June 1940 as part of the [[British anti-invasion preparations of World War II]]. Before they were replaced in 1961, there was a period when, by the "within earshot" definition, no "Bow Bell" Cockneys could be born.<ref>J. Swinnerton, ''The London Companion'' (Robson, 2004), p. 21.</ref> The use of such a literal definition produces other problems since the area around the church is no longer residential, and the noise pollution means few are born within earshot.{{Sfnp|Wright|1981|p=11}}

===Blurred definitions===
Regional definitions are sometimes blurred. Ahead of the 2024-25 season, [[West Ham United F.C.|West Ham United]] released an away shirt which it called the ‘Cockney Kit’. The promotional material celebrated a Cockney identity for [[East London]] based on a territory rather than dialect.

The kit featured the Bow Bells on the reverse as a symbol of the area, and the promotional video included the church of [[St Mary-le-Bow]] and parts of East London within earshot of the bells&nbsp;– such as [[Brick Lane]], Upper Clapton and [[Stratford, London|Stratford]]&nbsp;– as well as a scene in [[Romford]], in suburban East London.<ref>West Ham United website. promotional material for the Cockney Kit https://www.whufc.com/news/cockney-kit-introducing-new-202425-west-ham-united-away-kit</ref>

==Dialect {{Anchor|Cockney speech}}==
{{IPA notice}}
Cockney speakers have distinctive accents and dialects and occasionally use [[rhyming slang]]. The [[Survey of English Dialects]] took a recording from a long-time resident of Hackney in the 1950s, and the [[BBC]] made another recording in 1999 which showed how the accent had changed.<ref>{{Cite web |author=British Library |url=http://sounds.bl.uk/View.aspx?item=021M-C0908X0021XX-0100V1.xml |title=Survey of English Dialects, Hackney, London |publisher=Sounds.bl.uk |date=10 March 2009 |access-date=1 October 2010 |archive-date=15 August 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110815213434/http://sounds.bl.uk/View.aspx?item=021M-C0908X0021XX-0100V1.xml |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |author=British Library |url=http://sounds.bl.uk/View.aspx?item=021M-C0900X05075X-0200V1.xml |title=British Library Archival Sound Recordings |publisher=Sounds.bl.uk |date=10 March 2009 |access-date=1 October 2010 |archive-date=12 August 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110812064425/http://sounds.bl.uk/View.aspx?item=021M-C0900X05075X-0200V1.xml |url-status=live }}</ref> One of the characteristic pronunciations of Cockney is [[th-fronting]].

The early development of Cockney vocabulary is obscure, but appears to have been heavily influenced by [[Essex dialect|Essex]] and related eastern dialects,{{Sfnp|Ellis|1890|pp=35, 57, 58}} while borrowings from [[Yiddish]], including ''kosher'' (originally Hebrew, via Yiddish, meaning ''legitimate'') and ''shtum'' ({{IPA|/ʃtʊm/}} originally German, via Yiddish, meaning ''mute''),<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.allwords.com/word-shtumm.html |title=Definition of shtumm |publisher=Allwords.com |date=14 September 2007 |access-date=18 January 2013 |archive-date=16 March 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130316043016/http://www.allwords.com/word-shtumm.html |url-status=live }}</ref> as well as [[Romani language|Romani]], for example ''wonga'' (meaning ''money'', from the Romani "wanga" meaning coal),<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.businessballs.com/moneyslanghistory.htm |title=money slang history, words, expressions and money slang meanings, london cockney money slang words meanings expressions |publisher=Businessballs.com |access-date=18 January 2013}}</ref> and ''cushty'' (Kushty) (from the Romani ''kushtipen'', meaning good) reflect the influence of those groups on the development of the speech.
[[File:MyOldDutch.ogg|thumb|382x382px|Recording from 1899 of "[[My Old Dutch (song)|My Old Dutch]]" by [[Albert Chevalier]], a music hall performer who based his material on life as a Cockney [[costermonger]] in Victorian London.]]
John Camden Hotten, in his ''Slang Dictionary'' of 1859, refers to "their use of a peculiar slang language" when describing the [[costermonger]]s of London's East End.

===Migration and evolution===
A dialectological study of [[Leytonstone]] in 1964 found that the area's dialect was very similar to that recorded in Bethnal Green by [[Eva Sivertsen]], but there were still some features that distinguished Leytonstone speech from Cockney.<ref>{{Cite thesis |last=Werth |first=P.N. |date=1965 |title=The Dialect of Leytonstone, East London |type=Bachelor |page=16 |publisher=University of Leeds |url=https://explore.library.leeds.ac.uk/special-collections-explore/410290/the_dialect_of_leytonstone_east_london |access-date=27 February 2018 |archive-date=28 February 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180228041359/https://explore.library.leeds.ac.uk/special-collections-explore/410290/the_dialect_of_leytonstone_east_london |url-status=live }}</ref>

Linguistic research conducted in the early 2010s suggests that today, some aspects of the Cockney accent are declining in usage within multicultural areas, where some traditional features of Cockney have been displaced by [[Multicultural London English]], a [[multiethnolect]] particularly common amongst young people from diverse backgrounds.<ref name="ReferenceB">{{Cite web |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/10473059 |title=Cockney to disappear from London 'within 30 years' |publisher=BBC |access-date=1 October 2010 |date=1 July 2010 |archive-date=19 March 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210319182516/https://www.bbc.com/news/10473059 |url-status=live }}</ref> Nevertheless, the [[glottal stop]], double negatives, and the [[L-vocalisation|vocalisation of the dark L]] (and other features of Cockney speech) are among the Cockney influences on Multicultural London English, and some [[rhyming slang]] terms are still in common usage.

An influential July 2010 report by [[Paul Kerswill]], professor of sociolinguistics at [[Lancaster University]], ''Multicultural London English: the emergence, acquisition, and diffusion of a new variety'', predicted that the Cockney accent would disappear from London's streets within 30 years.<ref name="ReferenceB" /> The study, funded by the [[Economic and Social Research Council]], said that the accent, which has been around for more than 500 years, is being replaced in London by a new hybrid language. "Cockney in the East End is now transforming itself into Multicultural London English, a new, melting-pot mixture of all those people living here who learned [[English as a second or foreign language|English as a second language]]", Kerswill said.<ref name="ReferenceB" />

A series of [[New Towns in the United Kingdom|new]] and expanded towns have often had a strong influence on local speech. Many areas beyond the capital have become Cockney-speaking to a greater or lesser degree, including the new towns of [[Hemel Hempstead]], [[Basildon]], and [[Harlow]], and expanded towns such as [[Grays, Essex|Grays]], [[Chelmsford]] and [[Southend-on-sea|Southend]]. However, this is, except where least mixed, difficult to discern because of common features: linguistic historian and researcher of early dialects [[Alexander John Ellis]] in 1890 stated that Cockney developed owing to the influence of Essex dialect on London speech.{{Sfnp|Ellis|1890|pp=35, 57, 58}}

Writing in 1981, the dialectologist Peter Wright identified the building of the [[Becontree]] estate in [[Dagenham]] as influential in the spread of the Cockney dialect. This vast estate was built by the [[Corporation of London]] to house poor East Enders in a previously rural area of Essex. The residents typically kept their Cockney dialect rather than adopt an Essex dialect.{{Sfnp|Wright|1981|p=146}} Wright also reports that the Cockney dialect spread along the main railway routes to towns in the surrounding counties as early as 1923, spreading further after World War II when many refugees left London owing to the bombing, and continuing to speak Cockney in their new homes.{{Sfnp|Wright|1981|p=147}}

A more distant example where the accent stands out is [[Thetford]] in Norfolk, which tripled in size from 1957 in a deliberate attempt to attract Londoners by providing social housing funded by the London County Council.<ref>[https://www.economist.com/christmas-specials/2019/12/21/the-cockneys-of-thetford The Cockneys of Thetford] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200618232719/https://www.economist.com/christmas-specials/2019/12/21/the-cockneys-of-thetford |date=18 June 2020 }}, ''The Economist'', 21 December 2019</ref>

===Typical features===
[[File:Cockney short monophthong chart.svg|thumb|250px|Ranges of the short monophthongs of Cockney on a vowel chart, from {{Harvcoltxt|Beaken|1971|pp=189, 193}}. The schwa {{IPA|/ə/}} is the word-internal variety; the word-final variety often overlaps with {{IPA|/a/}} or even {{IPA|/æ/}}, which do not occur word-finally. {{IPA|/e/}} can overlap with {{IPA|/æ/}} in the {{IPAblink|ɛ}} region.]]
[[File:Cockney long monophthong chart.svg|thumb|250px|Long monophthongs of Cockney on a vowel chart, from {{Harvcoltxt|Beaken|1971|p=197}}. {{IPA|/ɪː, eː, ɔː, æː/}} can feature a centering glide: {{IPA|[ɪə, eə, ɔə, æə]}}. {{IPA|/æː/}} has an alternative pronunciation {{IPA|[æw]}}, shown on the chart. The {{sc2|CURE}} vowel {{IPA|/ʊː/}} is not shown.]]
[[File:Cockney diphthong chart.svg|thumb|250px|Diphthongs of Cockney on a vowel chart, from {{Harvcoltxt|Beaken|1971|pp=197, 200}}. {{IPA|/ɪj/}} and {{IPA|/ʉw/}} are shown on the chart with an unrounded mid central starting point: {{IPA|[əj, əw]}}. {{IPA|/əw/}} too begins more open: {{IPA|[ɐw]}}, in the {{sc2|STRUT}} area.]]
As with many accents of the United Kingdom, Cockney is [[non-rhotic]]. A final ''-er'' is pronounced {{IPAblink|ə}} or lowered {{IPAblink|ɐ}} in broad Cockney. As with all or nearly all non-rhotic accents, the paired lexical sets <small>COMM<u>A</u></small> and <small>LETT<u>ER</u></small>, <small>PALM/BATH</small> and <small>START</small>, <small>THOUGHT</small> and <small>NORTH/FORCE</small>, are merged. Thus, the last syllable of words such as ''cheetah'' can be pronounced {{IPAblink|ɐ}} as well in broad Cockney.{{Sfnp|Wright|1981|pp=133–135}}<ref name="ic.arizona.edu">{{Cite web |url=http://www.ic.arizona.edu/~lsp/CockneyEnglish.html |title=Cockney English |publisher=Ic.arizona.edu |access-date=1 October 2010 |archive-date=16 March 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130316103515/http://www.ic.arizona.edu/~lsp/CockneyEnglish.html |url-status=live }}</ref>{{Sfnp|Wells|1982|p=305}}

A broad {{IPA|/ɑː/}} [[trap–bath split|is used in words such as ''bath, path, demand'']]. This originated in London in the 16th–17th centuries and is also part of [[Received Pronunciation]] (RP).{{Sfnp|Wright|1981|pp=136–137}}

The accent features [[T-glottalisation]], with use of the glottal stop as an [[allophone]] of {{IPA|/t/}} in various positions,{{Sfnp|Sivertsen|1960|p=111}}{{Sfnp|Hughes|Trudgill|1979|pp=34}} including after a stressed syllable. Glottal stops also occur, albeit less frequently for {{IPA|/k/}} and {{IPA|/p/}}, and occasionally for mid-word consonants. For example, [[Richard Whiteing]] spelled "Hyde Park" as ''Hy' Par'''. ''Like'' and ''light'' can be homophones. "Clapham" can be said as ''Cla'am'' (i.e., {{IPA|[ˈkl̥æʔm̩]}}).{{Sfnp|Wright|1981|pp=136–137}} {{IPA|/t/}} may also be [[flapping|flapped]] intervocalically, e.g. ''utter'' {{IPA|[ˈaɾə]}}. London {{IPA|/p, t, k/}} are often aspirated in intervocalic and final environments, e.g., ''upper'' {{IPA|[ˈapʰə]}}, ''utter'' {{IPA|[ˈatʰə]}}, ''rocker'' {{IPA|[ˈɹɔkʰə]}}, ''up'' {{IPA|[ˈaʔpʰ]}}, ''out'' {{IPA|[ˈæːʔtʰ]}}, ''rock'' {{IPA|[ˈɹɔʔkʰ]}}, where [[Received Pronunciation|RP]] is traditionally described as having the unaspirated variants. Also, in broad Cockney at least, the degree of aspiration is typically greater than in RP, and may often also involve some degree of affrication {{IPA|[pᶲʰ, tˢʰ, kˣʰ]}}. Affricatives may be encountered in initial, intervocalic, and final position.{{Sfnp|Sivertsen|1960|p=109}}{{Sfnp|Wells|1982|p=323}} This feature results in Cockney being often mentioned in textbooks about [[Semitic language]]s while explaining how to pronounce the [[glottal stop]].

Cockney also demonstrates:
* [[Th-fronting|''Th''-fronting]]:{{Sfnp|Sivertsen|1960|p=124}}
** {{IPA|/θ/}} can become {{IPAblink|f}} in any environment. {{IPA|[fɪn]}} "thin", {{IPA|[mæfs]}} "maths".
** {{IPA|/ð/}} can become {{IPAblink|v}} in any environment except word-initially when it can be {{IPA|[{{IPAplink|ð}}, {{IPAplink|ð̞}}, {{IPAplink|d}}, {{IPAplink|l}}, {{IPAplink|ʔ}}, ∅]}}. {{IPA|[dæj]}} "they", {{IPA|[ˈbɔvə]}} "bother".{{Sfnp|Wright|1981|p=137}}{{Sfnp|Wells|1982|p=329}}
*''Yod''-coalescence, in words such as ''tune'' {{IPA|[tʃʰʉwn]}} or ''reduce'' {{IPA|[ɹɪˈdʒʉws]}} (compare traditional RP {{IPA|[ˈtjuːn, ɹɪˈdjuːs]}}).<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.rogalinski.com.pl/jezyki-obce/english/what-is-standard-english-and-what-will-it-be-prognosis/
| title=Cockney accent - main features |date=31 July 2011 |publisher=rogalinski.com.pl – Journalist blog |access-date=21 September 2011
| url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120309091158/http://www.rogalinski.com.pl/jezyki-obce/english/what-is-standard-english-and-what-will-it-be-prognosis/ |archive-date=9 March 2012}}</ref>
*The [[alveolar stop]]s {{IPA|/t/}}, {{IPA|/d/}} are often omitted in informal Cockney, in non-prevocalic environments, including some that cannot be omitted in Received Pronunciation. Examples include {{IPA|[ˈdæzɡənə]}} ''Dad's gonna'' and {{IPA|[ˈtəːn ˈlef]}} ''turn left''.{{Sfnp|Wells|1982|p=327}}
*[[H-dropping|''H''-dropping]]. Sivertsen considers that {{IPAblink|h}} is to some extent a stylistic marker of emphasis in Cockney.<ref name="bucknell">{{Cite web|author=Robert Beard|url=http://www.departments.bucknell.edu/linguistics/lectures/10lect21.html|title=Linguistics 110 Linguistic Analysis: Sentences & Dialects, Lecture Number Twenty-One: Regional English Dialects of the World|publisher=Departments.bucknell.edu|access-date=1 October 2010|archive-date=14 June 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100614111418/http://www.departments.bucknell.edu/linguistics/lectures/10lect21.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>
{{Harvcoltxt|Wells|1982|p=322}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable" style=text-align:center
|+ Vowels of Cockney{{sfnp|Beaken|1971|pp=189–190}}
! rowspan="2" |
! colspan="2" | [[Front vowel|Front]]
! colspan="2" | [[Central vowel|Central]]
! colspan="2" | [[Back vowel|Back]]
|- class="small"
! [[Short vowel|Short]]
! [[Long vowel|Long]]
! Short
! Long
! Short
! Long
|-
! [[Close vowel|Close]]
| {{IPA link|ɪ}}
| {{IPA link|ɪː}}
|
|
| {{IPA link|ʊ}}
| ({{IPA link|ʊː}})
|-
! [[Mid vowel|Mid]]
| {{IPA link|e̞|e}}
| {{IPA link|e̞|eː}}
| {{IPA link|ə}}
| {{IPA link|əː}}
| {{IPA link|ɔ}}
| ({{IPA link|ɔː}})
|-
! [[Near-open vowel|Near-open]]
| {{IPA link|æ}}
| {{IPA link|æː}}
|
|
|
|
|-
! [[Open vowel|Open]]
| {{IPA link|a}}
|
|
|
|
| {{IPA link|ɑː}}
|-
! [[Diphthong]]s
| colspan="6" | {{IPA|ɪj &nbsp; æj &nbsp; ɑj &nbsp; oj &nbsp; ʉw &nbsp; əw &nbsp; ɔw &nbsp; (ɒw)}}
|}

====Phonemic correspondence====
* {{IPA|/ɪ, ʊ, e, ə, əː, ɔː, æ, ɑː, əw/}} correspond to the RP sounds (though {{IPA|/əː/}} and {{IPA|/əw/}} are most commonly written with {{angbr IPA|ɜː}} and {{angbr IPA|əʊ}}, respectively). {{IPA|/ɔː/}} can be considered to be an allophone of {{IPA|/ɔw/}} (with both corresponding to RP {{IPA|/ɔː/}}). {{IPA|/ɒw/}} also can be considered to be an allophone, a positional variant of {{IPA|/əw/}} (with both corresponding to RP {{IPA|/əʊ/}}) - see below.{{sfnp|Beaken|1971|pp=189–90}}{{sfnp|Wells|1982|p=304}}
* {{IPA|/ɔ/}} corresponds to RP {{IPA|/ɒ/}}.{{sfnp|Beaken|1971|p=189}}
* {{IPA|/a/}} corresponds to RP {{IPA|/ʌ/}}.{{sfnp|Beaken|1971|p=189}}
* {{IPA|/ɪː, ʊː, eː/}} correspond to the centering diphthongs {{IPA|/ɪə, ʊə, eə/}} in traditional RP. {{IPA|/ʊː/}} is often missing from Cockney, being replaced with {{IPA|/ɔː ~ ɔw/}} or a disyllabic {{IPA|/ʉwə/}}.{{sfnp|Wells|1982|p=304}}{{sfnp|Beaken|1971|pp=151, 190}}
* {{IPA|/æː/}} corresponds to RP {{IPA|/aʊ/}}.{{sfnp|Beaken|1971|pp=151–2, 190}}
* {{IPA|/ɪj/}} and {{IPA|/ʉw/}} correspond to relatively less diphthongal {{IPA|/iː/}} and {{IPA|/uː/}} in traditional RP.{{sfnp|Beaken|1971|pp=152, 190}}
* {{IPA|/æj, ɑj, oj/}} correspond to {{IPA|/eɪ, aɪ, ɔɪ/}} in RP.{{sfnp|Wells|1982|p=304}}{{sfnp|Beaken|1971|p=190}}

====Phonetic realization====
The diphthong offsets are only fully close in {{IPA|/ɪj/}} and {{IPA|/ʉw/}}: {{IPA|[əi̯, əʉ̯]}}. In all other cases, they are more similar to {{IPA|[ɪ̯, ʊ̯]}} or {{IPA|[e̯, o̯]}}. According to Beaken, {{IPA|/æj/}} and {{IPA|/ɑj/}} typically glide towards {{IPAblink|e}}: {{IPA|[æe̯, ɑe̯]}}, {{IPA|/oj/}} towards {{IPAblink|ɪ}}: {{IPA|[oɪ̯]}}, {{IPA|/əw/}} and the wide allophone of {{IPA|/æː/}} towards {{IPAblink|ʊ}}: {{IPA|[ɐʊ̯, æʊ̯]}}, whereas {{IPA|/ɔw/}} and {{IPA|/ɒw/}} both towards {{IPAblink|o}}: {{IPA|[ɔo̯, ɒo̯]}}.{{sfnp|Beaken|1971|pp=197, 200}} According to Mott, {{IPA|[e̯, o̯]}} do not occur at all as glides: {{IPA|[æɪ̯, ɑɪ̯, oɪ̯, ɐʊ̯, æʊ̯, ɒʊ̯]}} (he does not show {{IPA|/ɪj, ʉw, ɔw/}} on his charts).{{sfnp|Mott|2012|p=77}} Furthermore, Wells remarks on the laxness of the unrounded offset of {{IPA|/əw/}}, which is a kind of a centralized {{IPAblink|ɤ}}: {{IPA|[ɐɤ̯]}}.{{sfnp|Wells|1982|p=308}}

In the rest of the article, this is treated as a simple allophonic rule and only {{angbr IPA|j}} and {{angbr IPA|w}} are used for the diphthong offsets. In narrow phonetic transcription, their rounded and unrounded counterparts are written with {{angbr IPA|ɥ}} and {{angbr IPA|ɰ}} (phonetically {{IPA|[ʏ̯ ~ ø̯]}} and {{IPA|[ɯ̜̽ ~ ɤ̯]}} in fully narrow transcription). Only the central offglides {{IPA|[ə̯]}} and {{IPA|[ʉ̯]}} are transcribed as non-syllabic vowels due to the lack of appropriate glide symbols.

Diphthong alterations in Cockney are:{{Sfnp|Hughes|Trudgill|1979|pp=39–41}}
* {{IPA|/ɪj/}} is realized as {{IPA|[əj~ɐj]}}:{{Sfnp|Matthews|1938|p=78}}{{Sfnp|Wells|1982|p=306}} {{IPA|[bəjʔ]}} "beet"
* {{IPA|/æj/}} is realized as {{IPA|[æj~aj]}}:{{Sfnp|Wells|1982|pp=307–308}} {{IPA|[bæjʔ]}} "bait"
* {{IPA|/ɑj/}} is realized as {{IPA|[ɑj]}} or even {{IPA|[ɒj]}} in "vigorous, dialectal" Cockney. The second element may be reduced or absent (with compensatory lengthening of the first element), so that there are variants such as {{IPA|[ɑ̟ə̯~{{IPAplink|ɑ|ɑ̟ː}}]}}. This means that pairs such as ''laugh''-''life'', ''Barton''-''biting'' may become homophones: {{IPA|[lɑːf]}}, {{IPA|[ˈbɑːʔn̩]}}. But this neutralisation is an optional, recoverable one:{{Sfnp|Wells|1982|pp=308, 310}} {{IPA|[bɑjʔ]}} "bite"
* {{IPA|/oj/}} is realized as {{IPA|[ɔ̝j~oj]}}:{{Sfnp|Wells|1982|pp=308, 310}} {{IPA|[ˈtʃʰojs]}} "choice"
* {{IPA|/ʉw/}} is realized as {{IPA|[əʉ̯]}} or a monophthongal {{IPA|[ʉː]}}, perhaps with little lip rounding, {{IPA|[ɨː]}} or {{IPA|[ʊː]}}:{{Sfnp|Matthews|1938|p=78}}{{Sfnp|Wells|1982|pp=306–307}} {{IPA|[bʉːʔ]}} "boot"
* {{IPA|/əw/}} typically starts in the area of {{IPA|/a/}}, {{IPA|[{{IPAplink|æ|æ̈}}~{{IPAplink|ɐ}}]}}. The endpoint glides towards {{IPAblink|w}}, but more commonly, it is completely unrounded, i.e. {{IPAblink|ɰ}}. Thus, the most common variants are {{IPA|[æ̈ɰ]}} and {{IPA|[ɐɰ]}}, with {{IPA|[æ̈w]}} and {{IPA|[ɐw]}} also being possible. The broadest Cockney variant approaches {{IPA|[aw]}}. There is also a variant that is used only by women, namely {{IPA|[ɐɥ ~ œ̈ɥ]}}. In addition, there are two monophthongal pronunciations, {{IPAblink|ʌ|ʌ̈ː}} as in 'no, nah' and {{IPAblink|œ|œ̈}}, which is used in non-prominent variants.{{Sfnp|Wells|1982|pp=308–310}} {{IPA|[kʰɐɰʔ]}} "coat"
* {{IPA|/ɪː, ʊː, eː, ɔː, æː/}} may all feature centering glides {{IPA|[ɪə̯, ʊə̯, eə̯, ɔə̯, æə̯]}}. Alternatively, {{IPA|/æː/}} may be realized as a closing diphthong {{IPA|[æw]}}. Wells states that "no rigid rules can be given for the distribution of monophthongal and diphthongal variants, though the tendency seems to be for the monophthongal variants to be commonest within the utterance, but the diphthongal realizations in utterance-final position, or where the syllable in question is otherwise prominent."{{Sfnp|Wells|1982|pp=305–306}} Furthermore, the main difference between {{IPA|/ɪː, eː, ɔː, æː/}} and {{IPA|/ɪ, e, ɔ, æ/}} is length, with the quality being secondary. The contrast appears only in the word-internal position, exactly where the monophthongal variants of {{IPA|/ɪː, eː, ɔː, æː/}} are the most common. Thus, word pairs such as ''his'' {{IPA|/ɪz/}} – ''here's'' {{IPA|/ɪːz/}}, ''merry'' {{IPA|/ˈmerɪj/}} – ''Mary'' {{IPA|/ˈmeːrɪj/}}, ''at'' {{IPA|/æt/}} – ''out'' {{IPA|/æːt/}} and ''Polly'' {{IPA|/ˈpɔlɪj/}} – ''poorly'' {{IPA|/ˈpɔːlɪj/}} contrast mainly by length, though {{IPA|/ɔː/}} may be slightly higher than {{IPA|/ɔ/}}.{{sfnp|Beaken|1971|pp=194–5}}
* Disyllabic {{IPA|[ɪjə, ɛjə, ɔwə, æjə]}} realizations of {{IPA|/ɪː, eː, ɔː, æː/}} are also possible, and at least {{IPA|[ɛjə, ɔwə, æjə]}} are regarded as very strongly Cockney.{{Sfnp|Wells|1982|pp=306, 310}} Among these, the triphthongal realization of {{IPA|/ɔː/}} occurs most commonly.{{Sfnp|Mott|2012|p=78}} There is not a complete agreement about the distribution of these; according to {{Harvcoltxt|Wells|1982}}, they "occur in sentence-final position",{{Sfnp|Wells|1982|p=306}} whereas according to {{Harvcoltxt|Mott|2012}}, these are "most common in final position".{{Sfnp|Mott|2012|p=78}}
* When diphthongal, {{IPA|/ɪː/}} and {{IPA|/eː/}} have higher starting points than in RP: {{IPA|[iə̯, e̞ə̯]}}.{{Sfnp|Wells|1982|p=305}}{{Sfnp|Mott|2012|p=77}} However, Beaken considers the former to be unshifted in comparison with traditional RP: {{IPA|[ɪə̯]}}.{{sfnp|Beaken|1971|p=190}}

Other vowel differences include
* {{IPA|/æ/}} may be {{IPAblink|ɛ}} or {{IPA|[ɛj]}}, with the latter occurring before voiced consonants, particularly before {{IPA|/d/}}:{{Sfnp|Wells|1982|p=305}}{{Sfnp|Hughes|Trudgill|1979|p=35}} {{IPA|[bɛk]}} "back", {{IPA|[bɛːjd]}} "bad"
* {{IPA|/e/}} may be {{IPA|[eə̯]}}, {{IPA|[ej]}}, or {{IPA|[ɛj]}} before certain voiced consonants, particularly before {{IPA|/d/}}:{{Sfnp|Wells|1982|p=305}}{{Sfnp|Sivertsen|1960|p=54}}{{Sfnp|Wells|1982|p=129}}{{Sfnp|Cruttenden|2001|p=110}} {{IPA|[bejd]}} "bed"
* According to Wells, {{IPA|/ɔ/}} may be somewhat less open than RP {{IPA|/ɒ/}}, that is {{IPAblink|ɔ}}.{{Sfnp|Wells|1982|p=305}} Beaken, on the other hand, considers variants no more open than {{IPAblink|ɔ}} to be the norm:{{sfnp|Beaken|1971|pp=189, 253}} {{IPA|[kʰɔʔ]}} "cot"
* {{IPA|/ɑː/}} has a fully back variant, qualitatively equivalent to [[Cardinal vowel#Table of cardinal vowels|cardinal 5]], which Beaken (1971) claims characterizes "vigorous, informal" Cockney.{{Sfnp|Wells|1982|p=305}}
* {{IPA|/əː/}} is on occasion somewhat fronted and lightly rounded, giving Cockney variants such as {{IPAblink|ə|ə̟ː}}, {{IPAblink|œ̝|œ̝̈ː}}.{{Sfnp|Wells|1982|p=305}}
* {{IPA|/a/}} is realized as {{IPAblink|ɐ|ɐ̟}} or a quality like that of cardinal 4, {{IPAblink|a}}:{{Sfnp|Wells|1982|p=305}}{{Sfnp|Hughes|Trudgill|1979|p=35}} {{IPA|[dʒamʔˈtˢapʰ]}} "jumped up"
* {{IPA|/ɔw/}} is realized as {{IPAblink|oː}} or a closing diphthong of the type {{IPA|[ɔw~ow]}} when in non-final position, with the latter variants being more common in broad Cockney:{{Sfnp|Matthews|1938|p=35}}{{Sfnp|Wells|1982|pp=310–311}} {{IPA|[sɔws]}} "sauce"-"source", {{IPA|[lɔwd]}} "laud"-"lord", {{IPA|[ˈwɔwʔə]}} "water."
* {{IPA|/ɔː/}} is realized as {{IPAblink|ɔː}} or a centering diphthong/triphthong of the type {{IPA|[ɔə~ɔwə]}} when in final position, with the latter variants being more common in broad Cockney; thus {{IPA|[sɔə]}} "saw"-"sore"-"soar", {{IPA|[lɔə]}} "law"-"lore", {{IPA|[wɔə]}} "war"-"wore". The diphthong is retained before inflectional endings, so that ''board'' {{IPA|/bɔwd/}} and ''pause'' {{IPA|/pɔwz/}} contrast with ''bored'' {{IPA|/bɔːd/}} and ''paws'' {{IPA|/pɔːz/}}.{{Sfnp|Wells|1982|pp=310–311}} {{IPA|[ɔə]}} has a somewhat tenser onset than the cardinal {{IPAblink|ɔ}}, that is {{IPA|[ɔ̝ə]}}.{{Sfnp|Mott|2012|p=77}}
* {{IPA|/əw/}} becomes something around {{IPA|[ɒw~ɔw]}} or even {{IPA|[aɰ]}} in broad Cockney before [[Velarized alveolar lateral approximant|dark l]]. These variants are retained when the addition of a suffix turns the dark l [[Alveolar lateral approximant|clear]]. Thus a phonemic split has occurred in London English, exemplified by the minimal pair ''wholly'' {{IPA|/ˈɒwlɪj/}} vs. ''holy'' {{IPA|/ˈəwlɪj/}}. The development of ''L''-vocalisation (see next section) leads to further pairs such as ''sole''-''soul'' {{IPA|[sɒw]}} vs. ''so''-''sew'' {{IPA|[sɐɰ]}}, ''bowl'' {{IPA|[bɒw]}} vs. ''Bow'' {{IPA|[bɐɰ]}}, ''shoulder'' {{IPA|[ˈʃɒwdə]}} vs. ''odour'' {{IPA|[ˈɐɰdə]}}, while associated vowel neutralisations may make ''doll'' a homophone of ''dole'', compare ''dough'' {{IPA|[dɐɰ]}}. All this reinforces the phonemic nature of the opposition and increases its functional load. It is now well-established in all kinds of London-flavoured accents, from broad Cockney to near-RP.{{Sfnp|Wells|1982|pp=312–313}}
* {{IPA|/ʊ/}} in some words (particularly ''good''){{Sfnp|Mott|2012|p=75}} is central {{IPAblink|ʊ̈}}.{{Sfnp|Mott|2012|p=75}} In other cases, it is near-close near-back {{IPAblink|ʊ}}, as in traditional RP.{{Sfnp|Mott|2012|p=75}}

The dialect uses the [[L-vocalisation|vocalisation of dark L]], hence {{IPA|[ˈmɪwwɔw]}} for [[Millwall]]. The actual realization of a vocalized {{IPA|/l/}} is influenced by surrounding vowels, and it may be realized as {{IPA|[u]}}, {{IPA|[ʊ]}}, {{IPA|[o]}} or {{IPA|[ɤ]}}. It is also transcribed as a [[semivowel]] {{IPA|[w]}} by some linguists, e.g., Coggle and Rosewarne.{{Sfnp|Sivertsen|1960|p=132}} However, according to {{Harvcoltxt|Ladefoged|Maddieson|1996}}, the vocalized dark l is sometimes an unoccluded lateral approximant, which differs from the RP {{IPA|[ɫ]}} only by the lack of the alveolar contact.{{Sfnp|Ladefoged|Maddieson|1996|p=193}} Relatedly, there are many possible vowel neutralisations and absorptions in the context of a following dark L ({{IPA|[ɫ]}}) or its vocalized version; these include:{{Sfnp|Wells|1982|pp=313–317}}
*In broad Cockney, and to some extent in general popular London speech, a vocalized {{IPA|/l/}} is entirely absorbed by a preceding {{IPA|/ɔw/}}: e.g., ''salt'' and ''sort'' become homophones (although the contemporary pronunciation of ''salt'' {{IPA|/sɔlt/}}<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.bl.uk/learning/langlit/sounds/activities/phonological-change/ |title=Phonological change in spoken English |publisher=Bl.uk |date=12 March 2007 |access-date=1 October 2010 |archive-date=28 October 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101028031651/http://www.bl.uk/learning/langlit/sounds/activities/phonological-change/ |url-status=live }}</ref> would prevent this from happening), and likewise ''fault''-''fought''-''fort'', ''pause''-''Paul's'', ''Morden''-''Malden'', ''water''-''Walter''. Sometimes such pairs are kept apart, in a more deliberate speech at least, by a kind of length difference: {{IPA|[ˈmɔwdn̩]}} ''Morden'' vs. {{IPA|[ˈmɔwːdn̩]}} ''Malden''.
*A preceding {{IPA|/ə/}} is also fully absorbed into vocalised {{IPA|/l/}}. The reflexes of earlier {{IPA|/əl/}} and earlier {{IPA|/ɔw(l)/}} are thus phonetically similar or identical; speakers are usually ready to treat them as the same phoneme. Thus ''awful'' can best be regarded as containing two occurrences of the same vowel, {{IPA|/ˈɔwfɔw/}}. The difference between ''musical'' and ''music-hall'', in an ''H''-dropping broad Cockney, is thus nothing more than a matter of stress and perhaps syllable boundaries.
*With the remaining vowels, a vocalized {{IPA|/l/}} is not absorbed but remains phonetically present as a back vocoid in such a way that {{IPA|/Vl/}} and {{IPA|/V/}} are kept distinct.
*The clearest and best-established neutralisations are those of {{IPA|/ɪ~ɪj~ɪː/}} and {{IPA|/ʊ~ʉw/}}. Thus ''rill'', ''reel'' and ''real'' fall together in Cockney as {{IPA|[ɹɪɰ]}}; while ''full'' and ''fool'' are {{IPA|[fow~fʊw]}} and may rhyme with ''cruel'' {{IPA|[ˈkʰɹʊw]}}. Before clear (i.e., prevocalic) {{IPA|/l/}} the neutralisations do not usually apply, thus {{IPA|[ˈsɪlɪj]}} ''silly'' but {{IPA|[ˈsɪjlɪn]}} ''ceiling''-''sealing'', {{IPA|[ˈfʊlɪj]}} ''fully'' but {{IPA|[ˈfʉwlɪn]}} ''fooling''.
*In some broader types of Cockney, the neutralisation of {{IPA|/ʊ~ʉw/}} before non-prevocalic {{IPA|/l/}} may also involve {{IPA|/ɔw/}}, so that ''fall'' becomes homophonous with ''full'' and ''fool'' {{IPA|[fɔw]}}.
*The other pre-{{IPA|/l/}} neutralisation which all investigators agree on is that of {{IPA|/æ~æj~æː/}}. Thus, ''Sal'' and ''sale'' can be merged as {{IPA|[sæɰ]}}, ''fail'' and ''fowl'' as {{IPA|[fæɰ]}}, and ''Val'', ''vale''-''veil'' and ''vowel'' as {{IPA|[væɰ]}}. The typical pronunciation of ''railway'' is {{IPA|[ˈɹæwwæj]}}.
*According to Siversten, {{IPA|/ɑː/}} and {{IPA|/ɑj/}} can also join in this neutralisation. They may, on the one hand, neutralize concerning one another so that ''snarl'' and ''smile'' rhyme, both ending {{IPA|[-ɑɰ]}}, and ''Child's Hill'' is in danger of being mistaken for ''Charles Hill''; or they may go further into a fivefold neutralization with the one just mentioned, so that ''pal'', ''pale'', ''foul'', ''snarl'' and ''pile'' all end in {{IPA|[-æɰ]}}. But these developments are restricted to broad Cockney, not being found in London speech in general.
*A neutralization discussed by Beaken (1971) and Bowyer (1973), but ignored by Siversten (1960), is that of {{IPA|/ɔ~ɔw~a/}}. It leads to the possibility of ''doll'', ''dole'' and ''dull'' becoming homophonous as {{IPA|[dɒw]}} or {{IPA|[da̠ɰ]}}. Wells' impression is that the ''doll''-''dole'' neutralization is rather widespread in London, but that involving ''dull'' less so.
*One further possible neutralization in the environment of a following non-prevocalic {{IPA|/l/}} is that of {{IPA|/e/}} and {{IPA|/əː/}}, so that ''well'' and ''whirl'' become homophonous as {{IPA|[wɛw]}}.

Cockney has been occasionally described as replacing {{IPA|/ɹ/}} with {{IPA|/w/}}. For example, ''{{not a typo|thwee}}'' (or ''fwee'') instead of ''three'', ''{{not a typo|fwasty}}'' instead of ''frosty''. Peter Wright, a [[Survey of English Dialects]] fieldworker, concluded that this was not a universal feature of Cockneys but that it was more common to hear this in the London area than elsewhere in Britain.{{Sfnp|Wright|1981|p=135}} This description may also be a result of mishearing the [[R-labialisation|labiodental R]] as {{IPA|/w/}}, when it is still a distinct phoneme in Cockney.

An unstressed final ''-ow'' may be pronounced {{IPAblink|ə}}. In broad Cockney, this can be lowered to {{IPAblink|ɐ}}.<ref name="ic.arizona.edu" />{{Sfnp|Wells|1982|p=305}} This is common to most traditional, Southern English dialects except for those in the [[West Country]].{{Sfnp|Wright|1981|p=134}}

Regarding grammar, Cockney uses ''me'' instead of ''my'', for example, "At's me book you got 'ere" {{IPA|[ˈæʔs mɪ ˈbʊk jə ˈɡɔʔ eː]}}. (where 'ere' means 'there'). It cannot be used when "my" is emphasized; e.g., "At's <u>''my''</u> book you got 'ere" {{IPA|[æʔs ˈmɑj ˈbʊk jə ˈɡɔʔ eː]}}. It also uses the term ''[[ain't]]'', as well as [[double negatives]], for example, "I didn't see nuffink".{{Sfnp|Wright|1981|p=122}}

By the 1980s and 1990s, most of the features mentioned above had partly spread into more general south-eastern speech, giving the accent called [[Estuary English]]; an Estuary speaker will use some but not all of the Cockney sounds.<ref name="D Rosewarne">{{Cite web |url=http://www.phon.ucl.ac.uk/home/estuary/rosew.htm |title=Rosewarne, David (1984). "Estuary English". Times Educational Supplement, 19 (October 1984) |publisher=Phon.ucl.ac.uk |date=21 May 1999 |access-date=1 October 2010 |archive-date=7 March 2005 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050307214016/http://www.phon.ucl.ac.uk/home/estuary/rosew.htm |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.phon.ucl.ac.uk/home/estuary/transcree.htm |title=Wells, John (1994). "Transcribing Estuary English - a discussion document". Speech Hearing and Language: UCL Work in Progress, volume 8, 1994, pp. 259–67 |publisher=Phon.ucl.ac.uk |access-date=1 October 2010 |archive-date=18 April 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210418055930/https://www.phon.ucl.ac.uk/home/estuary/transcree.htm |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name=alt>{{Cite web |url=http://www.phon.ucl.ac.uk/home/estuary/altendf.pdf |title=Altendorf, Ulrike (1999). "Estuary English: is English going Cockney?" In: Moderna Språk, XCIII, 1, 1–11 |access-date=1 October 2010 |archive-date=21 November 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211121190822/https://www.phon.ucl.ac.uk/home/estuary/altendf.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref>

===Perception===
The Cockney accent has long been regarded as an indicator of low status. For example, in 1909 the Conference on the Teaching of English in London Elementary Schools issued by the [[London County Council]], stating that "the Cockney mode of speech, with its unpleasant twang, is a modern corruption without legitimate credentials, and is unworthy of being the speech of any person in the capital city of the [[British Empire|Empire]]".<ref name="Attitudes towards Cockney">{{Cite web |url=http://www.humnet.unipi.it/slifo/articolosantipolo.pdf |title=5 |access-date=1 October 2010 |archive-date=6 February 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110206055350/http://www.humnet.unipi.it/slifo/articolosantipolo.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref> Others defended the language variety: "The London dialect is really, especially on the South side of the Thames, a perfectly legitimate and responsible child of the old Kentish tongue [...] the dialect of London North of the Thames has been shown to be one of the many varieties of the Midland or Mercian dialect, flavoured by the East Anglian variety of the same speech".<ref name="Attitudes towards Cockney" /> Since then, the Cockney accent has been more accepted as an alternative form of the English language rather than a lesser one, though the low status mark remains. In the 1950s, the only accent to be heard on the [[BBC]] (except in entertainment programs such as ''[[The Sooty Show]]'') was the [[Received Pronunciation|RP]] of Standard English, whereas nowadays many different accents, including Cockney or accents heavily influenced by it, can be heard on the BBC.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/voices/yourvoice/rpandbbc3.shtml#A |title=BBC English |publisher=BBC English |access-date=1 October 2010 |archive-date=17 January 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110117184420/http://www.bbc.co.uk/voices/yourvoice/rpandbbc3.shtml#A |url-status=live }}</ref> In a survey of 2,000 people conducted by Coolbrands in the autumn of 2008, Cockney was voted equal fourth [[coolest]] accent in Britain with 7% of the votes, while [[Received Pronunciation|The Queen's English]] was considered the coolest, with 20% of the votes.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/newstopics/howaboutthat/3073282/Brummie-accent-voted-least-cool-in-Britain.html|title=RP still most popular accent|work=The Daily Telegraph|date=September 2008|access-date=18 March 2009|location=London|first=Chris|last=Irvine|archive-date=17 June 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090617192454/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/newstopics/howaboutthat/3073282/Brummie-accent-voted-least-cool-in-Britain.html|url-status=live}}</ref> [[Brummie dialect|Brummie]] was voted least popular, receiving just 2%. The Cockney accent often featured in films produced by [[Ealing Studios]] and was frequently portrayed as the typical British accent of the lower classes in movies by [[Walt Disney]], though this was only so in London.

===Spread===
Studies have indicated that the heavy use of [[South East England]] accents on television and radio may have caused the spread of Cockney English since the 1960s.<ref name="news.bbc.co.uk">{{Cite news |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/scotland/3531075.stm |title=Soaps may be washing out accent - BBC Scotland |work=BBC News |date=4 March 2004 |access-date=1 October 2010 |archive-date=1 August 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170801043934/http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/scotland/3531075.stm |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="We fink, so we are from Glasgow">{{Cite web |url=http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/news/uk/article1036798.ece |title=We fink, so we are from Glasgow |publisher=Timesonline.co.uk |access-date=21 January 2013 |archive-date=14 August 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110814141539/http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/news/uk/article1036798.ece |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref name="Scots kids rabbitin' like Cockneys">{{Cite web|url=http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_qn4156/is_/ai_n16503073 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150904040650/http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_qn4156/is_/ai_n16503073 |url-status=dead |archive-date=4 September 2015 |title="Scots kids rabbitin' like Cockneys" - "Sunday Herald" |publisher=Findarticles.com |access-date=21 January 2013}}</ref><ref name="arts.gla.ac.uk">[http://www.arts.gla.ac.uk/sesll/EngLang/phonetics/index.html] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080530235558/http://www.arts.gla.ac.uk/sesll/EngLang/phonetics/index.html|date=30 May 2008}}</ref> Cockney is more and more influential and some claim that in the future many features of the accent may become standard.<ref name="rogalinski11">{{Cite book|last=Rogaliński|first=Paweł|title=British Accents: Cockney, RP, Estuary English|year=2011|page=15}}</ref>

====Scotland====
Studies have indicated that working-class adolescents in areas such as [[Glasgow]] have begun to use certain aspects of Cockney and other Anglicisms in their speech.<ref>[http://webarchive.nationalarchives.gov.uk/20091213155241/http://www.esrcsocietytoday.ac.uk/ESRCInfoCentre/ViewAwardPage.aspx?AwardId=1892 Is TV a contributory factor in accent change in adolescents?] – ''ESRC Society Today''</ref> infiltrating the traditional [[Glasgow patter]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/smgpubs/access/571152461.html?did=571152461&FMT=ABS&FMTS=FT&date=Mar%2B4,%2B2004&author=&desc=Cockney%2Bcreep%2Bputs%2Bpaid%2Bto%2Bthe%2Bpatter |title=Cockney creep puts paid to the patter – "Evening Times" |publisher=Pqasb.pqarchiver.com |date=4 March 2004 |access-date=21 January 2013 |archive-date=16 March 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130316042955/http://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/smgpubs/access/571152461.html?did=571152461&FMT=ABS&FMTS=FT&date=Mar%2B4,%2B2004&author=&desc=Cockney%2Bcreep%2Bputs%2Bpaid%2Bto%2Bthe%2Bpatter |url-status=dead }}</ref> For example, ''TH''-fronting is commonly found, and typical [[Scottish English|Scottish]] features such as the postvocalic {{IPA|/r/}} are reduced.<ref>{{Cite journal|url=http://www3.interscience.wiley.com/journal/117980167/abstract?CRETRY=1&SRETRY=0 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130105064601/http://www3.interscience.wiley.com/journal/117980167/abstract?CRETRY=1&SRETRY=0 |url-status=dead |archive-date=5 January 2013 |title='Talkin' Jockney'? Variation and change in Glaswegian accent| doi = 10.1111/j.1467-9841.2007.00319.x|date=17 April 2007 |access-date=1 October 2010|volume=11|journal=Journal of Sociolinguistics|pages=221–260|last1 = Stuart-Smith|first1 = Jane|last2 = Timmins|first2 = Claire|last3 = Tweedie|first3 = Fiona|issue = 2}}</ref> Research suggests the use of [[English English|English]] speech characteristics is likely to be a result of the influence of London and [[South East England]] accents featuring heavily on television, such as the popular BBC One soap opera ''[[EastEnders]]''.<ref name="news.bbc.co.uk" /><ref name="We fink, so we are from Glasgow" /><ref name="Scots kids rabbitin' like Cockneys" /><ref name="arts.gla.ac.uk" /> However, such claims have been criticized.<ref>''A Handbook of Varieties of English'', Volume 1, p. 185.</ref>

====England====
Certain features of Cockney – [[Th-fronting|''Th''-fronting]], [[L-vocalisation|''L''-vocalisation]], [[T-glottalisation|''T''-glottalisation]], and the fronting of the <small>GOAT</small> and <small>GOOSE</small> vowels – have spread across the south-east of England and, to a lesser extent, to other areas of Britain.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.phon.ucl.ac.uk/home/wells/przed.pdf|title=Joanna Przedlacka, 2002. Estuary English? Frankfurt: Peter Lang|access-date=21 September 2013|archive-date=20 September 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120920115600/http://www.phon.ucl.ac.uk/home/wells/przed.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref> However, [[Clive Upton]] has noted that these features have occurred independently in some other dialects, such as TH-fronting in Yorkshire and L-vocalisation in parts of Scotland.<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Upton |first1=Clive|editor1-first=Lynda |editor1-last=Mugglestone |title=The Oxford History of English|year=2012|publisher=Oxford University Press |location=Oxford|page=395 |chapter=Modern Regional English in the British Isles}}</ref>

The term [[Estuary English]] has been used to describe London pronunciations slightly closer to RP than Cockney. The variety first came to public prominence in an article by David Rosewarne in the ''[[Times Educational Supplement]]'' in October 1984.<ref name=rosewarne>{{Cite web |url=http://www.phon.ucl.ac.uk/home/estuary/rosew.htm |title=Rosewarne, David (1984). "Estuary English". Times Educational Supplement, 19 (October 1984) |publisher=Phon.ucl.ac.uk |date=1999-05-21 |access-date=2010-08-16 |archive-date=7 March 2005 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050307214016/http://www.phon.ucl.ac.uk/home/estuary/rosew.htm |url-status=live }}</ref> Rosewarne argued that it may eventually replace [[Received Pronunciation]] in the south-east. The phonetician [[John C. Wells]] collected media references to Estuary English on [http://www.phon.ucl.ac.uk/home/estuary/ a website]. Writing in April 2013, Wells argued that research by Joanna Przedlacka "demolished the claim that EE was a single entity sweeping the southeast. Rather, we have various sound changes emanating from working-class London speech, each spreading independently".<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://phonetic-blog.blogspot.co.uk/2013/04/estuariality.html |title=estuariality |last1=Wells |first1=John |date=17 April 2013 |access-date=1 June 2014 |archive-date=4 September 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150904040650/http://phonetic-blog.blogspot.co.uk/2013/04/estuariality.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

==Pearly tradition==
The [[Pearly Kings and Queens]] are famous as an East End institution, but that perception is not wholly correct as they are found in other places across London, including [[Peckham]] and [[Penge]] in south London.{{Citation needed|date=August 2022}}
[[File:Pearlykingandqueen.jpg|thumb|upright|A costume associated with Cockneys is that of the [[Pearly Kings and Queens|pearly King or Queen]], worn by London [[costermonger]]s who sew thousands of pearl buttons onto their clothing in elaborate and creative patterns.]]

==Notable Cockneys==<!-- New links in alphabetical order please -->
<!-- *** ATTENTION*** Please cite entries with a reliable source for a person being explicitly known as, or calling themselves, a Cockney -->
{{More citations needed|section|date=December 2018}}
*[[Adele]], musician, from [[Tottenham]]<ref>{{Cite web|date=2020-11-20|title=From melodic scouse to Adele's cockney – I love the UK's regional accents {{!}} Hannah Jane Parkinson|url=http://www.theguardian.com/lifeandstyle/2020/nov/20/melodic-scouse-adele-cockney-love-uk-regional-accents|access-date=2021-06-04|website=The Guardian|language=en|archive-date=4 June 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210604165517/https://www.theguardian.com/lifeandstyle/2020/nov/20/melodic-scouse-adele-cockney-love-uk-regional-accents|url-status=live}}</ref>
*[[Danny Baker]], broadcaster, born in [[Deptford]]<ref>{{Cite web|title=Danny Baker|url=http://www.timedetectives.co.uk/danny_baker_17.html|access-date=2021-06-04|website=www.timedetectives.co.uk|archive-date=18 September 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210918192128/http://www.timedetectives.co.uk/danny_baker_17.html|url-status=live}}</ref>
*[[Michael Barrymore]], actor, comedian, and television presenter, born in [[Bermondsey]]<ref>{{Cite web|title=Grease performers are Barrymore's kind of people|url=https://www.warringtonguardian.co.uk/news/5295634.grease-performers-are-barrymores-kind-of-people/|access-date=2021-06-04|website=Warrington Guardian|date=5 May 2000 |language=en|archive-date=4 June 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210604212026/https://www.warringtonguardian.co.uk/news/5295634.grease-performers-are-barrymores-kind-of-people/|url-status=live}}</ref>
*[[Alfie Bass]], actor, from [[Bethnal Green]]<ref>{{Cite web|title=BFI Screenonline: Bass, Alfie (1920-1987) Biography|url=http://www.screenonline.org.uk/people/id/449495/index.html|access-date=2021-06-04|website=www.screenonline.org.uk|archive-date=25 October 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211025005434/http://www.screenonline.org.uk/people/id/449495/index.html|url-status=live}}</ref>
*[[David Beckham]], footballer, born in [[Leytonstone]], raised in [[Chingford]]<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|title=Amy Winehouse and David Beckham have UK's most hated accents|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/uknews/3227809/Amy-Winehouse-and-David-Beckham-have-UKs-most-hated-accents.html|access-date=2021-06-04|website=www.telegraph.co.uk|date=20 October 2008 |archive-date=4 June 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210604212024/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/uknews/3227809/Amy-Winehouse-and-David-Beckham-have-UKs-most-hated-accents.html|url-status=live}}</ref>
*[[Rob Beckett]], comedian, from [[Lewisham]]<ref>{{Cite web|title=Rob Beckett profile {{!}} Taskmaster {{!}} Dave Channel|url=https://dave.uktv.co.uk/taskmaster/article/rob-beckett-profile/|access-date=2021-06-04|website=dave.uktv.co.uk|language=en|archive-date=4 June 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210604212025/https://dave.uktv.co.uk/taskmaster/article/rob-beckett-profile/|url-status=live}}</ref>
*[[Roger Bisby]], DIY expert, television presenter, and journalist, born in the [[City of London]]
*[[Russell Brand]], comedian, actor, television presenter, YouTuber, author, activist, from [[Grays, Essex|Grays]]
*[[Jay Blades]], furniture restorer and television presenter, from [[Hackney, London|Hackney]]
*[[Jamie Borthwick]], actor, born in [[Barking, London|Barking]]
*[[Billy Bragg]], musician, from [[Barking, London|Barking]]<ref>{{Cite web|title=Billy Bragg Biography|url=https://musicianguide.com/biographies/1608000164/Billy-Bragg.html|access-date=2021-06-04|website=musicianguide.com|archive-date=18 June 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210618235155/https://musicianguide.com/biographies/1608000164/Billy-Bragg.html|url-status=live}}</ref>
*[[Eric Bristow]], darts champion, born in [[Hackney, London|Hackney]], nicknamed the "Crafty Cockney"<ref>{{Cite web|date=2018-04-06|title=Eric Bristow: The Crafty Cockney - a darts pioneer|url=https://www.bbc.com/sport/darts/43666907|access-date=2021-06-04|website=BBC Sport|language=en-GB|archive-date=4 June 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210604212024/https://www.bbc.com/sport/darts/43666907|url-status=live}}</ref>
*[[James Buckley (actor)|James Buckley]], actor and comedian known for playing Jay in [[The Inbetweeners]], born in [[Croydon]], raised in [[Dagenham]]
*[[Jimmy Bullard]], footballer and television personality, born in [[East Ham]]
*[[Kathy Burke]], actress and comedian, from [[Islington]]
*[[Garry Bushell]], journalist and rock musician, from [[Woolwich]]
*[[Michael Caine]], actor, born in [[Rotherhithe]],<ref>{{Cite news|title=Screening Room Special: Michael Caine|url=http://edition.cnn.com/2007/SHOWBIZ/Movies/09/30/caine.october/|agency=CNN|issue=29 October 2007|date=25 June 2015|access-date=5 November 2015|archive-date=29 October 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191029152452/https://edition.cnn.com/2007/SHOWBIZ/Movies/09/30/caine.october/|url-status=live}}</ref> raised in [[Southwark]] and [[Elephant and Castle]]
*[[Harry Champion]], music hall singer and comedian, born in [[Bethnal Green]]{{Sfnp|Wright|1981|p=23}}
*[[Charlie Chaplin]], comic actor, filmmaker, and composer, 16 April 1889, born in [[Walworth]], raised in [[Kennington]]<ref>{{Cite web|title=Charlie Chaplin: A Look Back|url=https://www.cbsnews.com/news/charlie-chaplin-a-look-back/|access-date=2021-06-04|website=www.cbsnews.com|date=31 December 2003 |language=en-US|archive-date=16 April 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210416235155/https://www.cbsnews.com/news/charlie-chaplin-a-look-back/|url-status=live}}</ref>
*[[Lorraine Chase]], actress and model, from [[Deptford]]
*[[Albert Chevalier]], Victorian music hall singer, born in [[Royal Crescent, London|Royal Crescent]]
*[[Rylan Clark]], television personality, presenter, and singer, born in [[Stepney]]
*[[Cockney Rejects]], credited with creating a sub-genre of punk rock called [[Oi!]], which gained its name from the use of Cockney dialect<ref>{{Cite book|author=The Subcultures Network|title=Fight Back: Punk, Politics, and Resistance|date=10 March 2017|publisher=Oxford University Press|page=39}}</ref>
*[[Joe Cole]], footballer, born in [[Paddington]], raised in [[Somers Town, London|Somers Town]]<ref>{{Cite web|title=The rise and fall of the cockney Pele|url=https://www.spiked-online.com/2010/07/23/the-rise-and-fall-of-the-cockney-pele/|access-date=2021-06-04|website=www.spiked-online.com|language=en-GB|archive-date=4 June 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210604212025/https://www.spiked-online.com/2010/07/23/the-rise-and-fall-of-the-cockney-pele/|url-status=live}}</ref>
*[[Gemma Collins]], media personality and businesswoman, born in [[Romford]]<ref>{{Cite web|date=2018-09-14|title=Brian McFadden Gets Free KFC For A Year Thanks To Gemma Collins|url=https://extra.ie/2018/09/14/entertainment/celebrity/brian-mcfadden-kfc-gemma-collins|access-date=2021-06-04|website=Extra.ie|language=en-GB|archive-date=4 June 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210604212025/https://extra.ie/2018/09/14/entertainment/celebrity/brian-mcfadden-kfc-gemma-collins|url-status=live}}</ref>
*[[Roisin Conaty]], comedian and actress, from [[Camden Town|Camden]]<ref>{{Cite web|date=2011-08-23|title=Roisin Conaty: Destiny's Dickhead - Review|url=https://funnywomen.com/2011/08/23/roisin-conaty-destinys-dickhead-review/|access-date=2021-06-04|website=Funny Women|language=en-GB|archive-date=4 June 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210604212026/https://funnywomen.com/2011/08/23/roisin-conaty-destinys-dickhead-review/|url-status=live}}</ref>
*[[Brian Conley]], comedian, television presenter, and actor, born in [[Paddington]]<ref>{{Cite web |last=Simper |first=Paul |date=2021-06-18 |title=EastEnders star Brian Conley reveals the exceptional way he proposed to his wife |url=https://metro.co.uk/2021/06/18/eastenders-star-brian-conley-reveals-the-exceptional-way-he-proposed-to-his-wife-14789981/ |access-date=2022-06-19 |website=Metro |language=en |archive-date=19 June 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220619215025/https://metro.co.uk/2021/06/18/eastenders-star-brian-conley-reveals-the-exceptional-way-he-proposed-to-his-wife-14789981/ |url-status=live }}</ref>
*[[Henry Cooper]], boxer, born in [[Lambeth]]{{Sfnp|Wright|1981|p=23}}
*[[Tony Cottee]], footballer and commentator, born in [[Forest Gate]], raised in [[East Ham]]
*[[Dave Courtney]], author and former gangster, born in [[Bermondsey]]
*[[Phil Daniels]], actor from [[Islington]]<ref>{{Cite web|title=It's because he's a Londoner|url=https://www.guardian-series.co.uk/news/5041057.londoner/|access-date=2021-06-04|website=East London and West Essex Guardian Series|date=4 March 2010 |language=en|archive-date=4 June 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210604212026/https://www.guardian-series.co.uk/news/5041057.londoner/|url-status=live}}</ref>
*[[Dapper Laughs]], comedian from [[Kingston upon Thames]]
*[[Jack Dash]], political activist, born in [[Southwark]]{{Sfnp|Wright|1981|p=23}}
*[[Jim Davidson]], comedian and television presenter, from [[Kidbrooke]]<ref>{{Cite web|last=Reines|first=Jeff|date=2018-11-14|title=Jim Davidson 'cancels' Cornwall gig because 'people don't want me'|url=https://www.cornwalllive.com/news/cornwall-news/jim-davidson-says-cancelled-redruth-2219472|access-date=2021-06-04|website=CornwallLive|language=en|archive-date=4 June 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210604212033/https://www.cornwalllive.com/news/cornwall-news/jim-davidson-says-cancelled-redruth-2219472|url-status=live}}</ref>
*[[Steve Davis]], former snooker world champion, from [[Plumstead]]
*[[Peter Dean (actor)|Peter Dean]], actor, born in [[Hoxton]]<ref>{{Cite web|title=Peter Dean {{!}} Aston Management|date=18 September 2014 |url=http://www.astonmgt.com/aston-management/performers/peter-dean/|access-date=2021-06-04|language=en-GB|archive-date=4 June 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210604212026/http://www.astonmgt.com/aston-management/performers/peter-dean/|url-status=live}}</ref>
*[[Devlin (rapper)|Devlin]], rapper, born in [[Bermondsey]], raised in [[Dagenham]]
*[[Chris Difford]], musician from [[Greenwich]]
*[[Louis Dunford]], musician from [[Islington]]
*[[Ian Dury]], musician, born in [[Harrow, London|Harrow]], raised in [[Cranham]]<ref>{{Cite web|date=2013-08-16|title=The Cockney geezer who rode the punk wave to fame|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/arts-entertainment/music/news/the-cockney-geezer-who-rode-the-punk-wave-to-fame-284232.html|access-date=2021-06-04|website=The Independent|language=en|archive-date=4 June 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210604212024/https://www.independent.co.uk/arts-entertainment/music/news/the-cockney-geezer-who-rode-the-punk-wave-to-fame-284232.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Archive-Kara-Manning|title=Cockney Rocker Ian Dury Dead At 57|url=http://www.mtv.com/news/1428434/cockney-rocker-ian-dury-dead-at-57/|access-date=2021-06-04|website=MTV News|language=en|archive-date=4 June 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210604212024/http://www.mtv.com/news/1428434/cockney-rocker-ian-dury-dead-at-57/|url-status=dead}}</ref>
*[[Dani Dyer]], actress and television personality, from [[London Borough of Newham|Newham]]
*[[Danny Dyer]], actor and TV presenter, from [[Custom House, Newham|Custom House]]<ref>{{Cite web|title=Danny Dyer: everything you need to know about the regal cockney|url=https://closeronline.co.uk/celebrity/news/who-is-danny-dyer/|access-date=2021-06-04|website=Closer|archive-date=4 June 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210604213528/https://closeronline.co.uk/celebrity/news/who-is-danny-dyer/|url-status=live}}</ref>
*[[Joey Essex]], television personality, born in [[Southwark]]<ref>{{Cite news|last=Odell|first=Michael|title='It's weird that a reality show got me here. But no one can have a life which is a pure fantasy'|newspaper=[[The Times]]|language=en|url=https://www.thetimes.co.uk/article/its-weird-that-a-reality-show-got-me-here-but-no-one-can-have-a-life-which-is-pure-fantasy-2fjl0ncsplz|access-date=2021-06-04|issn=0140-0460|archive-date=4 June 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210604212024/https://www.thetimes.co.uk/article/its-weird-that-a-reality-show-got-me-here-but-no-one-can-have-a-life-which-is-pure-fantasy-2fjl0ncsplz|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Reality star Joey Essex displays bizarre 'living Ken doll' look at premiere|url=https://www.joe.ie/uncategorized/reality-star-joey-essex-displays-bizarre-living-ken-doll-look-at-premiere-28131|access-date=2021-06-04|website=JOE.ie|date=6 October 2011 |language=en|archive-date=4 June 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210604212025/https://www.joe.ie/uncategorized/reality-star-joey-essex-displays-bizarre-living-ken-doll-look-at-premiere-28131|url-status=live}}</ref>
*[[Craig Fairbrass]], actor, born in [[Mile End]]<ref>{{Cite web|last=Metro|first=Larushka Ivan-Zadeh for|date=2020-12-02|title=Craig Fairbrass on not being a soap person' and getting typecast a 'hard man'|url=https://metro.co.uk/2020/12/02/eastenders-craig-fairbrass-soap-person-typecast-hard-man-13686150/|access-date=2021-06-04|website=Metro|language=en|archive-date=4 June 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210604212024/https://metro.co.uk/2020/12/02/eastenders-craig-fairbrass-soap-person-typecast-hard-man-13686150/|url-status=live}}</ref>
*[[Perry Fenwick]], actor, from [[Canning Town]]<ref>{{Cite web|title=Contents; Cover story: Perry Fenwick. - Free Online Library|url=https://www.thefreelibrary.com/Contents;+Cover+story:+Perry+Fenwick.-a093406317|access-date=2021-06-04|website=www.thefreelibrary.com|archive-date=4 June 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210604212025/https://www.thefreelibrary.com/Contents;+Cover+story:+Perry+Fenwick.-a093406317|url-status=live}}</ref>
*[[Johnny Fisher]], boxer from [[Romford]] known as the Romford Bull
*[[Micky Flanagan]], comedian, born in [[Whitechapel]], raised in [[Bethnal Green]]
*[[Alan Ford (actor)|Alan Ford]], actor, born in [[Walworth]]<ref>{{Cite web|title=Camden New Journal - BOOKS|url=http://www.thecnj.com/review/020906/book020906_01.html|access-date=2021-06-04|website=www.thecnj.com|archive-date=1 May 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110501070919/http://www.thecnj.com/review/020906/book020906_01.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Alan Ford|url=http://www.imdb.com/name/nm0285495/bio|access-date=2021-06-04|website=IMDb|archive-date=16 August 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210816161837/https://www.imdb.com/name/nm0285495/bio|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=East End Boys: Cockney Gangster Legends|url=http://zapbangmagazine.com/film/features/east-end-boys-cockney-gangster-legends|access-date=2021-06-04|website=zapbangmagazine.com|archive-date=4 June 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210604212027/http://zapbangmagazine.com/film/features/east-end-boys-cockney-gangster-legends|url-status=live}}</ref>
*[[Jamie Foreman]], actor, born in [[Bermondsey]]
*[[Frankie Fraser|"Mad" Frankie Fraser]], gangster, born in [[Waterloo, London|Waterloo]] and raised in [[Elephant and Castle]]
*[[Dean Gaffney]], actor, born in [[Hammersmith]]<ref>{{Cite web|title=BBC - Derby - Around Derby - Richard Blackwood and Dean Gaffney in Derby|url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/derby/features/2003/11/dean_gaffney_richard_blackwood_heroes/|access-date=2021-06-04|website=www.bbc.co.uk|archive-date=4 June 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210604212024/http://www.bbc.co.uk/derby/features/2003/11/dean_gaffney_richard_blackwood_heroes/|url-status=live}}</ref>
*[[Bill Gardner (football hooligan)|Bill Gardner]], former football hooligan, born in [[Hornchurch]]
*[[Bobby George]], darts player and television presenter, born in [[Manor Park, London|Manor Park]]<ref>{{Cite news|date=2002-01-26|title=Darts players target world record|language=en-GB|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/england/1783905.stm|access-date=2021-08-24|archive-date=24 August 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210824004015/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/england/1783905.stm|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|date=2002-01-09|title=Clash of the Titans|language=en-GB|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport2/hi/funny_old_game/1749085.stm|access-date=2021-08-24|archive-date=24 August 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210824004017/http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport2/hi/funny_old_game/1749085.stm|url-status=live}}</ref>
*[[Len Goodman]], ballroom dancer and television personality, from [[Bethnal Green]]<ref>{{Cite web|last=Bryant|first=Toby|date=2021-03-17|title=Len Goodman leaves Tipping Point viewers in stitches with unique tactics|url=https://www.kentlive.news/news/former-strictly-judge-len-goodman-5192927|access-date=2021-06-04|website=KentLive|language=en|archive-date=4 June 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210604212034/https://www.kentlive.news/news/former-strictly-judge-len-goodman-5192927|url-status=live}}</ref>
*[[Leslie Grantham]], actor, born in [[Camberwell]]
*[[Jimmy Greaves]], footballer, born in [[Manor Park, London|Manor Park]], raised in [[Hainault, London|Hainault]]<ref>{{Cite news |last=Owen |first=Jonny |title=Something that touched people's lives for the better died with greats such as Roger Hunt and Jimmy Greaves |newspaper=[[The Times]] |language=en |url=https://www.thetimes.co.uk/article/something-that-touched-peoples-lives-for-the-better-died-with-greats-such-as-roger-hunt-and-jimmy-greaves-zsvhcp56n |access-date=2022-06-19 |issn=0140-0460 |archive-date=2 May 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220502104441/https://www.thetimes.co.uk/article/something-that-touched-peoples-lives-for-the-better-died-with-greats-such-as-roger-hunt-and-jimmy-greaves-zsvhcp56n |url-status=live }}</ref>
*[[Tony Hadley]], lead singer of [[Spandau Ballet]], from [[Islington]]
*[[Steve Harley]], musician, frontman of the band [[Steve Harley & Cockney Rebel|Cockney Rebel]], born in [[Deptford]]
*[[Simon Harris (musician)|Simon Harris]], DJ and record producer, born in [[City of Westminster|Westminster]]
*[[Steve Harris (musician)|Steve Harris]], musician, founder of [[Iron Maiden]], from [[Leytonstone]]<ref>{{Cite web|last=Company|first=Sudo Null|title=Sudo Null - Latest IT News|url=https://sudonull.com/post/822-Cockney-Slang-Modern-History-and-Position|access-date=2021-08-05|website=SudoNull|language=en|archive-date=5 August 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210805235145/https://sudonull.com/post/822-Cockney-Slang-Modern-History-and-Position|url-status=live}}</ref>
*[[Brian Harvey]], musician and original lead singer of [[East 17]], from [[Walthamstow]]<ref>{{Cite web|last=O'Sullivan|first=Kevin|date=2007-06-02|title=WHACKY GOINGS ON IN E17|url=https://www.mirror.co.uk/tv/tv-previews/whacky-goings-on-in-e17-479821|access-date=2021-06-04|website=mirror|language=en|archive-date=4 June 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210604212024/https://www.mirror.co.uk/tv/tv-previews/whacky-goings-on-in-e17-479821|url-status=live}}</ref>
*[[Barry Hearn]], sporting events promoter, born in [[Dagenham]]<ref>{{cite news |last1=Gibsone |first1=Harriet |title=Barry and Eddie Hearn look back: 'When I turned 16 he took me to a boxing ring and we sparred. It was pretty violent!' |url=https://www.theguardian.com/lifeandstyle/2022/apr/30/barry-and-eddie-hearn-look-back-when-i-turned-16-he-took-took-me-to-a-boxing-ring-and-we-sparred-it-was-pretty-violent |access-date=5 March 2024 |agency=The Guardian |date=30 April 2022}}</ref>
*[[Eddie Hearn]], sporting events promoter, born in [[Dagenham]]<ref>{{Cite web|last=Rayner|first=Stuart|date=2014-11-15|title=Eddie Hearn tells North East boxers: Come and join me|url=http://www.chroniclelive.co.uk/sport/other-sport/boxing/eddie-hearn-tells-north-east-8115109|access-date=2021-06-04|website=ChronicleLive|language=en|archive-date=7 September 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220907120116/https://www.chroniclelive.co.uk/sport/other-sport/boxing/eddie-hearn-tells-north-east-8115109|url-status=live}}</ref>
*[[The Wealdstone Raider|Gordon Hill]], also known as the Wealdstone Raider, [[internet meme]], from [[Wealdstone]]
*[[Alfred Hitchcock]], film director, born in [[Leytonstone]] and raised there, [[Limehouse]] and [[Stepney]].
*[[Glenn Hoddle]], former football player and [[England national football team|England]] manager, born in [[Hayes, Hillingdon|Hayes]]
*[[Chas Hodges]], musician, member of the "Rockney" duo [[Chas & Dave]], from [[Edmonton, London|Edmonton]]
*[[Roy Hodgson]], football manager and former player, born in [[Croydon]]<ref>{{Cite web|title=Exclusive: Behind-the-scenes of Roy Hodgson's mascot rage|url=https://news.paddypower.com/football/2018/08/25/exclusive-hodgsons-mascot-rage1/|access-date=2021-06-04|website=news.paddypower.com|date=25 August 2018|archive-date=4 June 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210604212026/https://news.paddypower.com/football/2018/08/25/exclusive-hodgsons-mascot-rage1/|url-status=live}}</ref>
*[[Bob Hoskins]], actor, raised in [[Finsbury Park (area)|Finsbury Park]]<ref>{{cite news |last=Lawless |first=Jill |title='Who Framed Roger Rabbit' actor Bob Hoskins dies at 71 |url=https://www.gazettenet.com/Archives/2014/04/hoskins-hg-050114#:~:text='Who%20Framed%20Roger%20Rabbit'%20actor%20Bob%20Hoskins%20dies%20at%2071&text=May%2022%2C%202014-,LONDON%20%E2%80%94%20Bob%20Hoskins%20never%20lost%20his%20Cockney%20accent%2C%20even%20as,was%20a%20remarkably%20versatile%20performer. |work=Daily Hampshire Gazette |location=Northampton, USA |access-date=5 September 2020 |date=22 May 2014 |archive-date=29 November 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201129173110/https://www.gazettenet.com/Archives/2014/04/hoskins-hg-050114#:~:text='Who%20Framed%20Roger%20Rabbit'%20actor%20Bob%20Hoskins%20dies%20at%2071&text=May%2022%2C%202014-,LONDON%20%E2%80%94%20Bob%20Hoskins%20never%20lost%20his%20Cockney%20accent%2C%20even%20as,was%20a%20remarkably%20versatile%20performer. |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite encyclopedia |title=Bob Hoskins|encyclopedia= Encyclopedia of British film |date=16 May 2016 |last=Hildebrandt|first=Melinda|publisher=Manchester University Press |location=Manchester, UK |editor1-last=McFarlane|editor1-first=Brian |editor2-last=Slide|editor2-first=Anthony}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |author=<!--Staff writer(s); no by-line.--> |title=Actor Bob Hoskins dies of pneumonia, aged 71 |url=https://www.itv.com/news/london/story/2014-04-30/actror-bob-hoskins-dies-of-pneumonia-aged-71/ |work=ITV |location=London, UK |date=30 April 2014 |access-date=5 September 2020 |archive-date=25 November 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201125054716/https://www.itv.com/news/london/story/2014-04-30/actror-bob-hoskins-dies-of-pneumonia-aged-71/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |author=<!--Staff writer(s); no by-line.--> |title=Bob Hoskins - from big top to big time |url=http://home.bt.com/news/showbiz-news/bob-hoskins-from-big-top-to-big-time-11363897583559 |work=BT News |location=London, UK |access-date=5 September 2020 |date=30 April 2014 |archive-date=27 November 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201127060159/http://home.bt.com/news/showbiz-news/bob-hoskins-from-big-top-to-big-time-11363897583559 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |author=<!--Staff writer(s); no by-line.--> |title=Bob Hoskins - obituary |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/obituaries/10798615/Bob-Hoskins-obituary.html |work=The Daily Telegraph |location=London, UK |access-date=5 September 2020 |date=30 April 2014 |archive-date=30 April 2014 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20140430225430/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/obituaries/10798615/Bob-Hoskins-obituary.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>Confirmed on [https://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/p009mffx#:~:text=Sue%20Lawley's%20castaway%20is%20actor,just%20a%20few%20of%20them. Desert Island Discs, 18th November 1988] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220907120116/https://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/p009mffx#:~:text=Sue%20Lawley's%20castaway%20is%20actor,just%20a%20few%20of%20them. |date=7 September 2022 }}</ref>
*[[Derek Jameson]], journalist and broadcaster from [[Hackney, London|Hackney]]<ref>{{Cite web|last=Kelly|first=Fergus|date=2012-09-13|title=Former Daily Express Editor Derek Jameson dies of a heart attack|url=https://www.express.co.uk/news/uk/345683/Former-Daily-Express-Editor-Derek-Jameson-dies-of-a-heart-attack|access-date=2021-06-04|website=Express.co.uk|language=en|archive-date=7 September 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220907120115/https://www.express.co.uk/news/uk/345683/Former-Daily-Express-Editor-Derek-Jameson-dies-of-a-heart-attack|url-status=live}}</ref>
*[[Steve Jones (musician)|Steve Jones]], rock guitarist with the [[Sex Pistols]], singer, actor and radio DJ, from [[Shepherd's Bush]]<ref>{{Cite magazine|last=Gensler|first=Andy|date=2016-02-02|title=Former Sex Pistol Steve Jones Returns to LA Radio After Seven Years: Q&A|url=https://www.billboard.com/music/music-news/former-sex-pistol-steve-jones-la-radio-stealing-bowie-microphone-qa-6865882/|access-date=2021-12-16|magazine=Billboard|language=en-US|archive-date=12 December 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211212201422/https://www.billboard.com/music/music-news/former-sex-pistol-steve-jones-la-radio-stealing-bowie-microphone-qa-6865882/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Why Steve Jones Was The Coolest Sex Pistol|url=https://www.kerrang.com/why-steve-jones-was-the-coolest-sex-pistol|access-date=2021-12-16|website=Kerrang!|date=3 September 2020 |language=en|archive-date=16 December 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211216144120/https://www.kerrang.com/why-steve-jones-was-the-coolest-sex-pistol|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Steve Jones Was a Teenage Sex Pistol|url=https://www.vice.com/en/article/wnne9b/steve-jones-was-a-teenage-sex-pistol-922|access-date=2021-12-16|website=www.vice.com|date=13 January 2017 |language=en|archive-date=16 December 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211216142618/https://www.vice.com/en/article/wnne9b/steve-jones-was-a-teenage-sex-pistol-922|url-status=live}}</ref>
*[[Vinnie Jones]], actor and former footballer, from [[Watford]]
*[[Harry Kane]], footballer, born in [[Walthamstow]], raised in [[Chingford]]
*[[Gary Kemp]], musician and actor, born in [[Smithfield, London|Smithfield]]
*[[Martin Kemp]], musician and actor, born in [[Islington, London|Islington]]
*[[Ronnie Knight]], former nightclub owner and gangster, born in [[Hoxton]]
*[[Kray twins|Ronnie and Reggie Kray]], identical twin brothers, gangsters, and business owners, born in [[Hoxton]] and lived in [[Bethnal Green]]
*[[Frank Lampard]], football manager and former player, born in [[Romford]]
*[[Frank Lampard Sr.|Frank Lampard Sr]], former footballer, born in [[East Ham]]
*[[Ken Livingstone]], former [[Mayor of London]] and leader of the [[Greater London Council]], born in [[Streatham]]<ref>{{Cite web|title=Ken vs. Boris in race to be London's Olympic mayor|url=https://www.foxsports.com/stories/olympics/ken-vs-boris-in-race-to-be-londons-olympic-mayor|access-date=2021-05-16|website=FOX Sports|language=en-US|archive-date=17 May 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210517005138/https://www.foxsports.com/stories/olympics/ken-vs-boris-in-race-to-be-londons-olympic-mayor|url-status=live}}</ref>
*[[John Lydon]], also known as Johnny Rotten, punk rock singer with the [[Sex Pistols]], born in [[Holloway, London|Holloway]]<ref>{{Cite web|title=The last and only time the Sex...|url=https://www.chicagotribune.com/news/ct-xpm-1996-03-24-9603240055-story.html|url-status=live|website=[[Chicago Tribune]]|date=24 March 1996 |access-date=4 June 2021|archive-date=8 April 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220408081509/https://www.chicagotribune.com/news/ct-xpm-1996-03-24-9603240055-story.html}}</ref>
*[[Kellie Maloney]], boxing promoter, born in [[Peckham]]<ref>{{Cite web|last=Dillon|first=John|date=2014-08-11|title=Frank Maloney, a personal take on his story and new life|url=https://www.express.co.uk/sport/boxing/498124/Frank-Maloney-a-personal-take-on-his-story-and-new-life|access-date=2021-06-04|website=Express.co.uk|language=en|archive-date=4 June 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210604212024/https://www.express.co.uk/sport/boxing/498124/Frank-Maloney-a-personal-take-on-his-story-and-new-life|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Former Chislehurst boxing legend Frank Maloney, now Kellie, speaks out over sex change and return to the sport|url=https://www.newsshopper.co.uk/news/12979969.kellie-maloney-formerly-boxing-promoter-frank-has-spoken-out-over-her-return-to-the-sport-after-undergoing-a-full-sex-change/|access-date=2021-06-04|website=News Shopper|date=29 May 2015 |language=en|archive-date=4 June 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210604212025/https://www.newsshopper.co.uk/news/12979969.kellie-maloney-formerly-boxing-promoter-frank-has-spoken-out-over-her-return-to-the-sport-after-undergoing-a-full-sex-change/|url-status=live}}</ref>
*[[Glen Matlock]], rock and punk rock musician, from [[Paddington]]
*[[Derek Martin]], actor, born in [[Bow, London|Bow]]<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://www.scribd.com/book/353193643/An-East-End-Life-My-Story|title=Read An East End Life: My Story Online by Derek Martin {{!}} Books|language=en|access-date=4 June 2021|archive-date=17 August 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210817231104/https://www.scribd.com/book/353193643/An-East-End-Life-My-Story|url-status=live}}</ref>
*[[Hoxton Tom McCourt]], punk rock/Oi! musician, from [[Hoxton]]/[[Shoreditch]]
*[[Steve McFadden]], actor, known for playing [[Phil Mitchell]] on [[EastEnders|Eastenders]], from [[Maida Vale]]
*[[Lenny McLean]], bare-knuckle/unlicensed boxer, actor, born in [[Hoxton]]<ref>{{Cite web|date=2011-10-22|title=East End send-off for a 'diamond geezer'|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/east-end-send-diamond-geezer-1169860.html|access-date=2021-06-04|website=The Independent|language=en|archive-date=4 June 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210604212026/https://www.independent.co.uk/news/east-end-send-diamond-geezer-1169860.html|url-status=live}}</ref>
*[[Paul Merson]], footballer, manager and [[Sky Sports]] pundit, from [[Harlesden]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=An Evening With |url=https://www.onlyauthentics.co.uk/an-evening-with |access-date=2022-07-10 |website=Only Authentics |language=en |archive-date=7 September 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220907120116/https://www.onlyauthentics.co.uk/an-evening-with |url-status=live }}</ref>
*[[Warren Mitchell]], actor, known for playing [[Alf Garnett]] in ''[[Till Death Us Do Part]]'', from [[Stoke Newington]]''{{Sfnp|Wright|1981|p=23}}''
*[[Charlie Mullins]], businessman, founder of [[Pimlico Plumbers]], born in [[St Pancras, London|St Pancras]], raised in [[Elephant and Castle]]
*[[Billy Murray (actor)|Billy Murray]], actor, born in [[Forest Gate]], raised in [[Upton Park, London|Upton Park]]
*[[Terry Naylor]], former footballer, born in [[Islington, London|Islington]]
*[[Mark Noble]], former footballer, born in [[Canning Town]], raised in [[Beckton]]
*[[Chubby Oates]], club comedian and actor, from [[Bermondsey]]
*[[Des O'Connor]], television personality and singer, born in [[Stepney]]
*[[Ronnie O'Sullivan]], snooker player from [[Chigwell]]
*[[Cliff Parisi]], actor and former stand-up comedian, born in [[Poplar, London|Poplar]]
*[[Joe Pasquale]], comedian, actor, and television presenter, born in [[Grays, Essex|Grays]]<ref>{{Cite web|title=Joe Pasquale - Comedian with an unforgettable voice. He won New Faces and became a regular face on TV, hosting and guesting.|url=https://www.performingartistes.co.uk/artistes/joe-pasquale|access-date=2021-06-04|website=www.performingartistes.co.uk|archive-date=4 June 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210604212027/https://www.performingartistes.co.uk/artistes/joe-pasquale|url-status=live}}</ref>
*[[Dave Peacock (musician)|Dave Peacock]], musician, member of the "Rockney" duo [[Chas & Dave]], from [[Enfield, London|Enfield]]
*[[Jack Petchey]], businessman and philanthropist, born in [[Plaistow, Newham|Plaistow]]
*[[Martin Peters]], former footballer and manager, born in [[Plaistow, Newham|Plaistow]], raised in [[Dagenham]]
*[[Claude Rains]], the actor born in [[Camberwell]] in 1889, became famous after abandoning his heavy Cockney accent and developing a unique [[Mid-Atlantic accent]] described as "half American, half English and a little Cockney thrown in"
*[[Harry Redknapp]], former footballer and manager, born in [[Poplar, London|Poplar]]
*[[Mike Reid (actor)|Mike Reid]], actor and comedian, from [[Hackney, London|Hackney]]
*[[Shane Richie]], actor and television presenter, born in [[Kensington]]
*[[Linda Robson]], actress and TV presenter from [[Islington]]
*[[Jonathan Ross]], television and radio presenter, born in [[St Pancras, London|St Pancras]], raised in [[Leytonstone]]
*[[Paul Ross]], television and radio presenter, born in [[Romford]], raised in [[Leytonstone]]
*[[Roy Shaw]], author, businessman, and former criminal, born in [[Stepney]], lived in [[Bethnal Green]] and [[Waltham Abbey]]
*[[Teddy Sheringham]], footballer and manager, from [[Highams Park]]<ref>{{Citation |title=Goal of the Day Teddy Sheringham v Sheffield Wednesday Tuesday 3 August 2021 |url=https://www.manutd.com/en/videos/detail/goal-of-the-day-teddy-sheringham-v-sheffield-wednesday-tuesday-3-august-2021 |language=en |access-date=2022-06-19 |archive-date=20 September 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210920105919/https://www.manutd.com/en/videos/detail/goal-of-the-day-teddy-sheringham-v-sheffield-wednesday-tuesday-3-august-2021 |url-status=live }}</ref>
*[[Marina Sirtis]], actress, born in [[Hackney, London|Hackney]]
*[[Thomas Skinner (businessman)|Thomas Skinner]], businessman and television personality, from [[Romford]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.essentiallysports.com/boxing-news-fan-willing-to-get-knocked-the-spark-out-by-tyson-fury/|title=Fan Willing to Get Knocked the 'Spark Out' by Tyson Fury|last=Radhyan|first=Chirag|date=21 March 2023|website=EssentiallySports|access-date=17 September 2023|quote="He's liked by people mainly because of his unique Cockney accent"}}</ref>
*[[Arthur Smith (comedian)|Arthur Smith]], comedian, from [[Bermondsey]]
*[[Stacey Solomon]], singer and television personality, born in [[Dagenham]]
*[[Terence Stamp]], actor, born in [[Stepney]]
*[[Nicola Stapleton]], actress, born in [[Elephant and Castle]], raised in [[Walworth]]
*[[Tommy Steele]], 1950s pop and film artist, born in [[Bermondsey]]
*[[Mark Strong]], actor, born in [[Clerkenwell]]
*[[Alan Sugar]], business magnate and television personality, from [[Hackney, London|Hackney]]<ref>{{Cite web|title=981947007282663429|url=https://twitter.com/lord_sugar/status/981947007282663429|url-status=live|access-date=2021-06-04|website=Twitter|language=en|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210604212024/https://twitter.com/lord_sugar/status/981947007282663429 |archive-date=4 June 2021 }}</ref>
*[[Suggs]], lead singer of [[Madness (band)|Madness]] known for singing in his Cockney accent, from [[Camden Town|Camden]]
*[[Joe Swash]], actor and television presenter, from [[Islington]]<ref>{{Cite web|last=Gall|first=Charlie|date=2008-12-01|title=Exclusive: I'm a Scot at heart, reveals I'm A Celebrity star Joe Swash|url=http://www.dailyrecord.co.uk/entertainment/celebrity/exclusive-im-a-scot-at-heart-reveals-999909|access-date=2021-06-04|website=Daily Record|language=en|archive-date=4 June 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210604231104/https://www.dailyrecord.co.uk/entertainment/celebrity/exclusive-im-a-scot-at-heart-reveals-999909|url-status=live}}</ref>
*[[Reg Varney]], actor and comedian, born in [[Canning Town]]
*[[Terry Venables]], former footballer and manager, from [[Dagenham]]<ref>{{Cite web|date=2011-10-23|title=Profile: Spurred from Queer Street to Wembley: Terry Venables is in a|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/voices/profile-spurred-from-queer-street-to-wembley-terry-venables-is-in-a-different-ball-game-1453121.html|access-date=2021-06-19|website=The Independent|language=en|archive-date=24 June 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210624204019/https://www.independent.co.uk/voices/profile-spurred-from-queer-street-to-wembley-terry-venables-is-in-a-different-ball-game-1453121.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|title=Profile: Terry Venables: The wide boy with a history of trouble off the pitch|newspaper=[[The Times]]|language=en|url=https://www.thetimes.co.uk/article/profile-terry-venables-the-wide-boy-with-a-history-of-trouble-off-the-pitch-glp9hddz723|access-date=2021-06-19|issn=0140-0460|archive-date=24 June 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210624204007/https://www.thetimes.co.uk/article/profile-terry-venables-the-wide-boy-with-a-history-of-trouble-off-the-pitch-glp9hddz723|url-status=live}}</ref>
*[[Sid Vicious]], punk rock musician, born in [[Lewisham]]
*[[Gregg Wallace]], television presenter and former greengrocer, born in [[Peckham]]<ref>{{Cite web|title=A grand unified theory of Gregg Wallace|url=https://www.newstatesman.com/culture/tv-radio/2020/12/grand-unified-theory-gregg-wallace|access-date=2021-06-19|website=www.newstatesman.com|date=17 December 2020|language=en|archive-date=18 August 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210818100027/https://www.newstatesman.com/culture/tv-radio/2020/12/grand-unified-theory-gregg-wallace|url-status=live}}</ref>
*[[Jessie Wallace]], actress, born in [[Enfield, London|Enfield]]
*[[Shani Wallis]], actress, known for her role as Nancy in the 1968 Musical Film "Oliver!", born in [[Tottenham, London|Tottenham]]
*[[Danniella Westbrook]], actress, born in [[Walthamstow]]
*[[Barbara Windsor]], actress, born in [[Shoreditch]]
*[[Amy Winehouse]], musician, born in [[Enfield, London|Enfield]], raised in [[Southgate, London|Southgate]]<ref name=":0" />
*[[Anna Wing]], actress, from [[Hackney, London|Hackney]]
*[[Ray Winstone]], actor, born in [[Homerton]], raised in [[Plaistow, Newham|Plaistow]] and [[Enfield, London|Enfield]]<ref>{{Cite news|title=Ray Winstone: Me cockney accent won the role|url=http://www.whatsontv.co.uk/news/ray-winstone-me-cockney-accent-won-the-role-226465/|work=WhatsonTV|issue=13 November 2016|access-date=17 January 2017|archive-date=28 January 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180128132716/http://www.whatsontv.co.uk/news/ray-winstone-me-cockney-accent-won-the-role-226465/|url-status=live}}</ref>
*[[Jake Wood]], actor and [[GEICO gecko]] voiceover artist, born in [[City of Westminster|Westminster]]<ref>{{Cite web|title=EastEnders star Jake Wood is 'tipped' for latest series of I'm A Celeb|url=https://www.msn.com/en-gb/entertainment/tv/eastenders-star-jake-wood-is-tipped-for-latest-series-of-im-a-celeb/ar-BB1982T7|access-date=2021-06-04|website=www.msn.com|archive-date=4 June 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210604212024/https://www.msn.com/en-gb/entertainment/tv/eastenders-star-jake-wood-is-tipped-for-latest-series-of-im-a-celeb/ar-BB1982T7|url-status=live}}</ref>
*[[Adam Woodyatt]], actor from [[Walthamstow]]<ref>{{Cite web |last=Quinn |first=Angie |date=2021-06-24 |title=EastEnders legend Adam Woodyatt's net worth and life away from being Ian Beale |url=https://www.mylondon.news/news/celebs/eastenders-legend-adam-woodyatts-net-20892563 |access-date=2022-07-10 |website=MyLondon |language=en |archive-date=10 July 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220710162331/https://www.mylondon.news/news/celebs/eastenders-legend-adam-woodyatts-net-20892563 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=I'm a Celebrity's Adam Woodyatt's Welsh life and how his job as a butcher almost cost him Ian Beale role |url=https://www.msn.com/en-gb/money/other/im-a-celebritys-adam-woodyatts-welsh-life-and-how-his-job-as-a-butcher-almost-cost-him-ian-beale-role/ar-AAR7voW |access-date=2022-07-10 |website=MSN |language=en-GB |archive-date=10 July 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220710162306/https://www.msn.com/en-gb/money/other/im-a-celebritys-adam-woodyatts-welsh-life-and-how-his-job-as-a-butcher-almost-cost-him-ian-beale-role/ar-AAR7voW |url-status=live }}</ref>
*[[Jess Wright]], television personality, model, and singer, born in [[London Borough of Tower Hamlets|Tower Hamlets]]
*[[Mark Wright (TV personality)|Mark Wright]], television personality and footballer, born in [[Buckhurst Hill]]<ref>{{Cite web|title=Mark Wright|url=https://www.whodoyouthinkyouaremagazine.com/episode/mark-wright/|access-date=2021-06-04|website=Who Do You Think You Are Magazine|language=en|archive-date=4 June 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210604175629/https://www.whodoyouthinkyouaremagazine.com/episode/mark-wright/|url-status=live}}</ref>

==Use in films and media==
{{More citations needed|section|date=December 2018}}
*Many of [[Ken Loach]]'s early films were set in London. Loach has a reputation for using genuine dialect speakers in films:
** ''3 Clear Sundays''
** ''[[Up the Junction (The Wednesday Play)|Up the Junction]]''
** ''[[Cathy Come Home]]''
** ''[[Poor Cow]]'' (the title being a Cockney expression for "poor woman")
*''[[Alfie (1966 film)|Alfie]]''
*''[[The Mighty Boosh (TV series)|The Mighty Boosh]]''. The Hitcher, played by [[Noel Fielding]], is notoriously Cockney.
*''[[Oliver! (film)|Oliver!]]''. Fagin and his working orphans, particularly The Artful Dodger and Nancy, speak in Cockney
* ''[[Sparrows Can't Sing]]''. The film had to be subtitled when released in the United States due to audience comprehension difficulties.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/obituaries/11801816/Stephen-Lewis-actor-obituary.html|title=Stephen Lewis, actor - obituary|work=The Daily Telegraph|location=London|date=13 August 2015|access-date=13 August 2015|archive-date=10 February 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220210131058/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/obituaries/11801816/Stephen-Lewis-actor-obituary.html|url-status=live}}</ref>
* ''[[Bronco Bullfrog]]''. The film's tagline was "Cockney youth - with English subtitles".<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0064111/taglines?ref_=tt_stry_tg|title=IMDB - Bronco Bullfrog (1970) - Taglines|website=[[IMDb]]|access-date=20 July 2019|archive-date=18 August 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210818044133/https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0064111/taglines?ref_=tt_stry_tg|url-status=live}}</ref>
* ''[[The Long Good Friday]]''. The DVD of this film has an extra feature that explains the [[rhyming slang]] used.
*''[[Pygmalion (play)|Pygmalion]]'', a play by [[George Bernard Shaw]].
* ''[[My Fair Lady]]'', a musical based on Bernard Shaw's play.
*''[[Fings Ain't Wot They Used T'Be]]'', a West End musical comedy (with Cockney speech in the title) about Cockney low-life characters.
* In ''[[A Clockwork Orange (film)|A Clockwork Orange]]'', the fictional language used of [[Nadsat]] had some influence from Cockney.
* ''[[Mary Poppins (film)|Mary Poppins]]'' (and featuring [[Dick Van Dyke]]'s infamous approximation of a Cockney accent)
* ''[[Mary Poppins Returns]]'' (with [[Lin-Manuel Miranda]], who plays Jack, stating "If they [the audience] didn't like [[Dick Van Dyke|Dick]]'s accent, they'll be furious with mine")
* [[Sweeney Todd: The Demon Barber of Fleet Street (2007 film)|''Sweeney Todd: The Demon Barber of Fleet Street'']]&nbsp;— [[Mrs. Lovett|Mrs. Nellie Lovett]] and [[Tobias Ragg]] have Cockney accents.
* ''[[Passport to Pimlico]]''. A newspaper headline in the film refers to the Pimlico residents as "crushed Cockneys".
* ''[[Cockneys vs Zombies]]''
*[[The Lord of the Rings (film series)]] The orcs speak in cockney accents 
* ''[[My Little Pony: Equestria Girls – Spring Breakdown]]''. Ragamuffin, portrayed by Jason Michas, has a Cockney accent.
* [[Pinocchio (1940 film)|''Pinocchio'']], [[The Coachman]], voiced by [[Charles Judels]], has a Cockney accent.
* ''[[The Gentlemen (2020 film)|The Gentlemen]]''
* ''[[The Football Factory (film)|Football Factory]]''
* ''[[Green Street Elite]]''
* ''[[Legend (2015 film)|Legend]]''. The two main characters, Ronnie and Reggie Kray plus a certain number of other characters have a cockney accent.
* ''[[Peaky Blinders (TV series)|Peaky Blinders]]''. The characters Alfie Solomons and Billie Kimber speak with a cockney accent.
* ''[[The Getaway (video game)|The Getaway]]'' and ''[[Blood & Truth]]'' are video games released by Sony that center around cockney gangster culture.
* ''[[Downton Abbey: A New Era]]''. Myrna Dalgleish (played by [[Laura Haddock]]) is a silent film actress whose Cockney accent becomes a problem when transition to talking films.

==See also==
{{Portal|Language|London|Society}}
* [[Cockney Wanker]]
* ''[[EastEnders]]''
* [[Estuary English]]
* [[Languages of the United Kingdom]]
* [[List of British regional nicknames]]
* [[Madras Bashai]] and [[Bambaiya Hindi]], similar working class dialects of [[Tamil language|Tamil]] and [[Hindi]] respectively used in the cities of [[Chennai]] and [[Mumbai]], [[India]]
* [[London slang]]
* [[Mockney]]
* [[Possessive me]]
* [[Rhyming slang|Cockney rhyming slang]]

==References==
{{Reflist|19em}}

==Bibliography==
*{{cite thesis|last=Beaken|first=Michael Alan|date=1971|title=A study of phonological development in a primary school population of East London|type=Doctoral thesis|publisher=UCL|url=https://discovery.ucl.ac.uk/id/eprint/1317623/1/261970.pdf}}
*{{Cite book|last=Cruttenden|first=A.|year=2001|title=Gimson's Pronunciation of English|edition=6th|place=London|publisher=Arnold}}
*{{Cite book|last=Ellis|first=Alexander J.|title=English dialects: Their Sounds and Homes|year=1890}}
*{{Cite book|last1=Hughes|first1=Arthur|last2=Trudgill|first2= Peter|year=1979|title=English Accents and Dialects: An Introduction to Social and Regional Varieties of British English|place=Baltimore|publisher=University Park Press}}
*{{SOWL}}
*{{Cite book|last=Matthews|first=William|year=1938|title=Cockney, Past and Present: a Short History of the Dialect of London| place=Detroit|publisher=Gale Research Company}}
*{{Citation|last=Mott|first=Brian|year=2012|title=Traditional Cockney and popular London speech|journal=Dialectologia|volume=9|pages=69–94
| publisher=RACO (Revistes Catalanes amb Accés Obert)|issn=2013-2247|url= http://www.raco.cat/index.php/Dialectologia/article/viewFile/259233/346495}}
*{{Cite book|last=Rogaliński|first=Paweł|year=2011|title=British Accents: Cockney, RP, Estuary English|quote=Łódź, Poland|isbn=978-83-272-3282-3}}
*{{Cite book|last=Sivertsen|first=Eva|year=1960|title=Cockney Phonology|place=Oslo|publisher=University of Oslo}}
*{{Accents of English|hide3=y}}
*{{Cite book|last=Wright|first=Peter|title=Cockney Dialect and Slang|place=London|publisher=B.T. Batsford Ltd.|year=1981}}
*{{cite journal|last=Cole|first=Amanda|title=Cockney moved East: the dialect of the first generation of East Londoners raised in Essex|journal=[[Dialectologia et Geolinguistica]]|publisher=[[De Gruyter Mouton]]|date=2022-11-04|volume=30 |pages=91–114 |doi=10.1515/dialect-2022-0005|s2cid=253258669 |doi-access=free}}

==External links==
* {{url|http://www.fromoldbooks.org/Grose-VulgarTongue/c/cockney.html| Grose's 1811 dictionary}}
* {{url|http://www.whoohoo.co.uk/cockney-translator.asp| Whoohoo Cockney Rhyming Slang translator}}
* {{url|http://www.smallbusinesspro.co.uk/small-business-finance/british-money.html| Money slang expressions}}
* {{url|http://www.bl.uk/soundsfamiliar| Sounds Familiar?}} — Listen to examples of London and other regional accents and dialects of the UK on the British Library's "Sounds Familiar" website
* {{YouTube|id=hGkSs1KDOYI|title=''Lock, Stock and Two Smoking Barrels'' (film) – Cockney Scene}}
* {{YouTube|id=OY1hJ_p4SWY|title=''Green Street Hooligans'' (film) – Cockney Scene}}

{{English dialects by continent}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:English language in England]]
[[Category:English language in London]]
[[Category:British regional nicknames]]
[[Category:City colloquials]]
[[Category:Culture in London]]
[[Category:Working-class culture in England]]
[[Category:English words]]