Ajmalicine, also known as δ-yohimbine or raubasine, is an antihypertensivedrug used in the treatment of high blood pressure.[1] It has been marketed under numerous brand names including Card-Lamuran, Circolene, Cristanyl, Duxil, Duxor, Hydroxysarpon, Iskedyl, Isosarpan, Isquebral, Lamuran, Melanex, Raunatin, Saltucin Co, Salvalion, and Sarpan.[1] It is an alkaloid found naturally in various plants such as Rauvolfia spp., Catharanthus roseus, and Mitragyna speciosa.[1][2][3]
Additionally, it is a very strong inhibitor of the CYP2D6 liver enzyme, which is responsible for the breakdown of many drugs. Its binding affinity at this receptor is 3.30 nM.[6]
Two moieties are involved in the biosynthesis of ajmalicine, the terpenoid moiety and the indole moiety.[7] The terpenoid moiety is synthesized by the MEP pathway. The MEP pathway starts with pyruvate and D-glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate, followed by the involvement of DXS, DXR, MCT, MECS, HDS, and HDR genes. This results in isopentenyl diphosphate and dimethylallyl diphosphate which are then synthesized into secologanin. The indole moiety is brought about by the indole pathway, where tryptophan decarboxylase (TDC) catalyzes the formation of tryptamine from tryptophan. Strictosidine synthase (STR) then catalyzes the formation of strictosidine from the intermediates of the previous pathways. Strictosidine is the common precursor for all terpenoid indole alkaloids. Ajmalicine is finally synthesized under catalysis of strictosidine glucosidase (SGD).
Biosynthetic pathway of ajmalicine. Reconstruction of figure 1 in Chang, K. (2014).[7]
^Roberts MF (1998-06-30). Alkaloids: Biochemistry, Ecology, and Medicinal Applications. Springer Science & Business Media. ISBN978-0-306-45465-3.
^Roquebert J, Demichel P (October 1984). "Inhibition of the alpha 1 and alpha 2-adrenoceptor-mediated pressor response in pithed rats by raubasine, tetrahydroalstonine and akuammigine". European Journal of Pharmacology. 106 (1): 203–205. doi:10.1016/0014-2999(84)90698-8. PMID6099269.
^Strobl GR, von Kruedener S, Stöckigt J, Guengerich FP, Wolff T (April 1993). "Development of a pharmacophore for inhibition of human liver cytochrome P-450 2D6: molecular modeling and inhibition studies". Journal of Medicinal Chemistry. 36 (9): 1136–1145. doi:10.1021/jm00061a004. PMID8487254.
^ abChang K, Chen M, Zeng L, Lan X, Wang Q, Liao Z (2014). "Abscisic Acid Enhanced Ajmalicine Biosynthesis in Hairy Roots of Rauvolfia verticillata by Upregulating Expression of the MEP Pathway Genes". Russian Journal of Plant Physiology. 61 (1): 136–141. doi:10.1134/S102144371401004X. ISSN1021-4437. S2CID255013940.
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