Anti-Assyrian sentiment
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Anti-Assyrian sentiment, also known as anti-Assyrianism and Assyriophobia, is a diverse spectrum of negative feelings, dislikes, fears, aversion, racism, derision and/or prejudice towards Assyrians, Assyria, and Assyrian culture (as well as towards Chaldeans and Syriacs).
Anti-Assyrian sentiment largely manifested itself towards the end of the Ottoman Empire with the Assyrian genocide, and has continued in varying experiences by country where the indigenous Assyrian homeland lies (Iraq, Syria, Turkey, Iran). Notable instances include the Simele massacre, Anfal campaign, assimilation campaigns (Arabization, Kurdification, Turkification), and persecution under ISIS.
Anti-Assyrian sentiment is also largely fueled by an Anti-Christian sentiment, suggesting that some manifestations of Assyriophobia may not inherently be due to their distinct ethnicity. In regards to anti-Assyrian sentiment geared towards ethnicity, common expressions consist of glorification of those who took hand in Assyrian massacres, denial of Assyrian identity and continuity, and promoting separatism amongst religious lines. Anti-Assyrianism also shares parallels with Anti-Armenianism through threats, intimidations, killings, and destruction of cultural heritage.
In Kurdistan
[edit]In October 1917, the Ottomans launched the Persian campaign with the hopes of capturing more land. The Assyrians, led by Agha Petros held them off until June 1918, however, up to 100,000 Assyrians left Persia in 1918, but around half died of Turkish and Kurdish massacres, starvation, disease, or famine. About 80 percent of Assyrian clergy and influential leaders had perished.[1]
The Associated Press reported that in the vicinity of Urmia, "Turkish regular troops and Kurds are persecuting and massacring Assyrian Christians." The victims included 800 massacred near Urmia, and 2,000 dead from disease. Two hundred Assyrians were burned to death inside a church, and the Russians had discovered more than 700 bodies of massacre victims in the village of Hafdewan outside Urmia, "mostly naked and mutilated", some with gunshot wounds, others decapitated, and others chopped to pieces. The New York Times reported on 11 October that 12,000 Assyrian Christians had died of massacre, hunger, or disease; thousands of girls as young as seven had been raped in sex attacks, or forcibly converted to Islam; Christian villages had been destroyed, and three-fourths of these Christian villages were burned to the ground.[2]
In Iraq
[edit]Christian priests were prime targets; eight Assyrian priests were killed during the massacre, including one beheaded and another burned alive.[3] Back in the city of Duhok, 600 Assyrians were killed by Sidqi's men.[4] In the end, around 65 Assyrian villages were targeted in the Mosul and Dohuk districts.[5][6][7][8] The Simele massacre of the Assyrian people is often regarded as a phase of the Assyrian genocide beginning in August 1914 in the early days of what became World War I. Today, most of these villages are inhabited by Kurds. The main campaign lasted until August 16, but violent raids on Assyrians were being reported up to the end of the month. After the campaign, Bakr Sidqi was invited to Baghdad for a victory rally.[9] The campaign resulted in one third of the Assyrian population of Iraq fleeing to Syria.[10]
After the Invasion of Iraq and fall of Saddam Hussein, Assyrians became victims of Islamist violence. During the period of 2003–2013, there were increasing amounts of Church attacks, beheadings, and bombings of Assyrians.[11]
After the Fall of Mosul, ISIS demanded that Assyrian Christians living in the city convert to Islam, pay jizyah, or face execution, by July 19, 2014.[12][13][14][15] ISIS leader Abu Bakr al-Baghdadi further noted that Christians who do not agree to follow those terms must "leave the borders of the Islamic Caliphate" within a specified deadline. This resulted in a complete Assyrian exodus from Mosul, marking the end of 1,800 years of continuous Christian presence.[16] A church mass was not held in Mosul for the first time in nearly 2 thousand years.[17]
In Syria
[edit]On 23 February 2015, 150 Assyrians from villages near Tell Tamer in northeastern Syria were kidnapped by ISIS.[18][19] At Assyrian Christian farming villages on the banks of the Khabur River in Northeast Syria, 253 people, 51 of them children and 84 of them were women, with one account claiming that ISIS is demanding $22 million (or roughly $100,000 per person) for their release.[20] On 8 October 2015, ISIS released a video showing three of the Assyrian men kidnapped in Khabur being murdered. It was reported that 202 of the 253 kidnapped Assyrians were still in captivity, each one with a demanded ransom of $100,000.[21] On 25 October, hundreds of civilians were trapped in Sadad, Syria, with Archbishop Silwanos Al-Nemeh saying that the situation was dire and that they were in fear of a massacre.[22] Also, opposition fighters entered the Mar Theodore Church damaging it and stealing Church items.[23] More than 100 government soldiers and 100 rebels, including 80 jihadists from ISIS and al-Nusra, were killed in the fighting. Foreign rebel fighters were also among the dead.[24] The rebels retreated to the surrounding farmland, with the military in pursuit, and the government news agency reported that the militants had vandalized Sadad's Saint Theodor Church and much of its infrastructure.[25]
See also
[edit]- Anti-Armenian sentiment
- Simko Shikak
- Simele Massacre
- Anfal campaign
- 2015 Qamishli bombings
- 2008 attacks on Christians in Mosul
- 2010 Baghdad church massacre
References
[edit]- ^ Baumer, Church of the East, at 263
- ^ "Turkish Horrors in Persia". New York Times. 1915-10-11. p. 4. Retrieved 2008-08-19.
- ^ "Genocides Against the Assyrian Nation". Retrieved 20 March 2015.
- ^ "International Journal of Middle East Studies, "The Assyrian Affair of 1933", by Khaldun S. Husry, 1974".
- ^ "Modern Aramaic Dictionary & Phrasebook" By Nicholas Awde. Page 11.
- ^ "The Fate Of Assyrian Villages Annexed To Today's Dohuk Governorate In Iraq And The Conditions In These Villages Following The Establishment Of The Iraqi State In 1921". Retrieved 20 March 2015.
- ^ International Federation for Human Rights — "Displaced persons in Iraqi Kurdistan and Iraqi refugees in Iran", 2003.
- ^ "The Origins and Developments of Assyrian Nationalism", Committee on International Relations Of the University of Chicago, by Robert DeKelaita (PDF)
- ^ Stafford, R. S. (1934). "Iraq and the Problem of the Assyrians". International Affairs. 13 (2): 159–185. doi:10.2307/2603135. JSTOR 2603135 – via JSTOR.
- ^ McCarthy, Justin (2001-02-02). The Ottoman Peoples and the End of Empire. Bloomsbury Academic. ISBN 9780340706572. Retrieved 20 March 2015.
- ^ "Iraq arrests 12 over church siege". BBC News. 27 November 2010. Retrieved 2017-12-06.
- ^ "BBC News - Iraqi Christians flee after Isis issue Mosul ultimatum". BBC News. 18 July 2014. Retrieved 13 February 2015.
- ^ van Tets, Fernande (7 August 2014). "Isis takes Iraq's largest Christian town as residents told – 'leave, convert or die'". The Independent. Retrieved 5 January 2015.
- ^ Jadallah, Ahmed (18 July 2014). "Convert, pay tax, or die, Islamic State warns Christians". Reuters. Archived from the original on January 19, 2016. Retrieved 5 January 2015.
- ^ "Convert, pay tax, or die, Islamic State warns Christians". Reuters. 18 July 2014.
It said that Islamic State leader Abu Bakr al-Baghdadi, whom the group has now named Caliph Ibrahim, had set a Saturday deadline for Christians who did not want to stay and live under those terms to "leave the borders of the Islamic Caliphate". "After this date, there is nothing between us and them but the sword," it said.
- ^ "For the first time in 1,800 years, no Masses said in Mosul". Catholicworldreport.com. Retrieved 16 October 2014.
- ^ "Iraqi Christian church burnings confirmed by EU delegation". Iraq news, the latest Iraq news. 16 June 2014. Retrieved 13 February 2015.
- ^ Al-Khalidi, Suleiman; Holmes, Oliver (23 February 2015). Heneghan, Tom (ed.). "Islamic State in Syria abducts at least 150 Christians". Reuters. Retrieved 23 February 2015.[permanent dead link]
- ^ "Islamic State 'abducts dozens of Christians in Syria'". BBC. 23 February 2015. Retrieved 23 February 2015.
- ^ Fernandez, Alberto M. (June 16, 2015). "The "Sayfo" Continues Responding to Global Christian Persecution". Berkeley Center Cornerstone. Georgetown University Religious Freedom Project. Retrieved 20 June 2015.
- ^ "Isis appears to have killed three Christian hostages in Syria". The Guardian. 8 October 2015. Retrieved 17 August 2018.
- ^ "Syria says more than 40 rebels killed east of Damascus". Los Angeles Times. 25 October 2013. Retrieved 25 October 2014.
- ^ "Syria: Opposition Abuses During Ground Offensive". 19 November 2013. Retrieved 25 October 2014.
- ^ "About 50 martyrs in the town is about Christianity". Retrieved 25 October 2014.
- ^ "Syrian troops retake Christian town from jihadists". The Daily Star Newspaper - Lebanon. Retrieved 25 October 2014.
Sources
[edit]- Biner, Zerrin Özlem (2019). States of Dispossession: Violence and Precarious Coexistence in Southeast Turkey. University of Pennsylvania Press. ISBN 978-0-8122-9659-4.
- Biner, Zerrin Özlem (2011). "Multiple imaginations of the state: understanding a mobile conflict about justice and accountability from the perspective of Assyrian–Syriac communities". Citizenship Studies. 15 (3–4): 367–379. doi:10.1080/13621025.2011.564789. S2CID 144086552.
- Gaunt, David (2020). "The Long Assyrian Genocide". Collective and State Violence in Turkey: The Construction of a National Identity from Empire to Nation-State. Berghahn Books. pp. 56–96. ISBN 978-1-78920-451-3.
