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Collaboration with the Islamic State

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Collaboration with the Islamic State refers to the cooperation and assistance given by governments, non-state actors, and private individuals to the Islamic State (IS) during the Syrian Civil War, Iraqi Civil War, and Libyan Civil War.

Allegations of state support

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Israel

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See also: Israel and state-sponsored terrorism

The Syrian government and Iranian officials have accused Israel and the United States government of supporting ISIS by attacking Hezbollah and the Syrian Arab Army as well as arming and giving medical attention to the Islamic State.[1][2] In 2017, the Syrian Army reportedly found Israeli made artillery pieces at ISIL hideouts.[3] Israel strongly denied accusations of providing arms and medical support to ISIS.[4] However, Moshe Ya’alon, former defense minister of Israel, has stated that ISIS apologized for a clash in November 2016. Communication with IS is illegal under Israeli law, and is considered to be contact with an enemy agent.[5]The IDF refused to comment further on the issue.[5] Further, according to Israeli daily Yedioth Ahronoth, Knesset member Aida Touma-Suleiman made the assertion – which, she said, were based on UN documents – that Israel purchased oil for IS: “These links have been well documented, with reports surfacing of oil purchases from the Islamic State, which the Israeli government headed by Benjamin Netanyahu has done".[6][better source needed]

Syria

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Proportion of attacks by ISIL on other groups in Syria, during the period from March 2016 – April 2017 according to IHS Markit.[7]

  Syrian army (43%)
  Sunni rebels (40%)
  Syrian Dem. Forces (17%)

During the ongoing Syrian civil war, the Syrian opposition and some analysts have accused President Bashar al-Assad and the Syrian government of strategically releasing Islamist prisoners during the start of the Syrian crisis in an attempt to strengthen jihadist factions over other rebels.[8][9][10] The Syrian opposition have also accused Assad of having intelligence operatives within the ranks of ISIS,[11] and even directing ISIS attacks.[12][13] However, "despite repeated announcements by opposition figures", there exists "no solid evidence ... that the jihadists as a whole are controlled by the [Syrian] regime.[9]

The Assad government has also been accused of funding ISIL through oil purchases. Western officials stated in 2015 that the Syrian government and ISIS jointly ran a gas plant in Tabqah using intermediates to supply electricity to both government and ISIS-held areas.[14] A report in 2015 suggested that ISIL kept gas flowing to Assad regime-controlled power stations. Furthermore, ISIL allowed grain to pass from Rojava to government-controlled areas at the cost of a 25% levy.[15] ISIL defectors interviewed by academics in 2015 and 2016 reported being "disillusioned by... upsetting alliances that included the sale of wheat stores and oil to Assad, oil some of which later found its way into barrel bombs raining down on Syrian civilians."[16][17] This was confirmed in 2016 in Wall Street Journal reporting of documents extracted by US Special Forces in raids on ISIS operatives.[18][17] In 2017, US and European officials said that oil sales to the Syrian government were ISIL's largest source of revenue.[19][20]

An unpublished IHS Jane's Terrorism and Insurgency Center database analysis showed that only 6% of Syrian government forces attacks were targeted at ISIL from January to November 2014, while in the same period only 13% of all ISIL attacks targeted government forces.[21] Academics who interviewed ISIL defectors in 2015–16 said their interviewees "observed regime forces strangely giving up territory to ISIS without much of a fight, and even leaving their weapons for ISIS rather than destroying them."[16] Aymenn Jawad Al-Tamimi had disputed such assertions in 2014, arguing that "ISIS has a record of fighting the regime on multiple fronts", many rebel factions have engaged in oil sales to the Syrian regime because it is "now largely dependent on Iraqi oil imports via Lebanese and Egyptian third-party intermediaries", and while "the regime is focusing its airstrikes [on areas] where it has some real expectations of advancing" claims that it "has not hit ISIS strongholds" are "untrue". He concluded: "Attempting to prove an ISIS-regime conspiracy without any conclusive evidence is unhelpful, because it draws attention away from the real reasons why ISIS grew and gained such prominence: namely, rebel groups tolerated ISIS."[22] Similarly, Max Abrahms and John Glaser stated in the Los Angeles Times in December 2017 that "The evidence of Assad sponsoring Islamic State... was about as strong as for Saddam Hussein sponsoring Al Qaeda".[23] According to an April 2017 IHS Markit report, ISIS fought Syrian government forces more than any other opponent between April 1, 2016, and March 31, 2017: "43 percent of all Islamic State fighting in Syria was directed against President Assad's forces, 17 against the U.S.-backed Syrian Democratic Forces (SDF) and the remaining 40 percent involved fighting rival Sunni opposition groups".[7]

Turkey

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The Turkish government has been criticised for allowing ISIL to use Turkish territory for logistics and channelling recruits.[24][25][26] It has also been accused of selling arms and intelligence to ISIL, as part of its campaign against the People's Protection Units (YPG).[27][28][29][30] That ISIL leader Abu Bakr al-Baghdadi's Syrian hideout was found just a few kilometers away from Turkey also raised suspicions whether Turkey was doing enough against ISIL.[31] Iraqi intelligence officers also claimed that they have observed several journeys by relatives of Al Baghdadi between Syria and Turkey.[32][33] Turkey denies the allegations of assisting ISIL, pointing to multiple terrorist attacks ISIL has committed against civilians in Turkey, as well as multiple military confrontations between ISIL and the Turkish government.[28] The Kurdistan Democratic Party in Iraq similarly deny the claim that Turkey is providing aid to ISIL.[27] According to an intelligence adviser quoted by Seymour Hersh, a "highly classified assessment" carried out by the Defense Intelligence Agency (DIA) and the Joint Chiefs of Staff in 2013 concluded that Turkey had effectively transformed the secret U.S. arms program in support of moderate rebels, who no longer existed, into an indiscriminate program to provide technical and logistical support for al-Nusra Front and ISIL.[34]

Saudi Arabia

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Main article: State-sponsored terrorism § Saudi Arabia
See also: Response of Saudi Arabia to the Islamic State, Salafi movement, and Wahhabism

In June 2014, former Iraqi Prime Minister Nouri al-Maliki accused the government of Saudi Arabia of funding ISIL.[35] The Saudi Arabian government rejected the claims.[36]

Some media outlets, such as NBC, the BBC, The New York Times, and the US-based think tank Washington Institute for Near East Policy have written about individual Saudi donations to the group and the Saudi state's decade-long sponsorship of Salafism and Wahhabism around the world, but concluded in 2014 that there was no evidence of direct Saudi state support for ISIL.[37][38]

In an August 2014 email leaked in the Podesta emails, apparently from former US Secretary of the United State Hillary Clinton to then counselor John Podesta, a memo states that the governments of both Saudi Arabia and Qatar "are providing clandestine financial and logistic support to ISIL and other radical Sunni groups in the region."[39][40][41]

Lebanese former minister Charbel Wehbe also accused Saudi Arabia of supporting ISIL.[42]

Qatar

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See also: Qatar and state-sponsored terrorism

Qatar has long been accused of acting as a conduit for the flow of funds to ISIL. While there is no proof that the Qatari government is involved in this movement of funds, it has been criticised for not doing enough to stem money sent by private donors in the country.[43][44] According to some reports, US officials believe that the largest portion of private donations supporting ISIS and al Qaeda-linked groups now comes from Qatar rather than Saudi Arabia.[45]

In August 2014, German minister Gerd Müller accused Qatar of having links to ISIL, stating: "You have to ask who is arming, who is financing ISIS troops. The keyword there is Qatar." Qatari Foreign Minister Khalid bin Mohammad Al Attiyah rejected this statement, saying: "Qatar does not support extremist groups, including [ISIL], in any way. We are repelled by their views, their violent methods and their ambitions."[46][47][48][49]

United States

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Main article: United States and state-sponsored terrorism

Rand Paul, a junior U.S. Senator from Kentucky, has accused the U.S. government of indirectly supporting ISIL in the Syrian Civil War, by arming their allies and fighting their enemies in that country.[50] After the September 2016 Deir ez-Zor air raid in which U.S led coalition air strikes reportedly killed at least 62 Syrian Arab army soldiers fighting against ISIS, Russia and Syria accused the U.S government of intentionally providing ISIS with air support. The U.S government denied the accusations and called the air strikes an accident caused by misidentification of SAA ground forces as ISIL fighters.[51][52] Donald Trump has claimed that Barack Obama and Hillary Clinton "[were] the founder[s] of ISIS".[53] The White House did not comment on Trump's accusation.[54] Former president of Afghanistan Hamid Karzai also claimed ISIS is a tool of the United States. He also asserted he can't differentiate the US and ISIS.[55][56] On June 13, 2024, Robert F. Kennedy Jr., the 2024 independent presidential candidate of the US presidential election, said during his foreign policy program speech: "We created ISIS".[57]

Pakistan

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Main article: Pakistan and state-sponsored terrorism

Former President of Afghanistan, Hamid Karzai accused Pakistan for supporting ISIS during interview with ANI that Afghanistan has evidence of Pakistan's support to ISIS. He added that there is no doubt to the above statement.[58]

Pakistan has strenuously denied accusations of providing arms and medical support to Islamic State fighters,[citation needed] despite medical ethics and international law supporting the provision of medical care for all wounded, including irregular combatants.[59]

Palestine

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See also: Sinai insurgency § In the Gaza Strip, Public diplomacy of Israel, and Israeli public diplomacy in the Israel–Hamas war

Israeli public officials often accused the Palestinian government in Gaza (led by the Islamic Resistance Movement, Hamas) of collaborating with, or resembling ISIS. "Hamas is ISIS" was first asserted by Benjamin Netanyahu near the end of the 2014 Gaza War.[60] The comparison was criticized and mocked by some Israeli journalists.[61][60] Neyanyahu followed this by saying, “Hamas is ISIS and ISIS is Hamas”, in a 2014 speech at the United Nations.[62] In reference to this, the head of the Department of Political Science at Hebron University,[63] said it was "dangerous" to conflate Hamas and ISIS.[62] Israeli journalists pointed out that Hamas more closely resemble the Irgun and Lehi[64][65] more closely than Hamas resemble ISIS.[66]

Occasionally Egyptian public officials have accused Hamas of assisting ISIS in the Sinai, but in public the two groups had a violently hostile relationship.[67][68][69] Israeli Major General Yoav “Polly” Mordechai also accused people in Gaza of helping ISIS by providing medical care to people wounded in the Sinai conflict.[70] However, medical ethics and international law supports providing treatment for all wounded, including irregular combatants.[71]

In the first days of the Israeli attack on the Gaza Strip in 2023, The Jerusalem Post quoted Benjamin Netanyahu saying, “They are savages. Hamas is ISIS”, the article then highlighted some alleged similarities in the groups' influences identified by Dr. Harel Chorev (from the Moshe Dayan Center for Middle Eastern Studies at Tel Aviv University).[72] Netanyahu included this assertion in a public addresses in the United States made alongside Secretary Antony J. Blinken, in the first week of the Israeli bombing of the Gaza Strip.[73] Netanyahu said, "Hamas is ISIS, and just as ISIS was crushed, so too will Hamas be crushed".[74]

International military experts and mainstream international media pointed out major differences, particularly relating to nationalism, Shia Islam, Christianity, democracy, and destruction of cultural heritage.[75][76][77] ISIS want a purely theocratic system of government without any element of democracy, and ISIS violently attack Christians, whereas Hamas participated in the 2006 Palestinian legislative election and the Hamas-led electoral list that won the election included a Palestinian Christian running for the Christian reserved seat in Gaza City.[78][79] Talal Abu Zarifa, a leader from the DFLP (a secular faction allied to Hamas), said Israel was using the comparison to "justify its annihilation of Palestinian people and bloodshed".[80]

A few commentators pointed out some commonalities, such as that both are on the list of designated terrorist groups in the United States,[81] and United Kingdom,[82] but still stressed the groups' very different ideological goals.[81] Only a few pro-government Israeli sources agreed.[83]

Foreign nationals

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See also: Foreign fighters in the Syrian and Iraqi Civil Wars

A United Nations report from May 2015 showed that 25,000 "foreign terrorist fighters" from 100 countries had joined "Islamist" groups, many of them working for ISIL or al-Qaeda.[84] The US-trained commander of Tajikistan's Interior Ministry OMON police special forces, Gulmurod Khalimov, has been raised to the rank of "Minister of War" within the Islamic State.[85][86]

One of the most prominent commanders of ISIL in Syria, Abu Omar al-Shishani, served previously as a sergeant in the Georgian Army before being medically discharged, later imprisoned, becoming radicalized, then fleeing the country.[87]

A 2015 report by the Program on Extremism at George Washington University found 71 individuals charged in the United States with supporting ISIL, 250 travelling or attempting to travel to Syria or Iraq from the United States to join ISIL, and about 900 active domestic ISIL-related investigations.[88]

An October 2016 World Bank study found that "ISIL's foreign fighters are surprisingly well-educated."[89] Using the fighters' self-reported educational levels, the study concluded that "69% of recruits reported at least a secondary-level education"[89] of which "a large fraction have gone on to study at university"[90] and also that "only 15% of recruits left school before high school; less than 2% are illiterate."[89][90] The study also found that foreign fighters are often more educated than their countrymen where those "from Europe and in Central Asia have similar levels of education to their countrymen" while those "from the Middle East, North Africa, and South and East Asia are significantly more educated than what is typical in their home nations."[89] The report notes that its conclusions that terrorism is not driven by poverty and low levels of education which conforms with previous research.[89] However, the report did find a strong correlation "between a country's male unemployment rate and the propensity of the country to supply foreign fighters".[89] Many European countries have allowed their citizens that joined ISIL to be prosecuted by Iraq.[91]

Foreign nationals by country

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Australia

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In August 2018, Australia stripped the Australian citizenship from five terrorists who had travelled to fight with the Islamic State and barred them from entering Australia again.[92] This was only possible because they had double citizenships because international law stops the measure from being used on individuals with only one citizenship. The five brought the total to six.[93]

Belgium

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Up to 2018, an estimated 450 individuals had travelled from Belgium to join the civil war in Syria and Iraq.[94] Of those, 75 were linked to the Sharia4Belgium network.[95] In July 2018, courts announced that Belgium had no obligation to bring children of Islamic State members to Belgium.[96]

Denmark

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In November 2017, Denmark stripped a Turkish man of his Danish citizenship after having been sentenced for terror offenses related to the Islamic State, which left him with a citizenship of Turkey.[97]

France

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Up to 2018, an estimated 1700 individuals had travelled from France to join the civil war in Syria and Iraq.[94]

French nationals who were involved in the Yazidi genocide were prosecuted in France.[98]

Germany

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Up to 2018, an estimated 940 individuals had travelled from Germany to join the civil war in Syria and Iraq.[94]

India

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See also: Foreign fighters in the Syrian Civil War and War in Iraq § India, and Territory of the Islamic State § India

Up to 2019, about a 100 Indian nationals had joined the IS in Syria and Afghanistan while 155 individuals had been arrested for IS-related connections. Many of these came from the southern Indian state of Kerala and also from Tamil Nadu, Karnataka and Maharashtra. These numbers are considered relatively low despite India having the third-largest population of Muslims [as of 2020]. The limited involvement of Indian Muslim fighters in calls for global jihad was also observed during the Soviet–Afghan War, and various reasons have been given for this. These include the limited influence of Salafi-Wahabbism in India, inability of IS sympathizers in India to travel to IS controlled territories due to logistical factors and poverty among Indian Muslims, the existing presence of Pakistani militant groups such as Lashkar-e-Taiba and Jaish-e-Muhammad with which the IS is in open strife, and the opposition of Indian Islamic leadership to such groups (with 70,000 Barelvi clerics issuing a fatwa condemning IS and similar organisations in 2015).[99][100]

Netherlands

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The Parliament of Netherlands voted in 2016 for legislation to strip Dutch citizens who join ISIL or al Qaeda abroad of their citizenship, also if they have not been convicted of any crime.[101] The law can only be applied to individuals with double citizenship. Justice Minister Ard van der Steur stated the legal changes were necessary to stop jihadists from returning to the Netherlands.[102] In September 2017, four jihadists were stripped of their citizenship.[103]

In the 2012 to November 2018 period, more than 310 individuals had travelled from the Netherlands to the conflict in Syria and Iraq. Of those 85 had been killed and 55 returned to the Netherlands. Of the surviving Dutch foreign fighters in the region, 135 are fighters in the conflict zone and three-quarters are members of ISIL. The remaining quarter have joined Al-Qaeda affiliated groups such as Hay'at Tahrir al-Sham or Tanzim Hurras al-Deen.[104]

Palestine

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See also: Sinai insurgency § In the Gaza Strip

Men from the Gaza Strip who joined ISIS during the Sinai insurgency were shunned by the community and disowned by their families.[105]

Sweden

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Main article: Swedish foreign fighters in the Syrian and Iraqi civil wars

Up to 2018, an estimated 300 individuals had travelled from Sweden to join the civil war in Syria.[94] In March 2018 Kurdish authorities reported they had captured 41 IS supporters with either Swedish citizenship or residence permit in Sweden, of which 5 had key positions in the organisation and one was the head of the ISIL propaganda efforts.[106]

United Kingdom

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Cabinet minister William Hague stated in 2014 that up to 400 British citizens had joined ISIL.[107] The government instituted a practice where if those who had joined had double citizenships were stripped of their British citizenship to prevent them from arriving back in the UK. By 2017, 150 individuals had been stripped of citizenship and were thus unable to enter the United Kingdom again.[108] Some relevant cells from UK were The Beatles cell known for having carried out beheadings of journalists and aid workers in Iraq and Syria. The "Britani Brigade Bangladeshi Bad Boys" were a group of five British Bangladeshis from Portsmouth, who moved to Syria in September 2013. The CCTV of the Gatwick airport watched the five men walking towards their flight.[109] The cell was led by Ifthekar Jaman, (a.k.a. Abu Abdurrahman al-Britani) who was killed in December 2013 in an encounter against loyalist forces to the Syrian government.[109][110][111] With the pass of the war the other members were dying in combat, and it was not until July 26, 2015, the last member of the cell (Azzam Uzzaman) were killed in action confirmed by the International Centre for the Study of Radicalisation and Political Violence,[109][112][113]

Groups expressing support for ISIL

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The Terrorism Research and Analysis Consortium (TRAC) has identified 60 jihadist groups in 30 countries that have pledged allegiance to or support for ISIL as of mid-November 2014. That many of these groups were previously affiliated with al-Qaeda suggests a shift in global jihadist leadership towards ISIL.[114]

Members of the following groups have declared support for ISIL, either fully or in part:

In Islamic State territory

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Syria

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In response to the effort to take Raqqa by the Syrian Democratic Forces, whose main component is the Kurdish People's Protection Units (YPG), some Syrian Arabs in Raqqa sided with the Islamic State.[134]

Iraq

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"Do I regret it? I don't know if I'd use that word. They had become the government and we now worked for them. We wanted to work so we could get paid."

Suleiman al-Afari, Iraqi scientist who helped ISIL in producing chemical weapons (sentenced to death at the time of the interview)[135]

Sunni Arabs in Iraq have been accused of collaborating with ISIL against Assyrians, and Yazidis, and Shias. ISIL marked Christian homes with the letter nūn for Naṣārā[136][137] and Shia homes with the letter rāʾ for Rāfiḍa, a derogatory term used to describe Shias by some Sunni Muslims. Properties were confiscated and given to local ISIL supporters or foreign fighters.[138] Local Sunnis were reported to have betrayed Yazidis once ISIL arrived, or colluded in advance to lure them into staying put until the ISIL invaded.[139]

57 members of the Arab Socialist Ba'ath Party – Iraq Region participated in the massacre of at least 1,566 Shia cadets from the Iraqi Air Force on June 12, 2014.[140][141]

Medical care

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See also: First Geneva Convention

Medical ethics and international law supports providing treatment for all wounded, including irregular combatants.[142]

Serious concerns have been raised about the implications of penalizing medical workers or organizations for providing medical care to people who have been categorized as terrorists, "…counterterrorism policies reject the fundamental premises on which the IHL protections for the wounded and sick are based".[143]

See also

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References

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