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Melanesian Spearhead Group

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Melanesian Spearhead Group
Groupe Fer de lance mélanésien
Emblem of the Melanesian Spearhead Group
Emblem
Map indicating the membership of the Melanesian Spearhead Group.
Map indicating the membership of the Melanesian Spearhead Group.
SeatVanuatu Port Vila, Vanuatu
Membership
1 party
1 associate
2 observer
Leaders
• Director General
Fiji Amena Yauvoli
Establishment
• as Melanesian Spearhead Group
1986[1]
Area
• Total
585,560 km2 (226,090 sq mi)
Population
• 2010 estimate
8,348,000
• Density
35/km2 (90.6/sq mi)
GDP (PPP)2010 estimate
• Total
US$ 20.512 billiona
• Per capita
US$ 2,457
Currency
Time zone
Website
http://www.msgsec.info
  1. If considered a single entity.

The Melanesian Spearhead Group (MSG) is an intergovernmental organization, composed of the four Melanesian states of Fiji, Papua New Guinea, Solomon Islands and Vanuatu, and the Kanak and Socialist National Liberation Front of New Caledonia.[2] In June 2015, Indonesia was recognized as an associate member.[3][4]

It was founded as a political gathering in 1986.[1] On 23 March 2007, members signed the Agreement Establishing the Melanesian Spearhead Group, formalizing the group under international law. It is headquartered in Port Vila, Vanuatu.[2] A secretariat building was constructed by the People's Republic of China and handed over to the MSG in November 2007.[5] The first Director General of the MSG Secretariat was Rima Ravusiro of Papua New Guinea.[6] Since April 2016, Amena Yauvoli of Fiji heads the MSG Secretariat.[7]

Purpose

[edit]

Melanesian Spearhead Group was formed with focus to promote economic growth among Melanesian countries. The purposes of the group are:[1]

  1. To promote and strengthen inter membership trade, exchange of Melanesian cultures, traditions, values and sovereign equality;
  2. To foster economic and technical cooperation between the members; and
  3. To align member countries' policies and further members' shared goals of economical growth, sustainable development, good governance and security.

One of the key features of the MSG is the Melanesian Spearhead Group Trade Agreement, a sub-regional preferential trade agreement established to foster and accelerate economic development through trade relations and provide a political framework for regular consultations and review on the status of the Agreement, with a view to ensuring that trade both in terms of exports and imports is undertaken in a genuine spirit of Melanesian Solidarity and is done on a most favoured nation (MFN) basis. Negotiations are held regularly between the members' leaders to consider the progress and developments of the agreement. After a revision in 2005, it covers 180 articles free of fiscal duty.

History

[edit]

Formation

[edit]

The Melanesian Spearhead Group (MSG) was conceived in 1986 between the three Melanesian Pacific Island Countries namely Papua New Guinea, Vanuatu and Solomon Islands.[1] The MSG Trade Agreement was signed in 1993 by Papua New Guinea, Solomon Islands and Vanuatu. At the 6th Melanesian Spearhead Group (MSG) Trade and Economic Officials’ Meeting on 16 April 1997 in Honiara, the Fiji delegation indicated its willingness to accede to it. This initiative was endorsed at the 1997 MSG Leaders Summit. Fiji became a formal member of the MSG Trade Agreement on 14 April 1998. The 9th MSG Trade & Economic Officials meeting was held in Papua New Guinea on 29 and 30 November 2000. This meeting saw the acceptance of the expansion of the MSG Product Schedule tariff headings from four to six digits, thereby facilitating MSG trade by removing the ambiguity in product identification at Customs points of entry. The agreement is General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT) consistent and has been approved and accorded recognition by the World Trade Organization (WTO) Committee on Regional Arrangements to be compatible and meeting the requirements of Article 24 of the GATT/WTO Agreement.

The Melanesian Spearhead Group Secretariat was established in May 2008 after years of operating on an ad-hoc basic. The opening of a permanent office in Port Vila, Vanuatu, signaled a new phase for the MSG group as it ventured into organizing and managing its affairs in a more structured manner.[8]

Politics

[edit]

More recently, the Melanesian Spearhead Group got heavily involved in the political discussions following Fiji's suspension from the Pacific Islands Forum in May 2009.[9]

In July 2010, Fiji expelled Australia's acting high commissioner accusing the latter of causing the postponement of a so-called Engaging Fiji meeting.[10] Australia responded that it had to do with the lack of democracy in the country. An alternate meeting was held instead despite pressure from Australia and New Zealand.[11] It was attended by Prime Minister Michael Somare of Papua New Guinea, Prime Minister Derek Sikua of the Solomon Islands, President Anote Tong of Kiribati, Prime Minister Apisai Ielemia of Tuvalu, and Prime Minister Frank Bainimarama of Fiji.[12]

Melanesian Spearhead Group is also involved in the issue of Papua, which involves the Indonesian government and a West Papuan separatist movement. Melanesian Spearhead Group's role in raising the international profile of New Caledonia's Kanak independence movement, has prompted West Papuan Independence activists to recognise the significance of its membership. The West Papua National Council for Liberation (WPNCL) hopes to use Melanesian Spearhead Group as an international platform to fight for independence.[13]

Indonesia, however, also applied for MSG membership in 2010, arguing that Indonesia is home to 11 million Melanesians mainly residing in 5 provinces in Eastern Indonesia; Papua, West Papua, Maluku, North Maluku and East Nusa Tenggara.[14] Indonesia won observer status in 2011 with the support of Fiji and Papua New Guinea.[13] East Timor was granted observer status in 2011.[15]

In May 2013, Buchtar Tabuni, the leader of the National Committee for West Papua (KNPB) supported the notion that if West Papua was granted independence, he would support them joining the MSG.[16] The WPNCL submitted an unsuccessful application to the MSG in October 2013.[13] The MSG advised that West Papua independence organizations must first unite for any future applications to be considered.[17]

The United Liberation Movement for West Papua (ULMWP) was formed in December 2014.[17] A second application of West Papua independence movement has been submitted in 2015 by the ULMWP, led by spokesperson Benny Wenda.

Expansion

[edit]

In 24 to 26 June 2015, the summit meeting of the member countries in Honiara, Solomon Islands[18] concluded with key decisions; Indonesia was elevated to associate member of the group — making them the official representative of West Papua region, while the United Liberation Movement for West Papua (ULMWP) remained as an observer.[3][19] The ULMWP was considered only as the representative of West Papuans outside the country.[4]

Despite being denied of full membership, ULMWP secretary-general Octavianus Mote regarded the observer status positively, saying the diplomatic recognition would help them in their cause. "We might not be a full member of the MSG, but a door has opened to us. We will sit across a table from Indonesia as equal," he said.[20]

However, Indonesia's membership of the MSG has giving them a greater influence in Melanesian politics than the ULMWP. In MSG, Indonesia's official representation will be the governors of Indonesia's five Melanesian provinces. Fijian prime minister Frank Bainimarama, who supported Indonesian membership, argued that his vote was guided by a number of main principles in approaching the West Papuan issue. "Indonesian sovereignty over West Papua cannot be questioned, and the province is an integral part of Indonesia, so when we deal with West Papua and its people, MSG has no choice but to deal with Indonesia, in a positive and constructive manner," he said.[20] Following the decision of elevating Indonesia to associate member, the government of Indonesia, for the first time, hosted the Melanesian Cultural Festival 2015 in Kupang, East Nusa Tenggara from 26 to 30 October 2015, which is aimed at improving cooperation among Melanesian countries. The festival was participated by all members of MSG except Vanuatu, and also Timor Leste.[21]

Demographics

[edit]

20 largest cities and towns in Melanesian Spearhead Group by population

[edit]
Kupang, the most populus and largest cities on the Melanesian Spearhead Group
Jayapura, the second most populus cities on the Melanesian Spearhead Group
  •   Provincial capital
  •   National capital
Rank City Population Country Province
1 Kupang 466,632  Indonesia  East Nusa Tenggara
2 Jayapura 414,862  Indonesia  Papua
3 Port Moresby 383,000  Papua New Guinea National Capital District
4 Ambon 354,052  Indonesia  Maluku
5 Sorong 294,978  Indonesia  Southwest Papua
6 Dili 277,488  Timor-Leste Dili
7 Ternate 204,920  Indonesia  North Maluku
8 Timika 142,909  Indonesia  Central Papua
9 Tidore 118,613  Indonesia  North Maluku
10 Manokwari 107,325  Indonesia  West Papua
11 Lae 104,000  Papua New Guinea Morobe Province
12 Merauke 102,351  Indonesia  South Papua
13 Nabire 99,848  Indonesia  Central Papua
14 Nouméa 94,285  New Caledonia South Province, New Caledonia
15 Suva 93,970  Fiji Central Division, Fiji
16 Atambua 85,838  Indonesia  East Nusa Tenggara
17 Sentani 71,174  Indonesia  Papua
18 Wamena 66,080  Indonesia  Highland Papua
19 Kefamenanu 49,589  Indonesia  East Nusa Tenggara
20 Port Vila 49,034  Vanuatu Shefa Province

Membership

[edit]
Overview of Melanesian Spearhead Group members
Country Head of Government Status governing
 East Timor President Jose Ramos Horta observer[15]
 Fiji Prime Minister Sitiveni Rabuka sovereign state
 Indonesia President Prabowo Subianto associated member[3]
 New Caledonia FLNKS Head Representative Victor Tutugoro  Kanak and Socialist National Liberation Front – FLNKS party
 Papua New Guinea Prime Minister James Marape sovereign state
 Solomon Islands Prime Minister Manasseh Sogavare sovereign state
 Vanuatu Prime Minister Charlot Salwai sovereign state
West Papua ULMWP General Secretary Octavianus Mote  United Liberation Movement for West Papua – ULMWP observer[22]
Population and demography of members of the Melanesian Spearhead Group
Country Population Status governing
 East Timor 1,340,513 observer
 Fiji 926,276 sovereign state
 Indonesia  East Nusa Tenggara 5,325,566 13,895,201 provinces of associate member
 Maluku 1,848,923
 North Maluku 1,282,937
 Southwest Papua 591,069
 West Papua 542.999
 Papua 2.022.645
 Central Papua 349.634
 Highland Papua 1.417.811
 South Papua 513.617
 New Caledonia Kanak and Socialist National Liberation Front 271,407 political party
 Papua New Guinea 8,935,000 sovereign state
 Solomon Islands 652,857 sovereign state
 Vanuatu 307,815 sovereign state
Economic overview of members of the Melanesian Spearhead Group
Country GDP 2022
(in billion $) 		GDP PPP 2022
(in billion $) 		Status governing
 East Timor 2.455 5.347 observer
 Fiji 4.859 12.685 sovereign state
 Indonesia  East Nusa Tenggara 7.995 40.213 24.948 125.484 provinces of associate member
 Maluku 3.616 11.283
 North Maluku 4.775 14.900
 Southwest Papua
 West Papua 6.148 19.195
 Papua 17.649 55.167
 Central Papua
 Highland Papua
 South Papua
 New Caledonia Kanak and Socialist National Liberation Front 10.071 11.110 political party
 Papua New Guinea 31.362 39.083 sovereign state
 Solomon Islands 1.601 1.671 sovereign state
 Vanuatu 0.984 0.922 sovereign state

Meetings

[edit]
MSG Formal Summits
No Date Location Host Host leader
18th March 2011 Suva  Fiji Voreqe Bainimarama
19th 13–21 June 2013 Nouméa FLNKS Victor Tutugoro
20th 18–26 June 2015 Honiara  Solomon Islands Manasseh Sogavare
21st 10–15 February 2018 Port Moresby  Papua New Guinea Peter O'Neill
22nd 19–24 August 2023 Port Vila  Vanuatu Ishmael Kalsakau

See also

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References

[edit]
  1. ^ a b c d "Melanesian Spearhead Group (MSG) Trade Agreement". Ministry of Industry, Trade and Tourism of Fiji. Archived from the original on 2 April 2016. Retrieved 19 July 2015.
  2. ^ a b "About Melanesian Spearhead Group". Melanesian Spearhead Group Secretariat. Archived from the original on 30 January 2020. Retrieved 19 July 2015.
  3. ^ a b c Liam Fox (25 June 2015). "Indonesia admitted to Melanesian Spearhead Group, West Papuan group given observer status". ABC. Archived from the original on 14 January 2017. Retrieved 19 July 2015.
  4. ^ a b Neal Conan (29 June 2015). "Melanesian Spearhead Group chooses Indonesia over West Papuan Independence Movement". Hawai'i Public Radio. Archived from the original on 27 October 2020. Retrieved 30 June 2015.
  5. ^ MSG Secretariat building handed over to govt[permanent dead link‍], Vanuatu DailyPost, 6 November 2007.
  6. ^ "Rima Ravusiro heads the MSG". Radio Australia. 6 June 2008. Archived from the original on 4 August 2008. Retrieved 9 July 2010.
  7. ^ "New Director General of MSG Secretariat". Archived from the original on 27 August 2019. Retrieved 18 October 2017.
  8. ^ "Melanesian Spearhead Group Secretariat". Archived from the original on 4 July 2015. Retrieved 19 July 2015.
  9. ^ "Fiji PM wins backing from MSG leaders". Radio Australia. 11 July 2009. Archived from the original on 17 July 2011. Retrieved 9 July 2010.
  10. ^ "Fiji's expulsion of Australia envoy "of grave concern"". BBC. 13 July 2010. Archived from the original on 19 August 2020. Retrieved 20 June 2018.
  11. ^ "Fiji expects strong turnout at talkfest". 21 July 2010. Archived from the original on 24 July 2010. Retrieved 21 July 2010.
  12. ^ "Fiji claims egg on Aussie faces as dictator pulls off PR coup with summit | The Australian". Archived from the original on 3 September 2010.
  13. ^ a b c Sally Andrews (3 April 2015). "West Papua: Melanesian Spearhead Group has a tough decision to make". Lowly Interpreter. Archived from the original on 5 October 2016. Retrieved 19 July 2015.
  14. ^ "Indonesia Acquires Associate Member Status In Melanesian Spearhead Group (MSG)". Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Republic of Indonesia. 26 June 2015. Archived from the original on 19 September 2016. Retrieved 19 July 2015.
  15. ^ a b "East Timor donates to Melanesian Spearhead Group". Radio New Zealand. 16 September 2011. Archived from the original on 2 October 2017. Retrieved 2 October 2017.
  16. ^ "Masyarakat Papua Temui Pemerintah PNG di Sekretariat Melanesian Spearhead Group (MSG)". Papua Untuk Semua (in Indonesian). 3 June 2013. Archived from the original on 17 June 2013. Retrieved 11 June 2013.
  17. ^ a b Ligo, Godwin (10 December 2014). "West Papuans unite under new umbrella group". Vanuatu Daily Post. Archived from the original on 4 August 2018. Retrieved 2 October 2017.
  18. ^ Stefan Armbruster (24 June 2015). "West Papua faces crucial Melanesian diplomatic test". SBS. Archived from the original on 14 July 2015. Retrieved 11 July 2015.
  19. ^ Stefan Armbruster (26 June 2015). "Melanesia takes lead on future West Papuan peace". SBS. Archived from the original on 2 October 2017. Retrieved 11 July 2015.
  20. ^ a b Liam Fox (27 June 2015). "West Papuans given Melanesia bloc access, but not full membership". ABC. Archived from the original on 3 August 2015. Retrieved 20 July 2015.
  21. ^ "Melanesian Festival Celebrates Cultural Diversity". 29 October 2015. Archived from the original on 25 December 2015. Retrieved 24 December 2015.
  22. ^ Daniel Namosuaia (27 June 2015). "ULMWP is MSG Observer". The Island Sun. Archived from the original on 1 July 2015. Retrieved 29 June 2015. The ULMWP is an observer member and Melindo is an association member
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